The Clinical Spectrum of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries in Women

Women exhibit less burden of anatomic obstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease as compared with men of the same age, but contradictorily show similar or higher cardiovascular mortality rates. The higher prevalence of nonexertional cardiac symptoms and nonobstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease in women may lead to lack of recognition and appropriate management, resulting in undertesting and undertreatment. Leaders in women’s health from the American College of Cardiology’s Cardiovascular Disease in Women Committee present novel imaging cases that may provoke thought regarding the broad clinical spectrum of myocardial infarction and ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries in women. These unique imaging approaches are based on the concept of targeting sex-specific differences in acute and stable ischemic heart disease.     

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries

Background

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries is a working diagnosis for several heart disorders. Previous studies on anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries are lacking. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries.

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: A comprehensive review and future research directions

Acute coronary syndromes constitute a variety of myocardial injury presentations that include a subset of patients presenting with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries(MINOCA). This acute coronary syndrome differs from type 1 myocardial infarction(MI) regarding patient characteristics, presentation, physiopathology, management, treatment, and prognosis. Two-thirds of MINOCA subjects present ST-segment elevation;MINOCA patients are younger, are more often female and tend to have fewer cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, MINOCA is a working diagnosis, and defining the aetiologic mechanism is relevant because it affects patient care and prognosis. In the absence of relevant coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia might be triggered by an acute event in epicardial coronary arteries,coronary microcirculation, or both. Epicardial causes of MINOCA include coronary plaque disruption, coronary dissection, and coronary spasm.Microvascular MINOCA mechanisms involve microvascular coronary spasm,takotsubo syndrome(TTS), myocarditis, and coronary thromboembolism.Coronary angiography with non-significant coronary stenosis and left ventriculography are first-line tests in the differential study of MINOCA patients.The diagnostic arsenal includes invasive and non-invasive techniques. Medical history and echocardiography can help indicate vasospasm or thrombosis, if one finite coronary territory is affected, or specify TTS if apical ballooning is present.Intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and provocative testing are encouraged. Cardiac magnetic resonance is a cornerstone in myocarditis diagnosis. MINOCA is not a benign diagnosis, and its polymorphic forms differ in prognosis. MINOCA care varies across centres, and future multi-centre clinical trials with standardized criteria may have a positive impact on defining optimal cardiovascular care for MINOCA patients.     

Personality Traits in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe type A behavior pattern and trait anger in patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) and compare them with patients with coronary heart disease and healthy controls. Type A behavior pattern and anger have been linked to coronary heart disease in previous studies. This is the first study to assess type A behavior pattern and trait anger in MINOCA patients.

可穿戴设备在心肌梗死患者随访管理中的应用

主动健康要求个体主动获得持续的健康能力,要求慢性病患者自发和积极地关注自身健康,参与到疾病的管理中来.然而,常规随访手段不能满足心肌梗死患者的长期管理要求,患者对自己生命体征的把握,以及心血管健康状况、药物优化治疗方案和康复锻炼效果缺乏足够的了解手段.具有多种传感器的可穿戴设备为心肌梗死患者危险因素的管理、病情的监测和...     

Secondary Prevention Strategies for Acute Coronary Syndrome

Cardiovascular disease is the main health problem in Europe and the rest of the world and is the leading cause of death and health care expenditure. By reducing mortality and ischemic event recurrence, prevention strategies play a fundamental role in patients who have had an acute coronary syndrome. Although these prevention strategies have focused with great success on high-risk individuals, they should also be used in the general population, which is showing an increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities that may reverse this trend toward reduced mortality. The present article consists of an up-to-date review of the main cardiovascular prevention measures, particularly the new developments of the last year, as well as the particularities of these measures when they are targeted at patients with a prior acute coronary syndrome.     

Primary and Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction

The prevention of coronary artery disease (CHD) and particularly of myocardial infarction (MI) is based on some well designed strategies aimed at treating both asymptomatic high-risk patients (primary prevention) and patients with established CHD (secondary prevention). A positive impact from primary prevention can be basically achieved trough a reduction in high blood pressure and by correcting dyslipidemia. The benefit can be substantially increased by smoking cessation, increasing physical exercise, reduction of body weight, use of post-menopausal oestrogen, moderate alcohol consumption and use of high doses of vitamin E in those patients who are compliant with the specific strategies. Secondary prevention of MI can be again obtained by controlling blood pressure and reducing serum cholesterol in patients surviving acute MI who can also benefit from the administration of ß-blockers, aspirin and probably ace-inhibitors particularly in presence of left ventricular dysfunction. We suggest that in both arms of prevention, significant results can be achieved mainly by a multifactorial approach capable of correcting all the modifiable risk factors that contribute to the rather complex pathogenesis of CHD.     

Secondary Prevention After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Revascularisation: Focus on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for an estimated one third of all deaths worldwide. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One group of patients who are at a particularly high risk of cardiovascular events and death are those with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), especially if they have had a previous myocardial infarction (MI) or revascularisation. DISCUSSION: Lifestyle changes (smoking, alcohol intake, diet, exercise) and cardiac rehabilitation play an important part in reducing risk of recurrent events. In patients with a history of MI and/or those who underwent myocardial revascularisation these have to be supplemented with medication. Several pharmacological agents are known to improve prognosis in these patients, i.e. beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, statins, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). The present article focuses mainly on the role of ACEi in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with a history of MI or myocardial revascularization.     

