超声心动图在抗肿瘤药物心脏毒性评价领域的进展

各类抗肿瘤药物均可能对患者的心脏造成损害,甚至导致死亡,因此早期心脏毒性的检测对于及时预防或治疗迟发性心脏损害甚为重要。随着医疗技术的发展,相应检测方法不断发展完善,常规超声心动图结合超声心动图新技术是其中颇有价值的方法之一。本文复习近年来相关文献,对抗肿瘤药物心脏毒性及超声心动图在其评价领域的进展做一概述。     

超声心动图评估化疗相关心脏毒性的研究进展

辅助化疗已被广泛用于治疗恶性肿瘤,但化疗相关心脏毒性却成为影响患者生存质量和生存率的重要因素。早期、准确预测心脏毒性十分重要。超声心动图因操作简便、经济及无创等优点已广泛应用于评估心功能,其相关新技术可弥补常规超声心动图的不足、提高评估心功能的敏感度和准确率,使早期、准确评估心脏毒性成为可能。本文就超声心动图及其新技术评估化疗相关心脏毒性的研究进展进行综述。     

化疗导致的心脏毒性生物标志物研究进展

随着肿瘤患者治疗生存率的提高,以肿瘤治疗相关心脏功能不全(CTRCD)为主的心脏毒性已成为威胁患者生存的严重问题。与心脏活检、超声心动图等检查方式相比,生物标志物具有及时性和检测简便的优点。应用生物标志物在早期发现化疗导致的心脏毒性,并及时改善治疗方案,可有效减少或避免心脏损伤的发生。本文对在化疗引起的心肌细胞早期损伤、炎性反应及心脏功能性改变等毒性反应中表达异常的传统生物标志物、新型生物标志物和潜在生物标志物在心脏毒性方面的应用及研究现状进行综述,以期及时发现心脏毒性,为提高患者生存质量提供指导。     

超声心动图评价放射性心脏损害的价值

目的：放探讨超声心动图评价放射治疗所致心脏损害的价值。方法：应用二维及多普勒超声心动图对１６例恶生肿瘤患者纵隔波放射治疗后的心脏并发症进行观察。总照射剂量平均５６．７Ｇｙ,追踪时间１２个月～３４个月。结果：放疗后有８例（６０％）受检者出现心脏损害征象,分别聚及心包、心肌和心瓣膜。照射剂量的大小及随访时间的长生产民放射性心脏损害的发和表状较为明显的关系。结论：纵隔放射治疗可致心脏丰,应用超声心动图可     

世界超声心动图联盟(WASE)心脏超声正常值对抗肿瘤治疗相关心肌损伤超声评估指标的潜在影响

目的:探讨世界超声心动图联盟(WASE)心脏超声正常值研究对抗肿瘤治疗相关心脏毒性超声评估指标的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年3月山东大学齐鲁医院37例接受蒽环类药物化疗的乳腺癌患者,分别在化疗前基础状态(T0)及化疗第2周期(T2)、第4周期(T4)、第6周期(T6)结束后行超声心动图检查,根据美国超声心...     

超声心动图诊断原发性心脏肿瘤的价值

目的:探讨超声心动图在原发性心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析79例经手术治疗病理证实的原发性心脏肿瘤患者的超声心动图表现。结果:超声心动图可直接显示原发性心脏肿瘤的位置、形态、大小、血供情况、内部回声结构及其与周围结构的关系。79个原发性心脏肿瘤中,黏液瘤62个、脂肪瘤3个、横纹肌瘤2个、纤维瘤2个、间皮瘤1个、血管平滑肌肉瘤3个、横纹肌肉瘤4个、纤维肉瘤2个,良性70个、恶性9个。结论:原发性心脏肿瘤以良性为主,黏液瘤最常见。超声心动图对原发性心脏肿瘤能进行初步定性诊断和鉴别诊断,可作为诊断原发性心脏肿瘤的首选影像学检查方法。     

