ElektaPrecise直线加速器新型全碳素纤维治疗床床板对放疗剂量的影响

目的 探讨Elekta Precise直线加速器新型全碳素纤维治疗床床板对放疗剂量的影响.方法 应用等中心技术( SAD)测量,设2组射野,均为等中心对穿野(一组穿过床板,另一组不穿过床板),用PTW剂量仪0.6 cm3 Farmer电离室比对测量,计算出治疗床主床板、体部延长板、头颈肩延长板不同位置及其衔接处对放疗剂量的衰减.结果 6 MV能量时,治疗床主床板对剂量的衰减为1.4％ ～ 7.2％,主床板衔接头1、4、7和8 cm处对剂量的衰减分别为2.8％～38.7％、1.4％～30.1％、1.5％ ～20.8％和1.4％ ～11.2％;体部延长板对剂量的衰减为0.5％ ～5.0％,体部延长板衔接头1cm位置对剂量的衰减为4.7％ ～15.4％;头颈肩延长板颈部位置对剂量的衰减在0.5％～3.3％,头颈肩延长板肩部位置对剂量的衰减在5.3％～l6.7％;延长板和主床板衔接处对剂量的衰减在6.8％～30.4％.结论 新型全碳素纤维治疗床床板不同部位对剂量衰减不同,床板衔接部位标记区域对剂量衰减比较大.     

The Effect of the iBEAM Evo Carbon Fiber Tabletop on Skin Sparing

Replicating the attenuation properties of the treatment tabletop are of primary importance for accurate treatment planning; however, the effect of the tabletop on the skin-sparing properties of x-rays can be overlooked. Under some conditions, the reaction of skin to the radiation can be so serious as to be the dose-limiting organ for radiotherapy treatment. Hence, an understanding of the magnitude of the reduction in skin sparing is important. Because of the development of image-guided radiotherapy, modern tabletops have been developed without the use of metal supports that otherwise provided the necessary level of rigidity. Rigidity is instead provided by compressed foam within a carbon-fiber shell, which, although it provides artefact-free imaging and high levels of rigidity, has an adverse affect on the dose in the build-up region. Representative of this type is the iBEAM evo tabletop, whose effect on the skin dose was determined at 6-MV, 10-MV, and 18-MV x-rays. Skin dose was found to increase by 60–70% owing to the tabletop, with the effect increasing with field size and decreasing with energy. By considering an endpoint of erythema, a radiobiological advantage of selecting 10 MV over 6 MV for applicable treatments was demonstrated.     

Peripheral dose measurement in high-energy photon radiotherapy with the implementation of MOSFET

AIM: To study the peripheral dose (PD) from high-energy photon beams in radiotherapy using the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) dose verification system.METHODS: The radiation dose absorbed by the MOSFET detector was calculated taking into account the manufacturer’s Correction Factor, the Calibration Factor and the threshold voltage shift. PD measurements were carried out for three different field sizes (5 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm and 15 cm × 15 cm) and for various depths with the source to surface distance set at 100 cm. Dose measurements were realized on the central axis and then at distances (1 to 18 cm) parallel to the edge of the field, and were expressed as the percentage PD (% PD) with respect to the maximum dose (d_max). The accuracy of the results was evaluated with respect to a calibrated 0.3 cm³ ionization chamber. The reproducibility was expressed in terms of standard deviation (s) and coefficient of variation.RESULTS: % PD is higher near the phantom surface and drops to a minimum at the depth of d_max, and then tends to become constant with depth. Internal scatter radiation is the predominant source of PD and the depth dependence is determined by the attenuation of the primary photons. Closer to the field edge, where internal scatter from the phantom dominates, the % PD increases with depth because the ratio of the scatter to primary increases with depth. A few centimeters away from the field, where collimator scatter and leakage dominate, the % PD decreases with depth, due to attenuation by the water. The % PD decreases almost exponentially with the increase of distance from the field edge. The decrease of the % PD is more than 60% and can reach up to 90% as the measurement point departs from the edge of the field. For a given distance, the % PD is significantly higher for larger field sizes, due to the increase of the scattering volume. Finally, the measured PD obtained with MOSFET is higher than that obtained with an ionization chamber with percentage differences being from 0.6% to 34.0%. However, when normalized to the central d_max this difference is less than 1%. The MOSFET system, in the early stage of its life, has a dose measurement reproducibility of within 1.8%, 2.7%, 8.9% and 13.6% for 22.8, 11.3, 3.5 and 1.3 cGy dose assessments, respectively. In the late stage of MOSFET life the corresponding values change to 1.5%, 4.8%, 11.1% and 29.9% for 21.8, 2.9, 1.6 and 1.0 cGy, respectively.CONCLUSION: Comparative results acquired with the MOSFET and with an ionization chamber show fair agreement, supporting the suitability of this measurement for clinical in vivo dosimetry.     

