Effect of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and breast milk lipids

To investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and breast milk lipids, pregnant Brazilian women in the 30th week of gestation were randomized to supplement their usual diet with 2 g/day of fish oil (FO group) or primrose oil (PO group, control) capsules for 15 days. Erythrocyte phospholipids from FO group had proportionally higher docosahexaenoicacid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels and furthermore, the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA was significantly lower in the breast milk lipids compared with the control group. Assessment of plasma anti-oxLDL autoantibodies and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentration demonstrated that both groups had the same levels and they were unaltered by supplementations.     

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate how maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake at different periods during pregnancy affects the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature human milk.MethodsA prospective study was conducted involving 45 pregnant women, aged between 18 and 35 y, who had full-term pregnancies and practiced exclusive or predominant breast-feeding. Mature breast milk samples were collected after the 5th postpartum week by manual expression; fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Fatty acid intake during pregnancy and puerperium was estimated through multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression models, adjusted by postpartum body mass index and deattenuated, were used to determine associations between estimated fatty acids in maternal diet during each trimester of pregnancy and fatty acid content in mature human milk.ResultsA positive association was identified between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (β, 1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545, 3.203) and docosahexaenoic acid (β, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.212–0.714) during the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as the maternal dietary ω-3 to ω-6 ratio (β, 0.093; 95% CI, 0.016–0.170) during the second and third trimesters and postpartum period, with these fatty acids content in mature breast milk.ConclusionsThe maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content during late pregnancy may affect the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Additionally, the maternal dietary intake of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acid ratio, during late pregnancy and the postpartum period, can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of breast milk.     

Fatty acid composition in preterm and term breast milk

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the fatty acid (FA) composition of colostrum and mature milk produced by nursing mothers of preterm and at-term newborns, in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Low contents of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.02%/colostrum and 0.01%/mature milk for preterm and term milk) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (colostrum group: 0.10%/preterm and 0.09%/term; mature milk: 0.05%/preterm and 0.03%/term) were determined. The comparison among the groups showed that the elaidic acid content was significantly higher (1.67%) in mature term milk. The content of rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid) was significantly higher in at-term colostrum compared with preterm colostrum. When considering the maturity of the milk, there was a significant increase in the percentage of this FA in the preterm group. The results show that, overall, the greatest differences observed were between the colostrums and mature milks for both groups and not between preterm and at-term mothers.     

孕期不同膳食模式对膳食脂肪酸含量及母初乳脂肪酸组成的影响

【目的】研究中国两种不同膳食模式地区膳食脂肪酸(fatty acid,FA)含量的差异,并探讨这种差异对母初乳脂肪酸组成的影响。【方法】对传统内陆膳食(常州)和海洋膳食(温州)地区孕晚期孕妇进行7d膳食调查,根据《2002中国食物成份数据》中的食物脂肪酸含量数据计算出膳食脂肪酸含量;并通过随访这些孕妇收集5d母初乳样本,采用高效毛细气相色谱分析技术检测5d母初乳的脂肪酸组成。【结果】常州与温州两地孕母摄入的膳食种类存在差异,温州地区孕母摄入的海洋食品远大于常州地区。常州地区孕母膳食脂肪酸中亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)和α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,ALA)含量均高于温州地区;而二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosap-entaenoic acid,EPA)含量均低于温州地区;花生四稀酸(arachidonic acid,AA)含量则未见显著差异。两地膳食脂肪酸组成中LA、ALA、AA以及DHA的差异同样反应在5d母初乳中,但两地5d母初乳中的EPA含量差异无显著性。【结论】膳食模式不同的两个地区,其孕母的膳食脂肪酸含量存在差异,且这种差异可在母初乳脂肪酸组成中得到体现。     

Comparative evaluation of essential fatty acid composition of mothers' milk of some urban and suburban regions of West Bengal,India

This study investigated the fatty acid composition of lipid present in breast milk of mothers residing in urban and suburban regions of West Bengal with special emphasis on n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which played a crucial role in the growth and development of neonates. Milk samples collected from 135 mothers of middle income group (average monthly income around ‘Rs 10,000/-’) were analysed by gas liquid chromatography after extraction and transmethylation to determine fatty acid composition. Information about the dietary intake of individual mothers was obtained through food frequency questionnaire. The fractions of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids available in milk of urban mothers were 13.59 ± 0.94 and 3.65 ± 0.49, respectively, and in suburban mothers 12.74 ± 0.89 and 4.36 ± 0.39, respectively. The green leafy vegetables, fishes and vegetable oils were the major sources of essential fatty acids in the diet of the experimental groups of Bengali mothers. This study revealed a relationship between the alimentary habits of mothers and the concentration of essential fatty acids in breast milk of Bengali mothers.     