超声心动图评估乳腺癌患者化疗相关右心室心脏毒性研究进展

右心室曾被称为“被遗忘的心室”,研究人员的关注热点大多集中于左心室,在乳腺癌化疗相关心脏毒性的研究领域中同样如此,但随着对右心室在循环系统中的作用认识逐渐加深,同时超声心动图新技术的发展也为右心室功能评估提供了多种新的参数,关于化疗相关右心室心脏毒性的研究开始逐渐增多,本文从超声心动图技术的角度综述了当前超声心动图评估乳腺癌化疗相关右心室心脏毒性的最新研究进展。     

斑点追踪成像技术评价乳腺癌化疗患者心脏毒性的研究进展

随着乳腺癌治疗过程中抗肿瘤药物的广泛应用,治疗所带来的心脏毒性也在增加。常规超声心动图对于诊断及预测早期恶性肿瘤治疗相关心脏损害的敏感性和准确性均不如斑点追踪成像技术。本文就斑点追踪成像技术评价乳腺癌化疗患者心脏毒性的研究进展做一综述。     

超声心动图评价乳腺癌患者曲妥珠单抗靶向药物治疗后早期心脏毒性的价值

目的探讨超声心动图评价乳腺癌患者曲妥珠单抗靶向药物治疗后早期心脏毒性的价值。方法对40例首次接受曲妥珠单抗靶向治疗的乳腺癌患者于治疗前后进行超声心动图检查,包括常规参数、组织多普勒参数及左心房容积指数(LAVI)。结果治疗后Sm、Em、Em/Am降低,Am与E/Em均升高,LAVI治疗后亦升高,且E/Em与LAVI呈正相关(r=0.82,P0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者接受曲妥珠单抗治疗后,早期心脏毒性主要表现为舒张功能减退。组织多普勒、E/Em、LAVI可作为评价早期左心功能损伤的指标。     

超声心动图检查心脏转移性肿瘤患者肿瘤部位与临床病理相关性研究

目的分析心脏转移性肿瘤患者的超声心动图肿瘤部位检测结果与病理检查结果之间的关系,为临床诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2012年至5月至2015年7月来我院诊断的200例心脏转移性肿瘤患者,分析其病理学检查结果、超声心动图肿瘤位置检查结果,并分析二者之间的关系。结果超声心动图显示心包异常98例(49.0%),心肌异常40例(20.0%);累及右心房和右心室38例(14.0%)。74例肺癌肿瘤心脏转移患者中,30例患者在超声心动图上显示心包异常,22例心肌异常,14例右心房和右心室异常,8例左心室和左心房异常。病理诊断为乳腺癌、白血病、间皮瘤以及胸腺肿瘤的肿瘤心脏转移患者超声心动图显示心包异常率均明显高于病理诊断为肺癌肿瘤心脏转移患者(P<0.05)。在病理学诊断为乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、白血病和间皮瘤的患者出现心肌异常的比例均显著低于病理学诊断为肺癌的患者(P<0.05)。累及右心房和右心室的病理学诊断为肺癌、乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤与淋巴瘤的心脏转移性肿瘤患者所占比例最高,与其他患者比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同类型肿瘤患者发生肿瘤心脏转移者的超声心动图肿瘤部位分布具有一定的特征,对肿瘤患者心脏转移诊断治疗具有较高的参考价值。     

Assessing the Cardiac Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Agents: Role of Echocardiography

Advancements in cancer treatment have resulted in sufficient survival length for patients to experience treatment-related cardiac complications. In particular, chemotherapy-induced cardiac dysfunction significantly impacts morbidity and mortality rates in cancer patients. The presence of cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy has been traditionally assessed using clinical symptoms and decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, in this indication, LVEF lacks accuracy as a measure of subclinical cardiotoxicity and its prognostic value is controversial. There is an emphasis to identify subclinical and left ventricular dysfunction early, in order to allow cancer patients and their physicians to make informed decisions about therapeutic options. Echocardiography is a readily available non-invasive tool to measure cardiac function and plays a major role in the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity. This review focuses on the role of echocardiography in detecting cardiotoxicity, and will discuss conventional and more recent echocardiographic approaches for assessing subclinical cardiotoxicity.     