Early Comprehensive Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries

ObjectivesThe objective of the SMINC-2 (Stockholm Myocardial Infarction With Normal Coronaries 2) study was to determine if more than 70% of patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA), investigated early with comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), could receive a diagnosis entirely by imaging.BackgroundThe etiology of MINOCA is heterogeneous, including coronary, cardiac, and noncardiac causes. Patients with MINOCA, therefore, represent a diagnostic challenge where CMR is increasingly used.MethodsThe SMINC-2 study was a prospective study of 148 patients with MINOCA imaged with 1.5-T CMR with T₁ and extracellular volume mapping early after hospital admission, compared to 150 patients with MINOCA imaged using 1.5-T CMR without mapping techniques from the SMINC-1 study as historic controls.ResultsCMR was performed at a median of 3 (SMINC-2) versus 12 (SMINC-1) days after hospital admission. In total, 77% of patients received a diagnosis with CMR imaging in the SMINC-2 study compared to 47% in the SMINC-1 study (p < 0.001). Compared to SMINC-1, CMR in SMINC-2 detected higher proportions of myocarditis (17% vs. 7%; p = 0.01) and takotsubo syndrome (35% vs. 19%; p = 0.002) but similar proportions of myocardial infarction (22% vs. 19%; p = 0.56) and other cardiomyopathies (3% vs. 2%; p = 0.46).ConclusionsThe results of the SMINC-2 study show that 77% of all patients with MINOCA received a diagnosis when imaged early with CMR, including advanced tissue characterization, which was a considerable improvement in comparison to the SMINC-1 study. This supports the use of early CMR imaging as a diagnostic tool in the investigation of patients with MINOCA. (Stockholm Myocardial Infarction With Normal Coronaries [SMINC]-2 Study on Diagnosis Made by Cardiac MRI [SCMINC-2]; NCT02318498)     

Smoking Status and Incidence of Cancer After Myocardial Infarction: A Follow-Up Study of over 20 Years

Objectives

We evaluated long-term incidence of cancer after myocardial infarction among current, former, and never smokers, and assessed whether reducing cigarette consumption is associated with decreased cancer risk.

Reinfarction in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): Coronary Findings and Prognosis

Background

Myocardial infarction (MI) with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is common. There are limited data on the mechanisms and prognosis for reinfarction in MINOCA patients.

凯时对急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术联合应用凯时（前列腺素E1）对术后心肌灌注的影响。方法将58例接受急诊PCI治疗且符合术前梗死相关血管完全闭塞（血流TIMI0级或1级）,PCI治疗后梗死相关血管达到血流TIMI3级的急性心肌梗死患者随机分为凯时组28例和对照组30例。比较两组临床特征、心肌呈色分级（MBG）、心电图ST段回落指数（sumSTR）及住院期间主要心血管事件、左室射血分数。结果两组基础临床情况及造影特征无明显差异。凯时组心肌呈色分级2／3级获得率明显增高（71．4％vs43．3％,P〈0．05）,术后心电图ST段回落指数（sumSTR）≥50％的比例更高（82．1％vs53．3％,P〈0．05）。心肌梗死1周后射血分数亦高于对照组（57．3％±5．4％vs47．2％±7．2％,P〈0．05）。两组住院期间主要心血管事件差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急性心肌梗死患者在急诊PCI基础上,联合凯时治疗可改善心肌灌注,改善患者心功能,近期疗效好,无不良反应。     

Myocardial Infarction Secondary to Blunt Chest Trauma

Myocardial infarction (MI) following blunt chest trauma is rare, but potentially fatal. We treated a young patient for acute MI after falling chest-first on ice while playing hockey. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed after percutaneous stenting attempts were unsuccessful. By reviewing the related literature, we found 179 cases, the majority of which affected young males following road accidents. Left anterior descending artery was most frequently affected followed by right coronary artery particularly in their proximal thirds. Prior to the advent of emergent angioplasty for MI, conservative management was frequently pursued, whereas subsequently both stenting and CABG were performed as initial therapy. Several cases required CABG after the failure of stenting attempts. Trauma-associated MI is uncommon but should be suspected to be properly diagnosed and managed; the potential need for CABG requires that a cardiac surgeon be informed at the time of angiography to avoid possible delay in revascularization.     

冠状动脉造影正常的急性心肌梗死临床分析

目的　探讨冠状动脉 (冠脉 )造影正常的急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的主要危险因素和预后。方法　从 1996年7月至 2 0 0 3年 8月对AMI行冠脉造影 5 30例中发现造影正常AMI 2 2例 ,按年龄将其分成中年人和老年人两组 ,并比较两者主要危险因素和预后。结果　冠脉造影正常的AMI 2 2例。中年人组 :13例 ,高血压 7/ 13,长期大量吸烟 8/ 13;老年人组 :9例 ,高血压 9/ 9,长期大量吸烟 3/ 9,两组有明显统计学差异。而高胆固醇血症、糖尿病、大量饮酒史比较 ,无明显统计学差异。比较住院期间严重心律失常、心力衰竭 ,均无明显统计学差异。 6个月心脏事件随访包括 :再次AMI、心力衰竭、复合终点事件 ,均有明显统计学差异 ;而心绞痛、心源性死亡比较 ,无明显统计学差异。结论　高血压可能为老年人冠脉造影正常AMI的主要危险因素 ;长期大量吸烟为中年人的主要诱因 ,中年人预后良好 ,老年人预后则相对较差