Changes in One-Year Mortality in Elderly Patients Admitted with Acute Myocardial Infarction in Relation with Early Management

Background

Elderly patients are underrepresented in acute myocardial infarction trials. Our aim was to determine whether, in elderly patients, changes in management in the past 15 years are associated with improved 1-year mortality after hospital admission for myocardial infarction.

急性心肌梗塞患者的高胰岛素血症

检测１３例合并糖尿病的急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ），２３例无糖尿病ＡＭＩ患者的空腹血胰岛素和Ｃ肽水平，并与２０例正常人作比较，发现两组均存在高胰岛素血症，合并糖尿病的ＡＭＩ组更为明显。１０例ＡＭＩ患者４周后复查，血胰岛素水平有显著下降。提示胰岛素在ＡＭＩ发病中有意义。     

老老年急性心肌梗死临床特征分析

目的探讨老老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床特点和危险因素。方法将56例确诊AMI的老老年患者(≥80岁)与同期62例确诊AMI的中青年患者(≤60岁)进行对照研究,分析其危险因素、性别差异、起病诱因、发病的临床表现、梗死部位、并发症和死亡率。结果老老年组高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症明显高于中青年组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);而冠心病家族史、吸烟两项危险因素明显低于中青年组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。老老年组症状多不典型,以多支病变为主,并发症较多;中青年组患者发病前大多有明确诱因,多有典型的胸骨后或心前区疼痛,以单支病变为主,并发症相对较少。结论老老年急性心肌梗死临床特点和危险因素不同,需注意高血压,糖尿病和高脂血症等危险因素的合理治疗及监测。     

急性心肌梗死患者血气变化及酸碱失衡分析

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的酸碱失衡类型及临床意义。方法：回顾性分析134例AMI患者动脉血气参数（pH、PaO2、PaCO2、HCO3^-）、酸碱失衡类型和电解质资料。结果：134例患者动脉血氧分压（PaO2）〈80mmHg者72例（53％）;发生不同类型酸碱失衡113例（84％）,最常见是呼吸性碱中毒并代谢性酸中毒（呼碱代酸）,有24例（18％）,其次为呼吸性酸中毒并代谢性酸中毒（呼酸代酸）、单纯性呼碱、单纯性代酸等,单纯性酸碱失衡43例（32％）,二重性酸碱失衡64例（48％）,三重性酸碱失衡（TABD）6例（4％）。结论：AMI患者常发生低氧血症和酸碱失衡,伴有心源性休克时容易伴有代酸;严重代谢性酸中毒合并呼酸是病情严重的标志。     

急性心肌梗死患者中几种炎症因子与传统心肌损伤标志物的相关性研究

目的选取多个炎症因子—基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP1),基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9),新蝶呤(Neopterin),观察其在急性心肌梗死(AMI),不稳定性心绞痛、稳定性心绞痛和正常人群中的不同表达水平以及与传统心肌损伤标志物之间的相互关系,以期探索其在AMI发病进展过程中的作用和用于预测急性心梗风险的可行性。方法从收住本院的患者中,入选AMI51例,不稳定性心绞痛48例,稳定性心绞痛54例,正常人44例。所有患者的确诊依据世界卫生组织诊断标准和中华医学会的相关指南。所有患者均接受冠脉造影检查,同时采集血标本。用ELISA法分别测定4组患者的MMP9,TIMP1和Neopterin浓度。所得数据使用SPSS统计软件处理,以P0.05作为有统计学意义的显著性差异。各个数据之间的相关采用单回归线性分析检验。结果 (1)基本临床资料:四组之间在年龄和高血脂,糖尿病发病率上无显著性差异,正常组男性,高血压和吸烟史相对其他组较少。稳定心绞痛和不稳定心绞痛高血压的发生率高于急性心梗。(2)传统的心肌损伤标志物和炎症因子检测结果:高敏C反应蛋白,肌酸激酶,肌酸激酶同工酶和肌钙蛋白I,急性心梗组皆高于其他3个组,有显著性差异。而其他三组之间并无显著性差异。(3)其他炎症因子检测结果:,MMP9、TIMP1、MMP9/TIMP1以及Neopterin各个指标,AMI组皆高于其他3组,有显著性差异。其他三个组相互之间并无显著性差异。(4)入选病人的Hs-CRP与Neopterin和CK呈良好的正相关性(P0.05),而MMP9/TIMP1与hs-CRP及CK皆无相关性。Neopterin与CK也无相关性。结论在AMI患者,炎症因子MMP9、TIMP1、Neopterin均明显升高,除Neopterin与Hs-CRP有良好相关性以外,其他的炎症因子与传统的心肌损伤标志物并无相关性。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓疗法临床分析