Comparison of 4 MV photon surface dose among Varian, Siemens, and Elekta linear accelerators for tangential breast treatment: a phantom study

Purpose We have compared the differences in a 4-MV photon surface dose among Varian, Siemens, and Elekta linear accelerators (linacs) with wedges for tangential breast treatment. Materials and methods The wedge factor and the surface dose were measured using a solid water phantom and an ion chamber for each linear accelerator with various field sizes and wedge angles. A tangential treatment plan was applied to an elliptical hollow cylinder water phantom with a radiochromic film placed thereon. A dose was delivered to a simulated target in the phantom, and the resulting dose distribution was analyzed using a film scanner. Results Varian's wedges resulted in the highest wedge factors, ranging from 0.37 to 0.75 depending on the wedge angles. Varian's wedges led to the highest normalized skin doses, ranging between 0.40 and 0.73 depending on the wedge angles and field sizes. In the cylinder phantom test with two tangential beams, the Varian linac provided a nearly 20% higher maximum dose than the Siemens and Elekta linacs. Conclusion The Varian linac resulted in the highest surface doses, and the Elekta linac led to the lowest for nearly all the measurement conditions we employed, including open beams.     

高能电子束不同吸收剂量测量方法的比较研究

目的 研究国际原子能机构(IAEA)第398号报告和第277号报告在电子线放射治疗剂量测定的差异。方法 采用圆柱型电离室、平行板电离室以及在用户高能电子线射线质下经过交叉校准的平行板电离室,分别依据两个报告,对医科达Precise加速器6档电子线在水中的吸收剂量进行精确测量。结果 用平行板电离室根据两个报告的测量规程测得的吸收剂量的差异为0.4%~2.3%,用圆柱型电离室测出的差异为0.6%~2.2%,用经过交叉校准的平行板电离室测出的结果是0.5%~2.0%。依据IAEA TRS-398和TRS-277报告的方法测得的吸收剂量具有较好的一致性。结论 IAEA TRS-398号报告关于电子线的校准方法较TRS-277号报告更精确,更加适用于临床用户进行测量。     

湖北省调强放疗多叶光栅野光子线束吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证研究

目的 用热释光剂量计（TLD）和放射性免冲洗胶片测量调强放疗（IMRT）多叶光栅（MLC）野光子线束吸收剂量并验证二维剂量分布。方法 选择湖北省7家三级甲等医院的7台不同型号医用直线加速器,使用国际原子能机构（IAEA）提供的15 cm×15 cm×15 cm聚苯乙烯专用模体,TLD和放射性免冲洗胶片,在源皮距90 cm,照射深度10 cm,照射野5 cm×5 cm,6 MV X射线,6 Gy吸收剂量照射条件下制定IMRT计划并实施照射,比较TLD和胶片吸收剂量测量值与放疗计划系统（TPS）预估剂量之间的偏差。同时,使用医院配备的30 cm×30 cm均质固体模体,在模体表面下5 cm处放置25 cm×25 cm放射性免冲洗胶片,并将IMRT计划中单个射野移植到模体中胶片层面上并实施照射,通过胶片剂量分析系统验证二维剂量分布。结果 所检医用直线加速器中,1号加速器TLD吸收剂量相对偏差和胶片吸收剂量相对偏差分别为-8.5%和-1.9%;7号加速器TLD吸收剂量相对偏差和胶片吸收剂量相对偏差分别为5.4%和0.5%;其余加速器TLD和胶片吸收剂量相对偏差均在±5%范围以内。所有加速器的二维剂量分布通过率均在90%以上。结论 TLD和胶片核查调强放疗剂量质量方法,操作简单,科学性强,TLD和胶片便于邮件方式寄送,该方法可运用于对放疗机构调强放疗剂量大范围的质量核查。     

