Trends in Incidence of Hospitalized Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Cardiovascular Research Network (CVRN)

Background

Monitoring trends in cardiovascular events can provide key insights into the effectiveness of prevention efforts. Leveraging data from electronic health records provides a unique opportunity to examine contemporary, community-based trends in acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations.

Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients

We evaluated the prognosis of 858 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), of whom 97 (11%) had a history of diabetes mellitus. Among patients with diabetes the 1-year mortality rate was 41% versus 26% for non-diabetic patients (p < 0.01), and the 1-year reinfarction rates were 23% and 14%, respectively (p = 0.05). Diabetic patients with a history of hypertension had a similar mortality rate as comapred with diabetic patients without hypertension. In a multivariate analysis including age and history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes did not significantly contribute to death or reinfarction. Among diabetic patients the only independent risk factor for death was age. The place and mode of death appeared similar in the two groups. Patients with and without a history of diabetes had a similar infarct size. We conclude that diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction have a very poor prognosis. Within 1 year nearly half of them are dead and one-quarter develop reinfarction. The mode of death appeared to be similar in diabetic patients as compared with non-diabetic patients.     

新活素对急性心肌梗死伴心力衰竭患者炎症因子的影响

目的：探讨新活素对急性心肌梗死（AMI）伴心力衰竭患者炎症因子的影响。方法：AMI合并心力衰竭患者70例,随机分为常规治疗组（n=35）和新活素治疗组（n=35）,分别测定治疗前后血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及白介素-6（IL-6）水平,并记录2组治疗前及治疗后1个月时的左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDVI）、左室收缩末期容积指数（LVESDVI）。结果：新活素治疗组治疗后血清TNF-α、CRP及IL-6水平较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0.05）,且明显低于常规治疗组治疗后（P〈0.05）。新活素治疗组治疗后1个月超声心动图相关指标改善优于同期常规治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论：新活素能在一定程度上减轻AMI伴心力衰竭患者心肌的炎症反应,改善心功能。     

Contemporary Trends in Evidence-based Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background

Guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction recommend the routine use of 4 effective cardiac medications: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aspirin, β-blockers, and lipid-lowering agents. Limited data are available, however, about the contemporary and changing use of these therapies, particularly from a population-based perspective. The study describes differences in the use of these medications during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction according to age, gender, and period of hospitalization.

Methods

The study population consisted of 6334 women and men treated at 11 hospitals in the Worcester, Mass, metropolitan area for acute myocardial infarction in 6 annual periods between 1995 and 2005.

Results

Increases in the use of all 4 cardiac medications during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction were noted between 1995 and 2005 for all men and in those of different age strata: less than 65 years (4%-47%); 65 to 74 years (4%-46%); 75 to 84 years (2%-48%); and more than 85 years (0%-23%). Increases in the use of all 4 cardiac medications also were observed in all women and in those of all ages over time (2%-42%); 65 to 74 years (8%-47%); 75 to 84 years (1%-44%); and more than 85 years (1%-44%).

Conclusion

The present results suggest marked increases over time in the use of evidence-based therapies in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Educational efforts to augment the use of these effective cardiac therapies, as well as attempts to identify suboptimally treated groups, remain warranted.     

Encouraging Trends in Acute Myocardial Infarction Survival in the Oldest Old

Background

There are limited data informing the optimal treatment strategy for acute myocardial infarction in the oldest old (aged ≥85 years). The study aim was to examine whether decade-long increases in guideline-based cardiac medication use mediate declines in post-discharge mortality among oldest old patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction.

Methods

The study sample included 1137 patients aged ≥85 years hospitalized in 6 biennial periods between 1997 and 2007 for acute myocardial infarction at all 11 greater Worcester, Massachusetts, medical centers. We examined trends in 90-day survival after hospital discharge and guideline-based medication use (aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, lipid-lowering agents) for acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization and at discharge. Sequential multivariable Cox regression models examined the relationship among guideline-based medication use, study year, and 90-day post-discharge survival rates.

Results

Patients hospitalized between 2003 and 2007 experienced higher 90-day survival rates than those hospitalized between 1997 and 2001 (69.1% vs 59.8%, P < .05). Between 1997 and 2007, the average number of guideline-based medications prescribed at discharge increased significantly (1.8 to 2.9, P < .001). The unadjusted hazard ratio for 90-day post-discharge mortality in 2003-2007 compared with 1997-2001 was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.89); after adjustment for patient characteristics and guideline-based cardiac medication use, this relationship was no longer significant (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.58).