Cardio-oncology Part II: the monitoring,prevention, detection and treatment of chemotherapeutic cardiac toxicity

Cancer treatment has advanced in recent years with new drugs, complex regimes and multiple modalities of treatment; which has improved survival of cancer patients. Cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy is an emerging, important issue. Currently, echocardiographic evaluation of ejection fraction is the most commonly employed diagnostic tool for detecting chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. However, novel echocardiographic techniques assessing myocardial mechanics using strain imaging can detect earlier changes. New imaging techniques and biomarkers can risk stratify patients to identify those requiring closer monitoring. Cardiologists collaborating with oncologists can detect and treat cardiovascular chemotherapeutic complications earlier, reducing morbidity and mortality. While cardiac MRI and multigated acquisition nuclear scanning are alternatives, echocardiography has become the mainstream for assessing cardiac function due to its portability, efficiency and low cost. Current recommendations regarding cardiac monitoring of cancer patients are based on expert consensus opinion. There is a need for prospective controlled trials to support specific guidelines.     

Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research‐practice gaps,challenges, and insights

To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune‐based therapeutic modalities of anticancer treatment (the fifth modality), e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy, have unfortunately led to potentially lethal cardiotoxicity in patients. Cardiac complications represent unresolved and potentially life‐threatening conditions in cancer survivors, while effective clinical management remains quite challenging. As a consequence, morbidity and mortality related to cardiac complications now threaten to offset some favorable benefits of modern cancer treatments in cancer‐related survival, regardless of the oncologic prognosis. This review focuses on identifying critical research‐practice gaps, addressing real‐world challenges and pinpointing real‐time insights in general terms under the context of clinical cardiotoxicity induced by the fourth and fifth modalities of cancer treatment. The information ranges from basic science to clinical management in the field of cardio‐oncology and crosses the interface between oncology and onco‐pharmacology. The complexity of the ongoing clinical problem is addressed at different levels. A better understanding of these research‐practice gaps may advance research initiatives on the development of mechanism‐based diagnoses and treatments for the effective clinical management of cardiotoxicity.     

二维斑点追踪成像评价乳腺癌曲妥珠单抗化疗亚临床心脏毒性的价值

目的应用二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)评估乳腺癌患者曲妥珠单抗化疗周期中心室收缩功能的早期改变,探讨2D-STI在评价化疗相关早期亚临床心脏毒性中的应用价值。方法选取在我院接受曲妥珠单抗化疗的HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者89例,共行3个化疗周期(即T1、T2、T3期),每个化疗周期为3周;根据患者化疗期间是否发生心脏毒性分为心脏毒性组22例和无心脏毒性组67例。于化疗前(T0期)和T1、T2、T3期分别行超声心动图检查,测量左室和右室常规超声心动图参数;应用2D-STI测量左室和右室整体纵向峰值应变(LVGLS、RVGLS)、左室周向峰值应变(LVGCS)。以化疗过程中出现心脏毒性为临床结局,应用Logistic回归分析和ROC曲线分析T1期时各参数对化疗亚临床心脏毒性的预测价值。结果心脏毒性组T2、T3期左室射血分数(LVEF)及T1、T2、T3期LVGLS、LVGCS、RVGLS均明显低于无心脏毒性组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。心脏毒性组T2期LVEF低于T0期的18%,T1期、T2期LVGLS、LVGCS和RVGLS均显著低于T0期,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线和Logistic回归分析表明T1期RVGLS联合LVGLS是预测乳腺癌化疗相关早期亚临床心脏毒性的最佳指标,其诊断敏感性为98%,特异性为75%。结论无明显LVEF降低的曲妥珠单抗化疗乳腺癌患者,其T1期LVGLS和RVGLS均已减低,2D-STI有助于早期发现化疗相关的亚临床心脏毒性,对改善乳腺癌患者临床结局和预后具有重要临床价值。     