低剂量辐射复合CO、苯和噪声对大鼠的生物效应研究

目的 探讨低剂量辐射复合CO、苯和噪声等复合因素对大鼠生物效应的影响.方法 16只雄性SD大鼠随机分成实验组及对照组.实验组采用CO和苯染毒,并进行低剂量辐射和噪声暴露,对照组正常环境饲养.计数大鼠外周血细胞,检测各脏器指数、骨髓DNA含量,利用双向凝胶电泳和基质辅助激光解析飞行时间串联质谱技术分离、鉴定复合因素导致的大鼠血清差异表达蛋白.结果 与对照组相比,实验组大鼠的肝指数、脾指数、胸腺指数显著降低(t=2.732、4.141、3.053,P＜0.05),外周血白细胞、血小板和骨髓DNA含量均显著降低(t=2.211、2.668、11.592,P＜0.05).获得了血清蛋白凝胶电泳图谱,软件分析结合手工筛选出12个差异表达蛋白质点,鉴定血浆淀粉样蛋白A4(SAA4),Trichoplein角质细丝结合蛋白(TCHP)和α微管蛋白4A(TUBA4A)3个蛋白质点.结论 低剂量辐射复合CO、苯和噪声对大鼠造血系统、免疫系统损伤明显,导致大鼠血清中某些蛋白表达发生变化,发现差异表达的蛋白与复合因素损伤作用密切相关.     

6 MV光子束均整与非均整模式蒙特卡罗模型的绝对剂量刻度与输出因子模拟

目的探讨TrueBeam加速器6 MV光子束均整（FF）与非均整（FFF）模式蒙特卡罗模型的绝对剂量刻度与射野输出因子计算方法。方法利用BEAMnrc程序分别建立FF与FFF两种模式在靶到监测电离室（BEAM_up）和监测电离室以下组件部分（BEAM_down）的加速器机头模型,计算入射电子和经次级准直器反射后的粒子在监测电离室的剂量沉积,利用DOSXYZnrc程序计算入射电子在射野中心轴上特定深度处的剂量沉积,结合绝对剂量刻度公式计算标准射野刻度因子和射野输出因子（1 cm×1 cm~40 cm×40 cm）。结果 FF与FFF模型的10 cm×10 cm标准辐射野,1 MU相当于7.747×10¹³±3.099×10¹¹和3.248×10¹³±1.624×10¹¹电子打靶,在虚拟的加速器监测电离室上产生21.53和35.01 cGy剂量;FF与FFF模式射野输出因子模拟值与测量值偏差为0.72%±1.4%和0.56%±0.78%。结论该模型输出因子模拟与测量结果符合度较好,绝对剂量计算精度较高,可以用于临床剂量学研究。     

Comparative study of dose distribution between carbon ion radiotherapy and photon radiotherapy for head and neck tumor