Conclusions

Between 1997 and 2007, 90-day survival improved among a population-based sample of patients aged ≥85 years hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. This encouraging trend was explained by increased use of guideline-based medications.     

The Effect of a Statewide Smoking Ordinance on Acute Myocardial Infarction Rates

Background

Public smoking ordinances may reduce acute myocardial infarction events. Most studies assessed small communities with reported reductions as high as 40%. No reduction or smaller reductions were found in countrywide studies; less is known about the impact of statewide ordinances. We previously demonstrated identical 27% reductions in acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations in 2 Colorado communities after enactment of strict smoking ordinances. Subsequently, on July 1, 2006, a statewide ordinance went into effect. We sought to determine the impact of this legislation on acute myocardial infarction hospitalization rates.

Methods

Hospital admissions for a primary acute myocardial infarction diagnosis were examined from 2000 to 2008. Poisson regression models were fit to the monthly events from January 1, 2000, to March 31, 2008. The final model included a quadratic trend over time, harmonic terms, and a post-ordinance effect. The model was adjusted temporally for population changes, using population estimates as an offset variable.

Results

A total of 58,399 unique acute myocardial infarctions were recorded during the study period. No significant reduction in acute myocardial infarction rates was observed post-ordinance (relative risk, 1.059; 95% confidence interval, 0.993-1.131). However, a steep decline in acute myocardial infarction rates was noted from 2000 to 2005 just before enactment. There were 11 strict, local smoking ordinances in effect within Colorado before enactment of the statewide ordinance. After excluding these communities, the findings were similar (relative risk, 1.038; 95% confidence interval, 0.971-1.11).

Conclusions

Although local smoking ordinances in Colorado previously suggested a reduction in acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations, no significant impact of smoke-free legislation was demonstrated at the state level, even after accounting for preexisting ordinances.     

不同年龄男性急性心肌梗死患者的临床特点对比研究

目的探讨不同年龄男性急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者临床特点。方法将333例男性AMI患者按年龄分组：〈60岁124例为A组;≥60且〈70岁82例为B组;≥70岁127例为c组。分析3组患者临床特点。结果（1）随着年龄的增加,发病至入院时间逐渐延长,心功能逐渐加重,血脂逐渐减低,吸烟、饮酒率逐渐减低,病死率逐渐增加,3组之间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）与A组比较,B组、C组心功能逐渐加重,三酰甘油（TC）逐渐减低（P〈0．05）。（3）与B组比较,c组发病至入院时间延长,心率加快,心功能加重,总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）和载脂蛋白B（apoB）减低,吸烟率减低（P〈0．05）。结论随着年龄的逐渐增加,男性AMI患者的,临床特点发生改变,但预后差。     

Emergency PTCA and Brace Implantation in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective To further improvethe rate of reperfusion of infarction related artery in AMI, remove the stricture, rescue ischemic myocardium, protect cardiac function and ameliorate the long -term prognosis. Method Among 73 patients with A-MI, 50 underwent direct PICA, 15 immediate PICA, 8 rescue PTCA and 20 braces were implanted. Result The proportion of recanalization is 94. 5% (69/73) . The grade of blood flow (TIMI) improved to grade 3 in 20 patients with brace implantation, while 44 to grade 3 and 5 to grade 2 among 49 patients with simple PTCA. Residualstenosis in vessel was 1.8±5.9 ( -10-10)% in patients with brace implantation versus 15. 4±11. (0-30)% with simple PTCA. The incidence of reperfusive cardiac arrythmia was 18. 1% (10/62). There was mainly frequent ventricular premature beat and short paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, if left anterior decending branch was reopened, while bradycardia and atrial ventricular block usually occurred after right coronary reperfused. Conclusion Emergency P     

既往心绞痛对急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响

目的 :探讨既往心绞痛史与急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者近期预后的关系。　　方法 :12 97例首次急性心肌梗死患者 ,按既往有无心绞痛史分为A (无心绞痛史 )、B (有心绞痛史 ) 2组 ,比较 2组间院内病死率、死亡原因及存活患者心功能的差异。　　结果 :①B组院内病死率显著低于A组 (5 15 %vs .11 72 % ,P <0 0 0 1) ;②B组患者因心源性休克或心力衰竭而死亡的比例略低于A组 (3 40 %vs .5 73 % ,P =0 0 5 ) ,因心脏破裂而死亡的比例显著低于A组 (0 87%vs .4 69% ,P<0 0 0 1) ;③存活患者出院时 ,B组NYHA心功能分级和左心室射血分数 (LVEF)均明显优于A组 (NYHA 1 2 5±0 5 5vs .1 40± 0 67,P <0 0 1;LVEF 0 5 2 3± 0 12 2vs .0 486± 0 10 9,P <0 0 1)。　　结论 :既往有心绞痛史的急性心肌梗死患者近期预后相对较好 ,原因可能与既往心绞痛促进冠状动脉侧支循环形成及缺血预适应机制有关。     

