某市大学新生吸烟现况及其影响因素分析

目的了解大学新生的吸烟现状及其影响因素,为青少年控烟健康教育提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取某市2所高校大学生2 863名进行问卷调查。结果尝试吸烟率男生为64.6%,女生为14.4%;现吸烟率男、女生分别为6.1%和1.2%,差别有统计学意义。吸烟原因主要是好奇和交际需要。影响大学生尝试吸烟的因素为男性、周围人群有人吸烟、对吸烟危害认识不够、认为吸烟有风度等,而男性、朋友或同伴吸烟、认为吸烟能解除烦恼、父亲吸烟等因素是大学生现吸烟的危险因素。结论正确引导大学生心理健康发展和加强大学生健康教育有利于控制大学生吸烟。     

某高校大学生吸烟调查

[目的]了解大学生吸烟状况及对控制吸烟的态度,为今后教育和干预措施提供科学理论依据。[方法]采用现场问卷调查方式,对1030名学生进行调查。[结果]男生吸烟率达50.3%,女生吸烟率达9.2%,男生吸烟率高于女生(P<0.005);开始吸烟的首要原因主要为好奇心,其次为社交需要和烦闷,时间主要在小学和大学阶段;大部分学生对控制吸烟行为有正确的认识,有92.6%的学生认为吸烟肯定会损害健康,但仍有25.2%的男生和4.4%的女生表示可能或肯定会在今后吸烟。[结论]应采取积极有效的综合干预策略,改变学生的不健康行为,控制吸烟。     

宝鸡市某高校大学生吸烟行为分析

目的了解宝鸡市宝鸡文理学院大学生吸烟行为状况,为制定控烟措施提供依据。方法运用分层抽样法,随机抽取4个年级2 129名学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生的总吸烟率为22.8%,尝试吸烟男生所占比例为36.4%,女生为14.1%;第1次吸烟年龄存在性别与年级差异;过去30 d内男生吸烟的天数明显多于女生;男生轻度吸烟率为19.2%,女生为17.9%;经常吸烟率男生为1.4%,女生为1.2%;男生重度吸烟率为1.3%,女生为0。结论宝鸡文理学院大学生吸烟率与全国相比处于中等水平,应通过健康教育,对吸烟成瘾行为定期进行调查,并进行干预。     

兰州市某高校新生吸烟现状及其相关知识、态度、行为

目的了解大学新生有关吸烟的知识、行为和态度，为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取兰州市某高校大学生735名进行问拳调查，内容包括吸烟情况、吸烟认知和态度行为。结果尝试吸烟率男生为57．87％．女生为15．23％；现吸烟率男生、女生分别为18．66％和2．65％。95．64％的新生知道吸烟有害健康，知道吸烟与肺癌、慢性支气管炎（分别占92．51％和93．87％）有关．但知道吸烟与消化性溃疡、膀胱癌疾病有关的仅占32、38％、17．06％。结论大学新生对吸烟与健康关系的认识不足、知识匮乏。很有必要加强大学生健康教育活动．新生入学教育之时开展健康教育有利于控制大学生吸烟．     

2006年龙岩市部分大学生吸烟情况调查

[目的]了解在校大学生的吸烟现状及其影响因素,为有效预防和控制大学生吸烟提供依据.[方法]2006年底.对龙岩市某高等学校的部分大学生进行问卷调查.[结果]调查655人,尝试吸烟者349人,占53.28%.尝试吸烟率,男生285人为76.61%.女生64人为22.61%(P<0.01);当前吸烟率为9.92%,其中男生为16.13%.女生为1.77%(P<0.01).655名大学生中,91.30%知道吸烟有害健康,61.37%赞同在公共场所禁烟,89.01%、83.97%知道吸烟与气管炎、肺癌发病有关,57.86%知道吸烟可导致冠心病发病危险增加;47.94%经常看到香烟广告,89.77%见过学校领导、教师在学校抽烟,16.18%的家庭成员吸烟,9.77%每天在家遭遇被动吸烟.[结论]龙岩部分在大学生吸烟状况一般.但有的人对吸烟的危害性认识不足.     