PURPOSE: A comparative treatment planning study has been performed between carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) and photon radiotherapy [three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)] to assess the potential improvements and limitations that could result for locally advanced, nonresectable head and neck tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients, originally treated with CIRT, were randomly selected for the comparative study. The evaluations analyzed using dose-volume histogram parameters, conformity index, inhomogeneity coefficient, and dose to the organs at risk (OARs). RESULTS: The mean conformity index was 1.46, 1.43, and 1.22 for 3D-CRT, IMRT, and CIRT, respectively. The mean inhomogeneity coefficient was 0.05, 0.07, and 0.02 for 3D-CRT, IMRT, and CIRT respectively. Photon plans resulted in greater volumes of normal tissues at 10% to 95% isodose levels compared with the corresponding carbon ion plans where the volumes increased by a factor of 1.2 to 2.7 for 3D-CRT and 1.2 to 2.0 for IMRT. CONCLUSION: CIRT has the potential to improve the target dose conformity, inhomogeneity coefficient, and OAR sparing when compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT. Compared with 3D-CRT, normal tissue exposure was reduced mainly in the mid-to low-isodose levels using IMRT. Additional improvement was obtained using CIRT.     

核查放射治疗非参考条件下光子和电子线束剂量学参数方法研究

目的 研究用热释光剂量计（TLD）核查非参考条件下光子线束和电子线束剂量学参数方法。方法 用⁶⁰Co γ线束,高能X射线束和电子线束,开展TLD分散性、非线性剂量响应、衰退、能量和有机玻璃支架（IAEA提供）等校正实验,建立估算TLD水中光子线束和电子线束吸收剂量方法。选择了⁶⁰Co,6、10、15和18 MV光子线束（离轴）,剂量随着照射野和30°楔形角度变化研究;选择了6和10 MV光子线,剂量随着源皮距,照射野和楔形角度变化进行可靠性研究;选择了9和15 MeV电子线,剂量随着源皮距离变化进行可靠性研究。结果 用建立的TLD方法,估算非参考条件下光子线束（离轴）研究结果,相对偏差在-0.1%~7.2%（IAEA要求不大于±7.0%）范围内。非参考条件光子线束（轴上）验证研究结果,相对偏差在0.1%~7.0%范围内;参考和非参考条件电子线束验证研究结果,相对偏差为0~4.7%（IAEA要求不大于±5.0%）范围内。结论 用TLD核查放射治疗非参考条件临床的剂量学参数方便准确,经在医院做可靠性验证,对高能电子线束,用平行板电离室校准吸收剂量,用TLD验证,效果很好。     

Ionizing radiation sensitivity of the ocular lens and its dose rate dependence

Abstract

Purpose: In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection reduced the threshold for the lens effects of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. On one hand, the revised threshold of 0.5?Gy is much lower than previously recommended thresholds, but mechanisms behind high radiosensitivity remain incompletely understood. On the other hand, such a threshold is independent of dose rate, in contrast to previously recommended separate thresholds each for single and fractionated/protracted exposures. Such a change was made predicated on epidemiological evidence suggesting that a threshold for fractionated/protracted exposures is not higher than an acute threshold, and that a chronic threshold is uncertain. Thus, the dose rate dependence is still unclear. This paper therefore reviews the current knowledge on the radiosensitivity of the lens and the dose rate dependence of radiation cataractogenesis, and discusses its mechanisms.

Conclusions: Mounting biological evidence indicates that the lens cells are not necessarily radiosensitive to cell killing, and the high radiosensitivity of the lens thus appears to be attributable to other mechanisms (e.g., excessive proliferation, abnormal differentiation, a slow repair of DNA double-strand breaks, telomere, senescence, crystallin changes, non-targeted effects and inflammation). Both biological and epidemiological evidence generally supports the lack of dose rate effects. However, there is also biological evidence for the tissue sparing dose rate (or fractionation) effect of low-LET radiation and an enhancing inverse dose fractionation effect of high-LET radiation at a limited range of LET. Emerging epidemiological evidence in chronically exposed individuals implies the inverse dose rate effect. Further biological and epidemiological studies are warranted to gain deeper knowledge on the radiosensitivity of the lens and dose rate dependence of radiation cataractogenesis.     

Determination of absorbed dose for photon and electron beams from a linear accelerator by comparing various protocols on different phantoms.