目的 分析溶栓疗法治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效.方法 选择发病在12h内的急性心肌梗死患者30例,在对症治疗的同时立即给予静脉滴注尿激酶100万U,分析患者的冠状动脉再通率情况.结果 30例患者中26例再通,再通率为86.67%,没有发生严重的不良反应.结论 心肌梗死后早期采用静滴尿激酶进行溶栓安全、有效,值得临床推广应用.     

Patient Delay in Patients With ST-elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives To examine patient delay (PD) in seeking treatment among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to identify factors influencing PD. Methods patients with STEMI were divided into two groups based on PD: Short PD group (PD ≤ 60 minutes after onset of symptoms) and long PD group ( > 60 minutes after symptom onset). A questionnaire developed to assess demographic characteristics, clinical factors and psychological factors. Patients were interviewed within 72 hours of admission to 2 hospitals. Results 329 consecutive confirmed STEMI patients (Mean age 61years; 72.5% men) with a median PD of 90 min and a pre-hospital delay time 170 min were studied, PD was less than 1 hours in 47.4% of patients, while more than 1 hours in 52.6%, In univariate analyses, patients with short PD were witness onset, progress course of symptom, severe pain, death anxiety, knowing AMI as a deadly disease and its presentation, taking the symptom seriously. Patients with longer PD were age ≥65 year, nocturnal onset, experienced their symptoms at home, gradual onset, 'waited to see whether symptoms disappeared', 'worried about troubling others', 'took pain medication' and preinfarction angina. A stepwise multiple regression analysis further suggested that the following inde-pendent contributors to a late decision to seek medical help (relative risk, 95% confidence interval): taking pain medication (15.97; 1.70～149.8 ), wanting to wait and see (6.46; 1.92～21.74), not wanting to bother anybody (6.42; 2.87～14.34), preinfarct angina (2.73; 1.20～6.19), age ≥65 years (2.51; 1.15～5.48), gradual onset (2.40; 1.05～5.44), severe pain(0.38, 0.17～0.85), witness onset (0.27, 0.10～0.70), taking symptoms seriously (0.019; 0.08～0.46). Conclusions Age ≥65 years, gradual onset, witness onset, severe pain, preinfarct angina, emotional responses and coping strategies are the independent factors associated with patient delay or decision time in patients with AMI. Emotional responses and coping strategies are the major determinants of patient delay. Modification of these emotional factors might best be achieved by patients and public education.     

老年与中青年急性心肌梗死患者临床特点对比分析

目的探讨老年人急性心肌梗死的临床特点。方法回顾性分析92例60岁以上老年急性心肌梗死（老年组）患者及70例非老年急性心肌梗死（中青年组）患者的临床资料,分析起病诱因、首发临床表现、梗死部位、伴发症、并发症以及死亡率。结果老年组多数患者于发病前无明显诱因及典型的临床症状,梗死部位较广泛,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的发生率、并发症、伴发症、病死率均较中青年组高,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论老年人急性心肌梗死发生率高,且以临床表现不典型者多见。     

