溶剂解吸HPLC法测定工作场所空气中硝基苯

目的：建立硅胶管采集工作场所空气中硝基苯的液相色谱分析方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中硝基苯，样品经甲醇解吸，HPLC检测。结果：当空气中硝基苯浓度范围在0．67～6．67mg／m^3（参照国标PC-TWA2mg／m^3）时，方法的变异系数为0．3％，回归方程式Y=42769X＋74．5，相关系数r=0．9999，检出限0．03μg／ml，以采集3L空气样品计，最低检出浓度0．02mg／m^3。平均解吸效率为98．6％，硅胶吸附8．00μg硝基苯，样品放置2周，回收率仍可达98．8％，变异系数为0．6％。在本实验条件下与苯胺类化合物有较好的分离。结论：本法可应用于工作场所空气中硝基苯浓度的检测。     

工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中甲基丙烯酸。用丙酮解吸后毛细管气相色谱（FID）测定。结果：空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度在2．4-533．3mg／m^3（以采集4．5L空气样品计，相当于甲基丙烯酸标准溶液浓度在10．9-2400μg／ml）时，回归方程Y=296．14X-15247．6，r=0．9999，最低检出限10．9μg／ml，平均解吸效率93．2％。穿透容量（BTV）〉5．3mg；采样效率达100％，样品在室温下至少可保存15d。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的溶剂解吸高效液相色谱测定方法。方法：以硅胶管采集空气中甲基丙烯酸，用甲醇解吸后高效液相色谱测定。结果：甲基丙烯酸浓度在0．24—300μg／ml（以采集3L空气样品计，相当于空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度在0．24～300mg／m^3）线性关系良好，回归方程Y=74359644．5X＋96317．1，r=0．9993（n=6），检出限为0．24μg／ml；方法精密度试验，相对标准偏差在0．7％～3．6％之间；平均解吸效率98．4％；200mg硅胶管穿透容量（BTV）〉14．3mg；200mg硅胶吸附420μg甲基丙烯酸，密闭放置1周，损失率〈10％；采样效率达100％。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中毒死蜱气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中毒死蜱的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法采用硅胶管吸附空气中的毒死蜱，用90％甲苯和10％丙酮的混合液解吸后用带火焰光度检测器（FPD）的毛细管气相色谱法测定。结果空气中毒死蜱浓度在0．22～14．22mg／m^3（以采集4．5L空气样品计，相当于毒死蜱标准溶液在1～64μg／ml）时，回归方程Y=612．82X-60．59，相关系数r=0．9999，检出限为0．06mg／m^3。平均解吸效率89.67％，采样效率94．0％，样品在室温下至少可以保存15d。结论该方法适用于工作场所空气中毒死蜱浓度的测定。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中正己烷

目的：建立工作场所空气中正己烷的溶剂解吸宽口径毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法：以活性碳管采集空气中正己烷，用二硫化碳解吸后气相色谱（FID）测定。结果：正己烷浓度在0～1．32μg／ml线性关系良好，检出限为0．012μg／μl相对标准偏差在3．7％-5．2％之间；平均解吸效率91．4％；100mg活性碳管，穿透容量（BTV）〉6．3mg；100mg活性碳吸附528μg正已烷，密闭放置一周，损失率10％；采样效率90％。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中正己烷的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中环已醇测定方法的研究

目的建立了工作场所空气中环己醇的溶剂解吸毛细管柱气相色谱测定方法。方法硅肢管吸附空气中环己醇，用无水乙醇解吸后毛细管柱气相色谱（FID）测定。结果结果空气中环已醇的浓度在0～666mg／m^3（以采集1.5L空气计，相当于环已醇标准溶液浓度在0～1000mg／L）时，线性方程为：y=6．2＋5．27x（r=0．9999）。检出限为1．0mg／L，最低检出浓度为0．7mg／m^3（以采集1．5L空气计算）；解吸效率≥96．1％；穿透容量（BTV）大于8．3mg；采样效率≥99．7％；样品在室温下可保存7d。结论本方法适用于工作场所空气中环已醇的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中己二腈气相色谱测定方法研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中己二腈气相色谱的检测方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中己二腈，无水乙醇解吸液解吸，氢焰离子化检测器检测。结果：标准曲线回归方程为Y=0．125X-3．55，相关系数r=0．9999；检出限为1．6μg／ml；高、中、低3个浓度6d6次测定的变异系数分别为1．3％、1．5％、2．1％；平均解吸效率为95．1％；穿透容量大于12．8mg己二腈（200mg硅胶）；采样效率100％，室温下采样后硅胶管可放置7d。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中己二腈浓度的测定。     

工作场所空气中二氟一氯甲烷溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中二氟一氯甲烷（F22）溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法根据《工作场所空气中有毒物质监测的采样规范）（GBZ159．2004）和《工作场所空气中毒物检测方法研制规范》（WS／T73-1996），用活性炭管吸附空气中F22，二氯甲烷解吸，GDX102填充柱气相色谱（FID）测定。结果如标准溶液浓度在0-1300μg／ml（以采集1．5L空气样品计，相当于空气中如的浓度为0～850mg／m^3），回归方程Y=2．935×10^3X＋2．441×10^3（r〉0．999），检出限1μg／ml，空气中最低检出浓度为0．65mg／m^3。平均解吸效率≥94％，穿透容量（BTV）〉1．8mg；采样效率≥95％，样品在室温下可保存7d。结论该方法适用于工作场所空气中如的测定。     

工作场所空气中四溴化碳溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的建立工作场所空气中四溴化碳溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法用XAD-4管采集空气中四溴化碳，甲苯解吸后毛细管气相色谱（ECD）进行测定。结果工作场所空气中四溴化碳浓度在0～26．7mg／m^3（以采集3L空气样品计，相当于四溴化碳标准溶液浓度0～80mg／L）时，线性关系良好，回归方程为y=17133．3x＋72348．7，r=0．9994（n=6），方法的检出限为0．18mg／L，相对标准偏差在3．3％～6．8％之间；平均解吸效率99．3％；穿透容量（XAD-4，80／40mg）〉2．1mg；采样效率99．5％；样品在室温下可保存7d。结论本方法适用于工作场所空气中四溴化碳浓度的测定。     

溶剂解吸气相色谱测定空气中乙基戊基甲酮

[目的]研究并建立炭管采集工作场所空气中乙基戊基甲酮（又名5-甲基-3-庚酮）的气相色谱（FID）分析方法。[方法]活性炭吸附空气中的乙基戊基甲酮气体，样品经溶剂解吸，FID测定。[结果]当空气中乙基戊基甲酮的浓度范围在48．9-1566．7mg／m^３时，方法的变异系数为1．6％～3．7％，回归方程式为y=34．49x-671．25，相关系数r〉0．9999，方法检出限4．9μg／mL（进样1．0μL）。平均解吸效率94．2％，穿透容量为〉26mg（100mg活性炭）。当活性炭管吸附589．6μg的乙基戊基甲酮，室温下密闭放置2周，下降率仅为4．3％，采样效率达100％。[结论]本方法可应用于车间空气环境中气态乙基戊基甲酮浓度的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.