胫骨结节内移抬高术联合关节镜下髌骨支持带调整术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效研究

目的探讨胫骨结节内移抬高术联合关节镜下髌骨支持带调整术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2008年至2012年对12例复发性髌骨脱位行关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带紧缩联合胫骨结节内移抬高术。术后6周、3个月、6个月、12个月、2年、5年进行门诊随访,物理检查包括髌骨内移度检查,髌骨外推恐惧试验,复查轴位X线片了解截骨块愈合情况、髌股关节适合角、髌骨指数,Lysholm膝关节功能评价表、IKDC评分和Kujala评分表进行评估。结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间1~5年,平均2.0年。术后3~6个月复查X线片见截骨块以达到骨性愈合,在负重行走并行膝关节屈伸功能锻炼,膝关节功能恢复良好。术后髌骨内移度均介于1°~2°之间,术后各时间点髌骨外推恐惧试验阳性率、髌骨适合角、髌骨指数与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后各时间点间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后6、12个月,IKDC、Lysholm、Kujala评分均较术前显著提高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后6、12个月IKDC、Lysholm评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后12个月Kujala评分较术后6个月显著提高,差异有统计学意义。结论关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带紧缩联合胫骨结节内移抬高术能够有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位。     

胫骨结节前内移治疗髌骨半脱位合并髌股关节骨关节病的预后因素分析

目的 :探讨胫骨结节前内移术治疗髌骨半脱位合并髌股关节骨关节病的临床效果及影响因素。方法 :对 1995年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月 43例 ( 5 7膝 )诊断为髌骨半脱位合并髌股关节骨关节病的患者采用“胫骨结节前内移位 ,外侧支持带松解 ,清理钻孔术”治疗 ,并对术前和术后的主观症状、X线、改良Lysholm髌股关节功能评分进行比较。结果 :随访时间平均 3 5个月 ,主观优良率为 84%。平均改良Lysholm评分从术前 49分上升到术后 83分 ,提高了 3 4分 ,客观优良率为 81%。性别、侧别、年龄、随访时间及是否合并高位髌骨对治疗结果无明显影响。髌骨形态为WibergⅡ型与合并髌骨倾斜的患者治疗结果虽有更好的趋势 ,但无统计学差异。髌骨全关节面软骨磨损、伴有胫股关节软骨退变以及病程超过 10年的患者手术效果差。结论 :胫骨结节前内移术治疗髌骨半脱位合并髌股关节骨关节病可以获得比较满意的效果。髌骨全关节面软骨磨损 ,伴有胫股关节软骨退变以及病程超过 10年为预后差的危险因素。     

Neurovascular risk of bicortical tibial drilling for screw and spiked washer fixation of soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament graft

Purpose: As the use of soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts, including hamstring grafts, has become more prominent and the benefits of aggressive rehabilitation have become clear, maximizing fixation with screw and spiked washers is important. Bicortical fixation may be superior. We were concerned about potential neurovascular risks and designed this study to define the posterior neurovasculature structures at risk when drilling for bicortical tibial screw fixation during ACL reconstruction. Type of Study: Consecutive sample. Methods: We placed the tibial tunnel arthroscopically in 10 cadaveric knees using a standard tibial drill guide. Accurate tibial tunnel position was documented in each knee by lateral radiograph. A 4.5-mm bicortical drill hole was placed perpendicular to the tibial surface 1 cm distal to the tibial tunnel. The distances from the posterior tibial drill exit point to nearby neurovascular structures were measured with a caliper. Results: The closest structure to the exit point was the bifurcation of the popliteal artery/vein (11.4 ± 0.6 mm; range, 8.4 to 14.0 mm). The next closest was the anterior tibial vein (11.7 ± 1.6 mm; range, 3.5 to 22.8 mm). The closest any individual hole came to a neurovascular structure was 3.5 mm from the anterior tibial vein. Conclusions: Bicortical drilling for fixation of soft tissue grafts appears reasonably safe. The structures at greatest risk for injury are the bifurcation of the popliteal artery/vein and the anterior tibial vein.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 3 (March), 2001: pp 244–247     

The long-term results of tibial tubercle transfer for patellar instability

The authors report results of a series of 57 tibial tubercle transfers in 46 patients between 1974 and 1984. Of 95 patients operated on for objective and potential patellar instability, 57 (67%) were reviewed with an average follow-up of 14.9 years. At follow-up 19.3% were free of pain. There were no recurrent patellar subluxations and 49.2% of patients were satisfied with the operation as regards episodes of instability. Early medial tibio-femoral arthritis was found in 5 cases. In two there was complete loss of the joint line and in one case complete loss of the medial patellofemoral joint line. Follow-up did not allow us to make an assessment of the adverse role of the tibial tubercle transfer on the patello-femoral and medial tibio-femoral compartment. We consider that the secondary effects are due to a failure to respect the contraindications, which for us were genu varum, previous medial meniscectomy and transfer with a normal tuberosity/trochlea offset rather than due to the transfer itself. The authors believe that tibial tubercle transfer is still indicated in the treatment of objective and potential patellar instability if the symptomatology is dominated by instability and dislocation of the patella and if the tuberosity/trochlea offset is greater than 20 mm.     