冠状动脉造影正常的急性心肌梗死临床分析

目的　探讨冠状动脉 (冠脉 )造影正常的急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的主要危险因素和预后。方法　从 1996年7月至 2 0 0 3年 8月对AMI行冠脉造影 5 30例中发现造影正常AMI 2 2例 ,按年龄将其分成中年人和老年人两组 ,并比较两者主要危险因素和预后。结果　冠脉造影正常的AMI 2 2例。中年人组 :13例 ,高血压 7/ 13,长期大量吸烟 8/ 13;老年人组 :9例 ,高血压 9/ 9,长期大量吸烟 3/ 9,两组有明显统计学差异。而高胆固醇血症、糖尿病、大量饮酒史比较 ,无明显统计学差异。比较住院期间严重心律失常、心力衰竭 ,均无明显统计学差异。 6个月心脏事件随访包括 :再次AMI、心力衰竭、复合终点事件 ,均有明显统计学差异 ;而心绞痛、心源性死亡比较 ,无明显统计学差异。结论　高血压可能为老年人冠脉造影正常AMI的主要危险因素 ;长期大量吸烟为中年人的主要诱因 ,中年人预后良好 ,老年人预后则相对较差     

急性心肌梗塞患者的高胰岛素血症

检测１３例合并糖尿病的急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ），２３例无糖尿病ＡＭＩ患者的空腹血胰岛素和Ｃ肽水平，并与２０例正常人作比较，发现两组均存在高胰岛素血症，合并糖尿病的ＡＭＩ组更为明显。１０例ＡＭＩ患者４周后复查，血胰岛素水平有显著下降。提示胰岛素在ＡＭＩ发病中有意义。     

多普勒组织成像技术在急性心肌梗死中的应用

多普勒组织成像技术是一项应用多普勒原理分析心肌组织运动的一项超声新技术。急性心肌梗死患者的超声心动图检查主要表现有心功能下降,节段性室壁运动异常等,多普勒组织成像技术可对急性心肌梗死患者的心肌运动进行客观定量的分析,并且具有无创、可重复等优点,能够对患者的心功能、室壁运动、心肌存活性、预后等方面做出更为准确的判断。     

慢性肺原性心脏病伴发冠心病急性心肌梗塞应用机械通气的12例临床体会

对１２例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）导致慢性肺原性心脏病伴发冠心病急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）病例应用机械通气治疗，提示对存在严重低氧及二氧化碳潴留的ＡＭＩ患者，择机应用机械通气治疗可降低病死率。合理使用呼吸机是抢救慢性肺源性心脏病伴发ＡＭＩ患者生命的关键。     

农村40万自然人群脑卒中的发病及预后

按照ＷＨＯ－ＭＯＮＩＣＡ方案要求，对海门农村４０万人群的脑卒中发病及预后进行了观察．结果显示脑卒中的年平均发病率为８２．３／１０万，急性期病死率４８．９％．急性期后的存活率以蛛网膜下腔出血最高，脑出血最低，脑卒中是老年人致死致残的主要疾病，应高度重视对其的预防．     

急性心肌梗塞低氧血症的临床探讨

目的探讨急性心肌梗塞(AMI)与低氧血症的关系。方法 128例AMI患者监测脉氧饱和度SpO2、动脉氧分压PaO2并相应进行危险度分层,研究AMI与低氧血症的关系。结果全组 AMI患者均有不同程度的低氧血症,泵功能与低氧血症正相关(r=0．79,P<0．01)。结论AMI大多存在低氧血症,低氧血症与泵功能正相关,重度低氧血症提示预后不良。     

急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔的研究及治疗进展

心肌再灌注疗法降低了急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔的发病率 ,但是一旦发生穿孔 ,病人的恢复和存活仍然依赖于强有力的内科治疗和手术的介入。经皮穿刺介入封堵治疗作为治疗本病的一种新方法虽然尚存许多问题 ,但是其应用前景值得我们关注。     