Protocols developed for high-energy dosimetry IAEA (Technical Reports Series No. 277, 1997), AAPM (Med. Phys. 10 (1983) 741: Med. Phys. 18 (1991) 73: Med. Phys. 21 (1994) 1251), IPEMB (Phys. Med. Biol. 41 (1996) 2557), and HPA (Phys. Med. Biol. 28 (1983) 1097) have continued to enhance precision in dose measurements and the optimization of radiotherapy procedures. While recent dosimetry protocols, including those due to the IAEA and IPEMB, have made a number of improvements compared with previous protocols, it is further desirable to develop absolute dosimetry methods of dose measurements. Measurements based on careful implementation of procedures contained within the various protocols have been carried out in an effort to determine the extent to which discrepancies exist among the protocols. Dose in water at dmax was measured using cylindrical and parallel-plate ionization chambers for 6 MV photon beams and 5 and 12 MeV electron beams. Results obtained from the use of the AAPM and HPA protocols for 6 MV photon beams were found to be 0.9% larger and 0.1% smaller, respectively, than those measured following the IAEA protocol. Calibration dose measurements for 5 and 12 MeV electron beams in water phantoms were found to agree to within 1%, this being well within recommendations from the ICRU and other sources regarding the accuracy of dose delivery.     

Evaluation of the surface radiation dose and dose gradient in early stage breast cancer using high-dose-rate brachytherapy MammoSite applicator

PURPOSE: To monitor the radiation dose delivered and dose homogeneity to the skin and adjacent tissues around a MammoSite applicator. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Radiation surface dose was measured on 67 consecutive patients with Stage T1-T2N0M0 breast cancer implanted with the MammoSite balloon. Thermoluminescent dosimeters and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors were used to measure surface dose directly over the balloon, contralateral breast, thyroid, axilla, and inframammary fold. The dose homogeneity was retrospectively studied from the treatment plans in 25 patients. RESULTS: The mean maximum skin dose was 267 cGy, with a range of 56-488 cGy per fraction, 4 cGy (+/-2 cGy) to the contralateral breast, 8 cGy (+/-4 cGy) to the thyroid, 47 cGy to the ipsilateral axilla (+/-33 cGy), and 52 cGy (+/-47 cGy) to the ipsilateral inframmammary fold. The mean dose gradients were 127%, 110%, 99%, 96%, and 89% for inflated volumes of 35, 40, 50, 60, and 70 mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All patients completed therapy with no or minimal skin reaction with radiation doses comparable to or better to external beam radiation. Considering the dose homogeneity, the larger inflated volume allows for better homogeneity of dose distribution, minimizes the volume of contiguous tissue that receives relatively high doses, and may reduce the risk of fat necrosis.     

PET/CT中CT仿真人体模型的图像质量与辐射剂量关系的研究

目的 以仿真人体模型为实验对象,研究PET/CT中CT图像质量与辐射剂量的关系,为保证图像质量同时降低受检者的辐射剂量提供数据依据。方法 用美国GE Discovery ST型 PET/CT,对仿真人体模型（Model RS-550）进行扫描。CT采集条件：管电压120 kV,管电流30~250 mA范围内11种固定值及自动管电流,螺距（pitch）分别为0.938、1.375、1.75,模拟临床PET/CT的全身扫描方式对仿真人体模型进行扫描。对图像进行分析,计算腹部主要器官的噪声、信噪比及质量因数。结果 噪声随有效剂量的增加而降低,有效剂量<15 mSv时,噪声变化幅度较大;>15 mSv时,噪声变化缓慢。信噪比、对比信噪比随有效剂量增加而增加。相同的有效剂量时,质量因数与扫描方案相关。自动管电流模式下的所有指标,均优于固定管电流采集模式。结论在CT图像质量达到一定程度后,进一步增加有效剂量,图像质量提高有限。根据不同的临床需求在保证一定图像质量的前提下,选择适当的CT扫描方案,降低受检者的有效剂量。     