胫骨高位外翻截骨并截骨远端前置内移术后胫骨内旋

目的观察胫骨高位外翻截骨并截骨远端前置内移术后的胫骨扭转角和足前进角的变化,探讨胫骨内旋对膝关节生物力学的影响及临床意义。方法膝内翻骨性关节炎并髌股关节炎患者24例(30膝)行胫骨高位外翻截骨并截骨远端前置内移术,男5例7膝,女19例23膝;年龄49～55岁,平均53岁。分别于术前和术后6个月～2年以足印迹法测量患侧足前进角,同时于术前和术后行CT扫描,测量患侧胫骨扭转角。采用t检验对术前、术后两组数据进行统计学分析。结果测量数据显示术前患侧足前进角为8.95°±2.99°,术后6个月时为-2.23°±4.11°;术前胫骨扭转角为33.77°±8.12°,术后为21.27°±8.48°。统计学分析显示足前进角和胫骨扭转角手术前、后差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后胫骨扭转角比术前减小12.50°±2.60°,术后足前进角比术前减小11.08°±2.59°,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胫骨高位外翻截骨并截骨远端前置内移术使胫骨内旋和足前进角减小,影响手术的效果及骨性关节炎病情的进展。     

Functional outcome after tibial tubercle transfer for the painful patella alta

Twenty-five patients with painful patella alta without symptomatic subluxation were identified in a prospective database. All patients had a distal tibial tubercle transfer and preoperative knee arthroscopy. The mean postoperative followup was 2.4 years. These patients were matched with healthy volunteers. Patellofemoral scores using the scoring systems of Kujala et al and Lysholm and Gillquist were collected prospectively. The Short Form-36 health survey and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index were used postoperatively. Significant improvement in the patellofemoral scores was documented postoperatively; however, the healthy volunteers had significantly higher patellofemoral scores when compared with the patients who were treated surgically. For the three Short Form-36 survey parameters based on physical health (physical functioning, role physical, and bodily pain), there were no statistically significant differences between the patients and the United States age-matched norms; data are available in the Short Form-36 survey manual. Patients with Grade 2 chondromalacia (fissuring and fragmentation less than 1.25 cm) had significantly better scores in pain and function domains of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index compared with patients with Grade 3 (fissuring and fragmentation greater than 1.25 cm) and Grade 4 (erosion down to bone) changes. Distal tibial tubercle transfer is a beneficial procedure for treating patients with painful patella alta.     

Vascular risk associated with a posterior approach for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique

This study evaluated the risk to the popliteal artery associated with the tibial inlay technique in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Barium was injected into the femoral arteries of eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees and anteroposterior (AP) radiographs were obtained. Dissection of the fascia overlying the gastrocnemius muscle, identification of the interval between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus, and lateral retraction of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (the Burks and Schaffer approach) was performed. Subsequently, a bicortical screw was placed from posterior to anterior through the tibia as is performed in the tibial inlay technique. A second AP radiograph was obtained. The distance from the center of the screw to the edge of the popliteal artery was measured using digital calipers. The closest any screw came to the popliteal artery was 18.1 mm, and the average distance was 21.1 mm (21.1 +/- 4.6 mm, range: 18.1-31.7 mm). When this distance was calculated as a percentage of the tibial plateau width, the smallest value was 19.2% (24% +/- 4.9%, range: 19.2%-35.1%). A posterior approach for a tibial inlay PCL reconstruction procedure appears safe with respect to the popliteal artery.     

A new surgical technique for tibial tubercle transfer in total knee arthroplasty.

Several methods are described for extensor mechanism realignment in total knee arthroplasty, including lateral release, medial reefing, V-Y quadricepsplasty, and tibial tubercle transfer. Each has its indications, merits, and pitfalls. The advantages of tibial tubercle transfer include precise realignment of the quadriceps mechanism, the ability to properly locate the patella proximally or distally, and maintenance of quadriceps power. The authors present a new technique for tibial tubercle transfer in total knee arthroplasty. Important points include (1) full-thickness medial and lateral soft tissue flaps that are anchored to bone and cover the transferred tubercle at the end of the procedure; (2) osteotomy of a long (10-cm) strip of tubercle and tibial crest; (3) placement of the osteotomized segment in a prepared, inset cancellous bone bed; and (4) fixation of the graft with multiple staples that hold the graft in place without being inserted through the graft. The method described will allow surgeons to perform tibial tubercle transfer reproducibly while avoiding the frequently cited complications of nonunion, loss of fixation, and wound slough.     