豫北地区大学生吸烟行为现状

目的了解豫北地区大学生吸烟状况以及对禁烟的态度,为高校大学生控烟健康教育提供依据。方法根据不同学校类型在豫北地区随机选择4a制大学6所,3a制大学4所,采用分层整群抽样的方式抽取学生953名。对其吸烟相关行为、态度进行问卷调查。结果有24.66%的大学生喜欢吸烟;男生吸烟率为72.84%,女生吸烟率为17.60%,男生吸烟率显著高于女生。吸烟的首要原因为解闷、泄愤,其次为社交需要和提神、解乏。初次尝试吸烟的时间主要在初中和小学阶段;家长吸烟与大学生的吸烟行为密切相关;大学生缺乏禁烟教育。结论应采取积极有效的综合干预策略,控制大学生的吸烟行为。     

四川省某医学院校学生吸烟行为及相关因素分析

目的了解医学院学生吸烟现状及影响因素。方法采用由中国控烟中心统一制作的问卷对四川某医学院校学生进行抽样调查。在描述性分析的基础上,采用χ2检验和Logistic回归探讨医学院校学生吸烟的影响因素。结果共调查176名大学生,其尝试吸烟率为32.39%,吸烟率为13.64%;男生吸烟率为30.56%,女生吸烟率为1.92%;吸烟者平均吸烟量为3.4支/天。单因素分析表明性别、学习成绩、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别、饮酒对大学生吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析表明性别、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别对大学生吸烟行为具有统计学意义。在烟草认知上有20%学生不知道吸烟对健康的危害。结论该校学生对烟草危害知识缺乏,控烟能力薄弱,开展控烟健康教育以提高控烟能力迫在眉睫。     

某理科大学新生吸烟相关知识、态度、信念的基线调查研究

目的了解新入学大学生的吸烟相关知识、态度和信念,为学校制定有效的控烟政策提供依据。方法采用普查的方法对某大学新生吸烟知识、态度、信念进行调查。结果新入学男生尝试吸烟率为14.0%,女生为1.5%,总尝试吸烟率为10.7%;男生现在吸烟率为2.1%。只有48.26%的学生认为吸烟是肺癌的病因,其他癌症和疾病的因果关系认识更低。戒烟相关产品知晓率低于50%。92.69%的学生认为不吸烟对健康很重要,70.5%的学生认为需要开设烟草危害和控烟相关课程。结论该校新入学大学生尝试吸烟率、吸烟率低,具有积极的控烟态度和信念,相对缺乏烟草及吸烟危害健康的知识。学校应当及早对新生开设相关课程使学生认识到吸烟对健康的危害,完善相关制度,加快实现“无烟学校”的步伐。     

2006年龙岩市部分高中学生吸烟情况调查

[目的]了解龙岩市高中学生吸烟情况以及对控制吸烟的态度，为今后教育和干预措施提供科学理论依据。[方法]采取整群随机抽样方法，通过现场问卷的方式对两所中学4个高中班的221名学生进行调查。[结果]男生吸烟率14．1％，女生吸烟率3．7％。男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．05）。尝试吸第一口烟者占调查者总数的27．8％，半数以上小于10岁，尝试吸烟者成为当前吸烟者的比率为31．0％。说明尝试吸烟者近I／3成为当前吸烟者。[结论]个人认识与社会、家庭、学校影响成为影响青少年吸烟的主要因素，影响着青少年对控制吸烟的态度。应采取教育与行政干预相结合的办法，才能有效地改变学生的不健康行为，控制吸烟。     

理科大学新生吸烟相关知识、态度、信念的基线调查研究

目的了解新入学大学生的吸烟相关知识、态度和信念,为学校制定有效的控烟政策提供依据。方法采用普查的方法对某大学新生吸烟知识、态度、信念进行调查。结果新入学男生尝试吸烟率为14.0%,女生为1.5%,总尝试吸烟率为10.7%;男生现在吸烟率为2.1%。只有48.26%的学生认为吸烟是肺癌的病因,其他癌症和疾病的因果关系认识更低。戒烟相关产品知晓率低于50%。92.69%的学生认为不吸烟对健康很重要,70.5%的学生认为需要开设烟草危害和控烟相关课程。结论该校新入学大学生尝试吸烟率、吸烟率低,具有积极的控烟态度和信念,相对缺乏烟草及吸烟危害健康的知识。学校应当及早对新生开设相关课程使学生认识到吸烟对健康的危害,完善相关制度,加快实现“无烟学校”的步伐。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.