管电压对CT值测量、辐射剂量及图像质量影响的模型研究

目的 探讨降低管电流和管电压对CT值的影响,及其辐射剂量降低对图像质量的影响程度.方法 配置不同浓度对比剂样本共113个,在15种不同扫描条件下进行CT扫描.测量和记录CT值及标准差,分析改变管电流和管电压对CT值测量的影响,并计算对应关系.记录CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol),计算15种扫描条件下的辐射剂量.不同管电压和管电流下CT值差异比较采用方差分析和Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,不同管电压下CT值对应关系及管电压和管电流对辐射剂量和图像质量的影响程度分析采用相关性分析.结果 管电压固定时不同管电流间(250、200、150、100和50 mA)的CT值差异均无统计学意义(F值分别为0.001、0.008、0.075,P均＞0.05).管电流固定时,不同管电压间(120、100和80 kV)的CT值差异均具有统计学意义(H值分别为17.906、17.906、13.527、20.124、23.563,P均＜0.05).计算不同管电压下同一样本CT值的对应关系:CT值100 kV=1.561×CT值120kV+4.0818,CT值80kV=1.2131 ×CT值120 kV+0.9283.分析不同管电压下辐射剂量对图像噪声的影响程度,并确立相关性方程:N120kv=-5.9771Ln(D120kV)+25.412,N100kv=-10.544Ln(D100 kV)+36.262,N80 kv=-25.326Ln(D80 kv)+62.816.计算噪声值关键点,证明根据所需图像噪声值(11.2和13.9),可以指导扫描条件,在一定条件下应用低管电压,高管电流可以降低辐射剂量.结论 管电压对CT值测量有影响,根据所需图像噪声值调整扫描条件,在一定条件下应用低管电压,高管电流可以降低辐射剂量.改变管电压后造成的CT值变化,可依据不同管电压下CT值对应关系进行校准.     

低剂量X射线对淋巴细胞及各亚群细胞功能的刺激作用

作者在研究低剂量辐射对全淋巴细胞刺激性效应的同时，用３种单克隆抗体分离出分化抗原簇＋－４，分化抗原簇＋－８和Ｂ细胞亚群，进一步探讨了低剂量辐射对３种亚群细胞的刺激作用。结果表明，Ｐａｎｎｉｎｇ法分离的各亚群细胞的纯度及存活率均在９０％以上；全淋巴细胞在０．１Ｇｙ剂量范围内有刺激作用，尤以０．１Ｇｙ剂量点效应最大；各亚群细胞在０．２Ｇｙ照射内均有刺激性效应的发生．分化抗原簇＋－４和Ｂ细胞在０．１Ｇｙ剂量点效应最强，而分化抗原簇＋－８在０．０５Ｇｙ点效应最强；相同剂量，分化抗原簇＋－４的刺激效应大于分化抗原簇＋－８；０．５Ｇｙ照射则表现出明显的抑制作用．     

低剂量辐射增强大剂量辐射对人胶质瘤的抑瘤作用

目的 探讨低剂量辐射及低剂量联合大剂量辐射对人胶质瘤生长的影响。方法 以胶质瘤细胞株U251及荷人胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤为研究对象,分别给予低剂量辐射和低剂量联合大剂量辐射,采用细胞计数、噻唑蓝(MTT)、流式细胞术等方法检测对细胞增殖的影响,通过计算抑瘤率来观察低剂量辐射联合大剂量辐射对移植瘤生长的影响。结果 低剂量辐射后U251细胞计数、MTT及流式细胞术检测结果与假照组相比差异无统计学意义;大剂量辐射组及低剂量联合大剂量辐射组细胞增殖明显受抑,凋亡增多,细胞周期G₂期阻滞,两组间差异无统计学意义;低剂量辐射联合大剂量辐射组与单独大剂量辐射组均对裸鼠移植瘤有明显的抑制作用,但联合照射组抑瘤作用更强;联合照射组与单纯大剂量辐射组相比,血液系统损伤有所减轻。低剂量辐射组与假照组相比肿瘤生长差异无统计学意义。结论 低剂量辐射对人胶质瘤细胞无直接的抑制作用、兴奋效应,不诱导对大剂量辐射适应性反应,但能够在对正常造血系统产生保护作用的基础上,增强大剂量辐射对荷瘤裸鼠移植瘤的抑瘤作用,这种协同抗肿瘤作用在去除细胞免疫影响后仍然存在。     