Visual analog scale assessment after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: with or without tibial tubercle transfer

BACKGROUND: We studied the efficacy of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, with or without tibial tubercle (TT) transfer, for recurrent dislocation of the patella, based on subjective functional assessment using the visual analog scale (VAS). METHODS: Forty-two consecutive knees of 40 patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon were followed up for an average of 4.3 years. Twenty-nine knees underwent MPFL reconstruction (MPFL group) and 13 knees underwent MPFL reconstruction combined with medial transfer of TT (TT+MPFL group). Clinical results, including the VAS score at the latest follow-up in both groups, were assessed. RESULTS: An apparent deficit in the range of motion was observed in two cases from the TT+MPFL group. The ratio of negative apprehension test was significantly improved from 3% preoperatively to 79% postoperatively in the MPFL group and from 8% to 69% in the TT+MPFL group. The Lysholm scores were significantly improved from 70 points preoperatively to 92 points postoperatively in the MPFL group and from 72 points to 90 points in the TT+MPFL group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the ratios of negative apprehension tests and the Lysholm scores after surgery as well as before surgery. In the VAS assessment, the MPFL group scored significantly higher than the TT+MPFL group in "Japanese full sitting" (average score 92 vs 62). The scores of the two groups were not significantly different in any of the other items, although the total average score was significantly higher in the MPFL group (91 vs 81). CONCLUSIONS: MPFL reconstruction without TT transfer achieved satisfactory results including high scores on subjective functional assessments without disadvantage caused by the TT transfer. Isolated MPFL reconstruction has been suggested to be a useful treatment method for recurrent dislocation of the patella.     

Two techniques for anterior cruciate ligament tibial fixation with a bicortical screw: an in vitro study of neurovascular risk

We compared the distance to neurovascular structures between exit holes for screws drilled toward the fibula in a medial to lateral orientation (16 cadaveric knees; experimental group) versus screws drilled the standard way, perpendicular to the cortex of the proximal tibial metaphysis (19 cadaveric knees; control group). A bicortical screw was used for tibial fixation, specimens were dissected, and the major neurovascular structures were identified. The screw exit hole on the posterior tibial cortex was found, and a fine caliper was used to measure distances from the hole to the neurovascular structures. The 2 groups differed significantly in distances to the popliteal bifurcation (mean difference, 6.8 mm; P = .019), the anterior tibial vein (mean difference, 9.7 mm; P<.001), and the anterior tibial artery (mean difference, 10.9 mm; P<.001), with the distances larger in the experimental group. There was 1 tibial artery injury in the control group. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to distances to the common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve (P>.05). During bicortical screw placement in the proximal-medial tibial metaphysis, aiming toward the fibula significantly reduces the risk for vascular injury, as evidenced by there being no injuries, increased distances, and increased margin of safety from vascular structures.     

Late results of transfer of the tibial tubercle for recurrent dislocation of the patella.

The authors wished to determine the late results of the Hauser operation, with special reference to the development of osteoarthritis. Predisposing factors associated with recurrent dislocation of the patella were also investigated. Thirty-five patients with forty-four surgically treated knees attended for review, ten to twenty-five (average sixteen) years after operation. Two patients had subsequently undergone excision of the patella. Ten patients gave a family history of recurrent dislocation of the patella and seven patients showed generalised joint laxity. Pain was present in eight knees before operation and was present in thirty-three knees (75 per cent) at the time of review. Patella crepitus was present in thirty-seven out of forty-two knees (88 per cent) at review. Osteoarthritis was present in thirty out of forty-two knees (70 per cent). The incidence increases with time since operation and the present age of the patient. It is concluded that the Hauser operation prevents further dislocation but does not prevent the development of osteoarthritis. It is possible that a simple soft-tissue operation which effectively prevents dislocation might achieve the same results.     