应用蒽环类药物化疗患者血清瘦素、N-端脑钠肽前体与超声心动图的变化

目的探讨应用蒽环类药物化疗患者血清瘦素、N-端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)变化及二者与超声心动图之间的关系。方法选取我院住院的女性乳腺癌术后应用蒽环类药物化疗的患者50例,在化疗前、第1疗程结束、第2疗程结束及第4疗程结束监测患者血清瘦素水平及NT-proBNP变化,超声心动图监测左心室射血分数(LVEF)的变化。应用Pearson相关系数分析血清瘦素、NT-proBNP与超声心动图之间的相关性。结果应用蒽环类药物患者化疗前后的血清瘦素及NT-proBNP比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),LVEF化疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析显示血清瘦素及NT-proBNP与LVEF呈负相关(分别为r=-0.285、-0.342,均P0.05)。结论应用蒽环类药物化疗患者随化疗周期的延长血清瘦素水平及NT-proBNP逐渐升高。血清瘦素水平及NT-proBNP与超声心动图中LVEF显著相关,在诊断蒽环类药物致心脏毒性的检测中具有重要的临床意义。     

实时三维斑点追踪成像对乳腺癌化疗患者心脏毒性的早期预测价值分析

目的:探讨实时三维斑点追踪成像(RT3D-STI)对乳腺癌化疗患者心脏毒性的预测价值.方法:选取2016年1月—2019年4月本院住院并拟行术后化疗的120例乳腺癌术后患者作为研究组,所有患者均采取6个周期的AC化疗.从同期于本院进行体检的健康女性中随机选取120例作为对照组.研究组患者于化疗前、化疗3个周期后和化疗6...     

Cardio-oncology: the role of advanced echocardiography in cancer patients

Introduction: Cardio-oncology is a rapidly growing field aimed at improving the quality of care of cancer patients by preventing and monitoring cardiovascular complications resulting from cancer treatment. Cardiac imaging, and in particular, transthoracic echocardiography, plays an essential?role in the baseline assessment and serial follow-up of cardio-oncology patients.

Areas covered: This review article discusses the role of cardiac imaging with a focus on advanced echocardiography for the detection and management of cancer therapy related cardiovascular complications, in particular, left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.

Expert commentary: While traditional imaging based assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction still has its place in cardiac monitoring, more advanced echocardiographic modalities, in particular, myocardial deformation imaging with speckle tracking strain analysis, show great potential for detecting early signs of cardiotoxicity. Larger studies are needed to determine both the clinical role of strain measurement in influencing initiation of cardioprotective agents and its prognostic value in long term outcome.     

常规超声心动图对蒽环类化疗药物致心脏毒性的诊断价值

目的:探讨常规超声心动图对蒽环类化疗药物所致心脏毒性的诊断价值。方法:选取2014年2月至2017年6月在我院接受蒽环类药物化疗的乳腺癌术后患者136例,给予吡柔比星+环磷酰胺+多西他赛方案化疗6个周期。疗程结束后,根据患者是否发生心脏毒性分为心脏毒性组(N=48)和无心脏毒性组(N=76),对比患者化疗前后的超声心动图参数,分析常规超声心动图参数在早期心脏毒性诊断中的价值。结果:心脏毒性组TAPSE、E/A和E/a,值显著低于无心脏毒性组(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析,TAPSE、E/A和E/e'对应的曲线下面积分别为0.917(0.874,0.962)、0.902(0.853,0.957)、0.845(0.823,0.921)。TAPSE的截断值为20.78 mm、E/A的截断值为1.19、E/e'的截断值为8.59,Youden指数分别为0.842、0.761、0.712。结论:常规超声心动图在蒽环类药物心脏毒性诊断中具有一定价值。