能谱纯化联合器官剂量调制技术对婴幼儿头部CT扫描器官剂量及图像质量影响的体模研究

目的探讨能谱纯化技术(SPS)、器官剂量调制技术(OBTCM)以及两者结合对婴幼儿头部CT扫描器官剂量及图像质量的影响。方法利用两个头部仿真体模(CIRS 1岁和5岁), 分别采用参考扫描模式(Reference)、Reference + OBTCM、SPS及SPS+OBTCM 4种模式进行扫描;测量并比较不同体模不同扫描模式眼晶状体、脑部前侧及脑部后侧的辐射剂量, 眼眶和脑实质区域的噪声水平及对比噪声比(CNR)。结果相比Reference模式, 1岁与5岁体模的眼晶状体剂量在Reference + OBTCM模式分别减少约(21.89±0.01)%和(28.33±0.34)%;在SPS模式下, 1岁和5岁体模的眼晶状体剂量减少分别为(71.38±1.30)%和(53.72±2.42)%;SPS+OBTCM模式分别减少约(71.12±2.54)%和(55.73±1.90)%。不同体模不同扫描模式眼眶及脑实质的噪声水平, 差异有统计学意义(F=5.67～85.47, P<0.05);与Reference模式相比, Reference + OBTCM模式的噪声水平在不同体模不同部位...     

山东济宁辐射事故受照人员生物剂量估算及彗星电泳检测分析

目的探索特大剂量照射后外周血和骨髓染色体培养方法，拟合6Gy以上大剂量照射染色体双着丝点＋环剂量-效应曲线，对山东济宁“10．21”事故受照者进行准确生物剂量估算和DNA损伤检测。方法采集2例受照者外周血和骨髓细胞，制备染色体标本，计数双（多）着丝点＋环数目；用正常离体人血拟合6～22Gy双＋环剂量效应曲线及数学方程；对2例事故受照者进行生物剂量估算。用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳方法检测受照者外周血DNA损伤。结果B的外周血染色体双＋环平均数为4．47个／细胞；A的外周血培养无分裂细胞，骨髓染色体双＋环平均数为9．15个／细胞。用6—22Gy剂量效应方程估算全身平均受照剂量，B为9．4Gy，A为19．5Gy。单细胞凝胶电泳可见2例受照者的多数彗星细胞呈小头大尾形状。结论用新建立的6～22Gy染色体畸变剂量效应曲线估算2例受照者的生物剂量，已分别达到极重度骨髓型放射病和肠型放射病水平。     

Measurement and comparison of prostate treatment dose to the femoral heads with 6-MV versus 10-MV photon energies

The purpose of this paper is to compare the femoral head dose distribution of 6-MV x-rays vs. 10-MV x-rays when treating prostate patients using a 4-field initial box technique with a Michigan technique boost. First, tissue maximum ratio (TMR) calculations were utilized to project the expected dose contributions to the femoral heads from each energy based upon the average male pelvis. Then, plans for both the 6- and 10-MV energies were developed for 5 prostate patients using the ADAC Pinnacle[3] (Milpitas, CA) treatment planning computer. Average doses and dose gradients were determined by examination of isodose curves. The dose contributions to the femoral heads were analyzed and compared with the tolerance dose (TD) 5/5 for this region. No significant dose differences existed between the 6- and 10-MV photon energies. This conclusion was supported by examination of point doses at depths of 3, 6, 12, and 15 cm for each energy.