A technique for treating patello-femoral instability in immature patients: the tibial tubercle periosteum transfer

Patello-femoral problems are frequently encountered in knee clinic. The most important role of the patella is to increase the quadriceps efficiency, although this function could be altered in the patello-femoral instability. Active stability of the patello-femoral joint is provided by the surrounding muscles and ligaments, passive stability is provided by the bony and cartilage structures. Patellofemoral instability is defined, from Henry Dejour, as a disease without engagement the patella in the femoral trochlea during knee range of motion. Every time should be performed careful radiological preoperative investigations (radiographs and computed tomography) involving an expert musculoskeletal radiologist. Surgical procedures may be divided into those that address the soft tissues (muscles and ligaments), generally on the immature skeletal, and those that effect bony changes, generally on the mature skeletal; sometimes, it is necessary to combine soft-tissue and bony procedures. In this report, the authors describe a tibial tubercle periosteum transfer technique for patello-femoral instability in immature patients, which may potentially improve clinical results in very young symptomatic patients with patello-femoral instability.     

Outcomes of MPFL reconstruction with tibial tubercle transfer for recurrent patellar instability with high grade trochlear dysplasia in Indian population

BackgroundPatellar instability is a painful condition which affects the quality of life and mobility of young individuals. The aim of this study is to observe the results of medial patello-femoral ligament reconstruction with hamstring autograft along with a modified Fulkerson osteotomy, for recurrent instability of patella with high-grade trochlear dysplasia in Indian population.Materials & methodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of 26 knees (21 patients) who attended our outpatient department from June 2014 to February 2019, with recurrent instability of the patella and high-grade trochlear dysplasia. All knees were treated with MPFL reconstruction with hamstring autograft and modified Fulkerson osteotomy.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 30 months (range: 24–50). The mean Lysholm scores improved from 49.9 (range: 30–63) preoperatively to 82.5 (range: 51–100) (p < 0.05), Kujala scores from 55.5 (36–67) to 85.9 (55–100) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores from 50.2 (31.6–62.3) to 82.9 (54.7–98.3) (p < 0.05) at 2 years follow-up. TT-TG distance decreased from 21.2 mm (18–25) to 11.6 mm (10–13) (p < 0.05) and patellar tilt angle decreased from 24.2° (18°-35°) to 7.2° (5°-10°) (p < 0.05). One knee had superficial skin infection in immediate post-operative period. Three knees had postoperative stiffness, which improved on manipulation under anesthesia. Six knees had implant irritation from the osteotomy screws which were removed after bony union was achieved. Functional scores were low in two knees due to patello-femoral pain, but they did not have recurrent instability.ConclusionMPFL reconstruction with tibial tubercle transfer gives good functional outcomes in 92.3% patients with recurrent patellar instability, associated with high-grade trochlear dysplasia in Indian population.     

Anterior approach to the knee with osteotomy of the tibial tubercle for bicondylar tibial fractures

Eight patients--six who had a bicondylar fracture of the tibia and two who had a complex fracture-dislocation--were treated by open reduction and internal fixation that was achieved through an anterior approach to the knee. The approach included elevation of the tibial tubercle, proximal retraction of the extensor mechanism (patellar tendon, retropatellar fat pad, and patella), and transection and detachment of the anterior horn of one or both menisci. The extent of the approach depended on the specific need for exposure. The quality of reduction was better and the rate of complications was lower, compared with conventional approaches. The main advantage of this approach is that the tibial plateau and the intercondylar notch are exposed clearly and completely; this is a prerequisite for the rapid reconstruction of the joint surface and, in some patients, for the reattachment or primary suture of the cruciate ligaments. I recommend the anterior approach with osteotomy of the tibial tubercle in the treatment of patients who have a severe displaced bicondylar fracture of the proximal end of the tibia.     

Biomechanical investigation of tibial tubercle osteotomy fixed with various screw configurations

Introduction

To date, the effects of various screw configurations on the stability of tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) are not completely understood. Hence, the first aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of TTO under various screw configurations. The second aim is to evaluate the internal stresses in the bone and the contact forces on the bone fragment that are developed by the tibia and screws in response to the applied load after the equilibrant is revealed.

High tibial osteotomy combined with anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle for osteoarthritis of the knee

Summary Eighty-nine knees with medial tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis were treated by high tibial osteotomy between 1972 and 1978, and 71 were followed up for at least 5 years, the average being 6 years and 9 months. There was no significant loss of motion as recorded before and after operation. In most patients pain decreased or disappeared, and walking ability was regained. Evaluation using the Japanese rating system showed that there were Good and Fair results in 86% of the cases. The average tibio-femoral angle in the Good group was 169±5°. The angles in the Poor group varied over a wide range. There were serious complications such as nonunion, malunion and infection in a few cases. In Group 1 (30 knees) high tibial osteotomy alone was performed. In Group 2 (41 knees) there were associated osteoarthritic changes in the patellofemoral joint and a high tibial osteotomy was combined with anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle (ventralisation). In comparison, Group 2 had better results with regard to both clinical and radiological evaluation.Read at the 16th Congress of the Societe Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopedique et de Traumatologie, London, England, 5th October, 1984