女性急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓疗效观察

目的　观察女性急性心肌梗塞 (AMI)患者接受静脉溶栓治疗的临床效果。方法　回顾分析 3年内接受静脉溶栓 3 0 2例 (AMI)患者中的 83例女性AMI的临床疗效。结果　 ( 1 ) 83例女性AMI与 2 1 9例男性患者比较 ,溶栓后梗塞相关血管 (IRA)再通率明显为低 ( 57 8%比 73 5% ,P <0 0 1 ) ,尤其3 8例≥ 60岁的老年女性比 92例老年男性明显为低 ( 55 9%比 73 0 % ,P <0 0 2 5)。 ( 2 )经溶栓治疗的男性AMI患者比女性的 5周死亡率 ( 4 1 %比 1 4 5% ,P <0 0 1 )及中度以上心衰率 ( 1 4 2 %比 2 6 5% ,P<0 0 5)明显为低。结论　国人女性AMI患者接受溶栓治疗安全有效 ,但其临床疗效似乎低于男性患者。     

Cardiogenic Shock Among Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Middle Eastern Country: A Single-Center Experience

BackgroundCardiogenic Shock (CS) remains the most common cause of death in hospitalized acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Predictors of outcomes in those patients include clinical, laboratory, radiologic variables, and management strategies. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, predictors of cardiogenic shock and mortality among acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients in our center.MethodsThis was a retrospective, single-center study conducted at KAMC, Makkah during 2015–2020. All acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients during this era were divided into two groups CS group and non-CS group.ResultsIn this study total 3074 acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients of which 132(4.3%) patients had CS. CS group tended to have higher ages than non-CS group. Pilgrims were more complicated by CS than nonpilgrims. Subsequently, CS patients had a highly significant (p < 0.001 for all) increase in the incidence of in-hospital complications including pulmonary oedema, cardiac arrest and ventilation. There was a significant increase in hospital stay length and in-hospital mortality among CS patients. Renal impairment, peak troponin level, haemoglobin drop≥3 gm/dl, and Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were significant independent predictors of cardiogenic shock among our patients. However, STEMI type, left main disease, and EF was the independent predictors of CS among our patients with diabetes with EF cut-off value of 35% with a sensitivity of 74.6% and a specificity of 65.3%. Age was the only independent predictor of mortality among CS patients. Though age, female gender, and diabetes were found to be the independent predictors for in-hospital mortality among our patients.ConclusionHigh-income middle eastern countries have comparable outcomes to Europe and USA among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with higher improvement of medical care in the last 2 to 3 decades. Renal impairment, peak troponin, severe bleeding and ejection fraction were significant independent predictors of CS in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. However, STEMI type, left main disease, and ejection fraction were the independent predictors of CS in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with diabetes. Age was the only independent predictor of mortality among CS patients.     

Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Familial Hypercholesteremia

BackgroundThere is a paucity of contemporary data regarding the outcomes of acute myocardial infarction among patients with familial hypercholesteremia.MethodsWe queried the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2016-2018) for hospitalizations with acute myocardial infarction. Multivariable regression analysis was used to compare in-hospital outcomes and 30-day readmissions among patients with and without familial hypercholesteremia.ResultsThe analysis included 1,363,488 hospitalizations with acute myocardial infarction. The prevalence of familial hypercholesteremia was 0.07% among acute myocardial infarction admissions. Compared with those without familial hypercholesteremia, admissions with familial hypercholesteremia were younger and had less comorbidities but were more likely to have had prior infarct and revascularization. Admissions with familial hypercholesteremia were more likely to present with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and undergo revascularization. After multivariable adjustment, there was no difference in in-hospital case fatality among patients with hypercholesteremia compared with those without it (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41-1.39). Admissions with acute myocardial infarction and familial hypercholesteremia had higher adjusted rates of cardiac arrest and utilization of mechanical support. There were no group differences in overall 30-day readmission (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.51-1.10) or 30-day readmission for acute myocardial infarction. However, a nonsignificant trend toward higher readmission for percutaneous coronary intervention was observed among patients with familial hypercholesteremia (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 0.98-3.64).ConclusionIn this contemporary nationwide observational analysis, patients with familial hypercholesteremia represent a small proportion of the overall population with acute myocardial infarction and have a distinctive clinical profile but do not appear to have worse in-hospital case fatality compared with those without familial hypercholesteremia.     