急性心肌梗死患者中几种炎症因子与传统心肌损伤标志物的相关性研究

目的选取多个炎症因子—基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP1),基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9),新蝶呤(Neopterin),观察其在急性心肌梗死(AMI),不稳定性心绞痛、稳定性心绞痛和正常人群中的不同表达水平以及与传统心肌损伤标志物之间的相互关系,以期探索其在AMI发病进展过程中的作用和用于预测急性心梗风险的可行性。方法从收住本院的患者中,入选AMI51例,不稳定性心绞痛48例,稳定性心绞痛54例,正常人44例。所有患者的确诊依据世界卫生组织诊断标准和中华医学会的相关指南。所有患者均接受冠脉造影检查,同时采集血标本。用ELISA法分别测定4组患者的MMP9,TIMP1和Neopterin浓度。所得数据使用SPSS统计软件处理,以P0.05作为有统计学意义的显著性差异。各个数据之间的相关采用单回归线性分析检验。结果 (1)基本临床资料:四组之间在年龄和高血脂,糖尿病发病率上无显著性差异,正常组男性,高血压和吸烟史相对其他组较少。稳定心绞痛和不稳定心绞痛高血压的发生率高于急性心梗。(2)传统的心肌损伤标志物和炎症因子检测结果:高敏C反应蛋白,肌酸激酶,肌酸激酶同工酶和肌钙蛋白I,急性心梗组皆高于其他3个组,有显著性差异。而其他三组之间并无显著性差异。(3)其他炎症因子检测结果:,MMP9、TIMP1、MMP9/TIMP1以及Neopterin各个指标,AMI组皆高于其他3组,有显著性差异。其他三个组相互之间并无显著性差异。(4)入选病人的Hs-CRP与Neopterin和CK呈良好的正相关性(P0.05),而MMP9/TIMP1与hs-CRP及CK皆无相关性。Neopterin与CK也无相关性。结论在AMI患者,炎症因子MMP9、TIMP1、Neopterin均明显升高,除Neopterin与Hs-CRP有良好相关性以外,其他的炎症因子与传统的心肌损伤标志物并无相关性。     

Temporal Trends in the Clinical Acuity of Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background

Despite advances in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) systems of care over the last decade, studies have shown no improvement in risk-adjusted mortality. It has been hypothesized that the population presenting to the catheterization laboratory has become sicker over time, in ways not accurately captured by current mortality models. The objective of this study was to examine changes in the clinical characteristics and in-hospital case fatality rate of the STEMI population treated with early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Patient Delay in Patients With ST-elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives To examine patient delay (PD) in seeking treatment among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to identify factors influencing PD. Methods patients with STEMI were divided into two groups based on PD: Short PD group (PD ≤ 60 minutes after onset of symptoms) and long PD group ( > 60 minutes after symptom onset). A questionnaire developed to assess demographic characteristics, clinical factors and psychological factors. Patients were interviewed within 72 hours of admission to 2 hospitals. Results 329 consecutive confirmed STEMI patients (Mean age 61years; 72.5% men) with a median PD of 90 min and a pre-hospital delay time 170 min were studied, PD was less than 1 hours in 47.4% of patients, while more than 1 hours in 52.6%, In univariate analyses, patients with short PD were witness onset, progress course of symptom, severe pain, death anxiety, knowing AMI as a deadly disease and its presentation, taking the symptom seriously. Patients with longer PD were age ≥65 year, nocturnal onset, experienced their symptoms at home, gradual onset, 'waited to see whether symptoms disappeared', 'worried about troubling others', 'took pain medication' and preinfarction angina. A stepwise multiple regression analysis further suggested that the following inde-pendent contributors to a late decision to seek medical help (relative risk, 95% confidence interval): taking pain medication (15.97; 1.70～149.8 ), wanting to wait and see (6.46; 1.92～21.74), not wanting to bother anybody (6.42; 2.87～14.34), preinfarct angina (2.73; 1.20～6.19), age ≥65 years (2.51; 1.15～5.48), gradual onset (2.40; 1.05～5.44), severe pain(0.38, 0.17～0.85), witness onset (0.27, 0.10～0.70), taking symptoms seriously (0.019; 0.08～0.46). Conclusions Age ≥65 years, gradual onset, witness onset, severe pain, preinfarct angina, emotional responses and coping strategies are the independent factors associated with patient delay or decision time in patients with AMI. Emotional responses and coping strategies are the major determinants of patient delay. Modification of these emotional factors might best be achieved by patients and public education.