影响急性心肌梗塞患者院前延迟时间的因素

目的探讨影响急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者院前延迟时间(PDT)的相关因素.方法收集461例AMI患者,剔除47例资料不全者,将入选414例分为PDT≤6 h组221例,PDT>6 h组193例.分析包括性别、年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、高血脂、吸烟史、既往心绞痛史、发病时间、主要症状、PDT,入院时心功能、梗塞部位等.结果①PDT>6h组较PDT≤6h组年龄大、女性患者比例高、糖尿病史者比例高、既往有心绞痛史者多、夜间发病者比例高,2组比均有显著性差异,P<0.05～0.01.但典型胸痛症状和入院时心功能不全PDT>6 h组较PDT≤6 h组比率低,2组均有显著性差异,P<0.05～0.01;②多元逻辑回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病史、既往心绞痛病史、发病时间及入院时心功能不全为影响PDT的独立相关因素.结论年龄、糖尿病史、心绞痛病史、发病时间及入院时心功能不全为影响AMI患者PDT的独立相关因素.     

有高血压史的老年人急性心肌梗塞临床特点

目的 探讨高血压（HT）对老年人急性心肌梗死（AMI）疾病过程及预后的影响。方法 对比分析82例有HT史和94例无高血压（NHT）史的老年人AMI临床资料。结果 HT组有糖尿病、高血脂、吸烟史、冠心病家族史、慢性心肌缺血史者及女性患者的比例均较NHT组高（P＜0．05－0．01）;AMI于饱餐后发病者,HT组多于NHT组（P＜0．01）,因劳累诱发者,HT组少于NHT组（P＜0．05）;HT组无痛性AMI者较NHT组多（P＜0．05）,出现脑卒中、心力衰竭、心源性休克、室速与室颤等并发症及住院病死率均高于NHT组（P＜0．05－0．01）。结论 合并HT的老年AMI患者具有更多的冠心病易患因素,严重心脏并发症较多,近期预后较差。     

危重急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡的危险因素分析

目的:探讨需要机械通气和/或主动脉球囊反搏支持治疗的危重急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡相关的危险因素.方法:回顾性调查我院收治的需要机械通气和/或主动脉球囊反搏支持治疗的危重心肌梗死患者115例,使用Logistic回归分析探讨危重急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡的危险因素.结果:115例患者中,康复出院42例,院内死亡73例,病死率63.48%.多因素分析表明前壁心肌梗死、左室射血分数严重减低(LVEF＜35%)、血肌酐升高(Cr＞133 μmol/L)、血红蛋白降低(男性＜120 g/L,女性＜110 g/L)是住院死亡的独立危险因素.结论:需要机械通气和/或主动脉球囊反搏支持治疗的危重急性心肌梗死患者病死率高,前壁心梗、泵衰竭、肾功能不全、贫血是住院死亡的独立危险因素.     

Predictors of In-hospital Mortality and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Background

Despite the widespread availability of plasmapheresis as a therapy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of data on the predictors of poor clinical outcome in this population. Acute myocardial infarction is a recognized complication of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem, its risk factors, and its influence on mortality in patients hospitalized with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Methods

We used the 2001-2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to identify patients aged ≥18 years with the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (International Classification of Diseases, 9^th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] code 446.6) who also received therapeutic plasmapheresis (ICD-9-CM code 99.71) during the hospitalization. Patients with acute myocardial infarction were identified using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classification Software code 100. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of in-hospital mortality and acute myocardial infarction in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients.

Results

Among the 4032 patients (mean age 47.5 years, 67.7% women, and 36.9% white) with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura who also underwent plasmapheresis, in-hospital mortality was 11.1%. Independent predictors of increased in-hospital mortality were older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.04; P <.001), acute myocardial infarction (OR 1.89; 95% CI, 1.24-2.88; P = .003), acute renal failure (OR 2.75; 95% CI, 2.11-3.58; P <.001), congestive heart failure (OR 1.66; 95% CI, 1.17-2.34; P = .004), acute cerebrovascular disease (OR 2.68; 95% CI, 1.87-3.85; P <.001), cancer (OR 2.49; 95% CI, 1.83-3.40; P <.001), and sepsis (OR 2.59; 95% CI, 1.88-3.59; P <.001). Independent predictors of acute myocardial infarction were older age (OR 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04; P <.001), smoking (OR 1.60; 95% CI, 1.14-2.24; P = .007), known coronary artery disease (OR 2.59; 95% CI, 1.76-3.81; P <.001), and congestive heart failure (OR 2.40; 95% CI, 1.71-3.37; P <.001).

Conclusion

In this large national database, patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura had an in-hospital mortality rate of 11.1% and an acute myocardial infarction rate of 5.7%. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were older age, acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, congestive heart failure, acute cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and sepsis. Predictors of acute myocardial infarction were older age, smoking, known coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure.     

Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients

We evaluated the prognosis of 858 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), of whom 97 (11%) had a history of diabetes mellitus. Among patients with diabetes the 1-year mortality rate was 41% versus 26% for non-diabetic patients (p < 0.01), and the 1-year reinfarction rates were 23% and 14%, respectively (p = 0.05). Diabetic patients with a history of hypertension had a similar mortality rate as comapred with diabetic patients without hypertension. In a multivariate analysis including age and history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes did not significantly contribute to death or reinfarction. Among diabetic patients the only independent risk factor for death was age. The place and mode of death appeared similar in the two groups. Patients with and without a history of diabetes had a similar infarct size. We conclude that diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction have a very poor prognosis. Within 1 year nearly half of them are dead and one-quarter develop reinfarction. The mode of death appeared to be similar in diabetic patients as compared with non-diabetic patients.     

急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变程度与血压

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者冠状动脉病变与血压特征的关系。方法226例AMI患者行冠状动脉造影,冠状动脉病变严重程度以冠状动脉病变支数和Gensini积分表示。测定收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)并计算脉压(PP)及脉压指数(PPI)。结果随着PP及PPI增加,Gensini积分逐渐增加。与PP<45mmHg患者相比,PP≥75mmHg患者冠脉三支病变数增多2·2倍;与PPI≤0·4患者相比,PPI>0·6患者冠脉3支病变数增多2·7倍。多因素分析结果显示,PPI与Gensini积分密切相关(P<0·01)。结论PP和PPI与AMI患者冠状动脉病变程度密切相关,可应用于临床指导,且PPI在一定程度上较PP更有优势。     

静脉溶栓治疗急性右室心肌梗塞的疗效观察

目的探讨静脉溶栓治疗急性右室心肌梗塞之临床疗效及安全性。方法连续选择4年内649例AMI患者中，67例右室AMI（均合并下、后壁心肌梗塞）患者诊治资料，进行各亚组疗效比较。结果（1）67例右室AMI患者中，42例接受溶栓治疗，高于平均接受率（62．7％比46．1％，P＜0．01）。（2）未接受溶栓治疗之患者中，右室AMI在住院期病死率（28．0％比13．6％）、右心衰合并左心功能不全≥KillipⅢ级（60％比32．6％）及恶性心律失常发生率（44％比21．8％）均比非右室AMI患者明显为高（P＜0．05～0．01）。（3）右室AMI患者比非右室组，在溶栓后的病死率（-20．9％比-7．4％）、心功能≥Ⅲ级（-31．4％比-19．0％）及严重心律失常发生率（-25．0％比-11．7％）的净减少率均更为显著（P＜0．05～0．01）。结论右室AMI患者接受静脉溶栓治疗安全、有效，并比非右室AMI患者得益更大。