发育期补充鱼油对大鼠脑内脂肪酸组成及神经递质的影响

为观察发育期补充二十二碳六烯酸对大鼠脑内脂肪酸代谢和部分神经递质的变化,将孕鼠分为４组：正常对照组组（Ｏ）、添加ＤＨＡ的低（Ｌ）、中（Ｍ）、高（Ｈ）剂量组,于基础饲料中分别添加鱼油０、１７．５、３５和７０ｍｌ／ｋｇ,实验组饲料中的ＤＨＡ含量分别为７．５、１５和３０ｇ／ｋｇ。     

Effect of soy product kinako and fish oil on serum lipids and glucose metabolism in women with metabolic syndrome

ObjectivesAt the doses typically used to treat hypertriacylglycerolemia, fish oil may increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood glucose levels. The aim of the present study was to verify whether soy could attenuate the effects of fish oil on blood lipids and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome.MethodsSixty-five women (47.9 ± 9.98 y) were studied with the use of a parallel, randomized design. The control group maintained the usual diet; the second group received 29.14 g/d of soy (kinako); the third group received 3 g/d of fish oil n-3 fatty acids; and the fourth group received fish oil (3 g/d) and kinako (29.14 g/d). Assessments were performed at baseline and after 45 and 90 d.ResultsIn relation to baseline values, fish oil increased (P < 0.05) total and LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels after 90 d. Comparisons among groups demonstrated a decrease (P < 0.05) in total cholesterol in the fish oil and kinako group after 90 d as compared with the fish oil group. LDL cholesterol decreased (P < 0.01) in the kinako group as compared with the fish oil group. Blood glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels decreased after 90 d (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and insulin levels decreased (P < 0.05) after 45 d when the kinako group was compared with the fish oil group.ConclusionsThe present study showed that kinako moderates the adverse effects of high doses of fish oil on LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glucose metabolism levels.     

Use of microencapsulated fish oil as a means of increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake

Background: The successful incorporation of fish oil into foods may provide a means of increasing intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA in microencapsulatd fish oil compared with a fish oil capsule. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited to take part in this randomized controlled trial. Volunteers were supplemented with 0.9 g n-3 PUFA daily for 4 weeks, delivered either as microencapsulated fish oil in a milkshake or as a fish oil capsule. Plasma fatty acid composition and plasma total cholesterol levels were measured at baseline and after supplementation. In addition, volunteers completed a questionnaire on fish consumption, use of supplements and exercise. Results: Responses to the questionnaire indicated that the males who took part in this study took more physical exercise, consumed less fish and were less likely than the females to take supplements. Plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations were raised significantly and by a similar level by both fish oil supplements. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations following supplementation with either form of fish oil. Plasma total cholesterol levels were not significantly altered by n-3 PUFA supplementation in either group. The results of this study indicated that there was no difference in the bioavailability of n-3 PUFA given as microencapsulated fish oil compared with n-3 PUFA delivered as a fish oil capsule. Fortification of foodstuffs with microencapsulated fish oil therefore offers the potential to increase intakes of n-3 PUFA in line with current recommendations.     

不同年龄阶段小鼠脑聚集二十二碳六烯酸及脂肪酸去饱和酶的变化

【目的】 探讨生命早期不同年龄阶段脑摄取、聚集二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)(C22:6n-3)及相关去饱和酶的变化。 【方法】 使用6~8周龄清洁级C57BL/6J雌性小鼠,分别给予n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)缺乏饲料和含n-3 PUFAs饲料喂养6周,然后雌雄合笼交配繁殖,新生仔鼠分别于生后7、21 d和42 d时取血、脑和肝脏。采用甲酯化-气相色谱分析对血浆、脑和肝脏中脂肪酸谱进行分析;采用荧光定量PCR方法对脑和肝脏中脂肪酸去饱和酶1(FADS1)和脂肪酸去饱和酶2(FADS2)基因mRNA表达进行检测。 【结果】 对不同年龄小鼠组织脂肪酸的比较发现,脑中DHA和总n-3 PUFAs含量在两种不同饲料组均随年龄增加而升高;而肝中的含量则随年龄增加而降低。与n-3 PUFAs缺乏组相比,饲料中添加n-3 PUFAs可使仔鼠生后7、21 d和42 d时脑和肝脏中DHA和总n-3 PUFAs含量均显著升高;升高的程度在脑组织中随年龄增加而降低,而在肝脏组织中则不随年龄变化。对不同年龄段FADS表达的比较发现,FADS1和FADS2 mRNA在脑组织中的表达量于42 d时显著高于7 d和21 d,而在肝组织中的表达量于各年龄段之间无显著性差异。与n-3 PUFAs缺乏组相比,饲料中添加n-3 PUFAs可使仔鼠生后7 d和21 d时脑组织FADS1和FADS2表达水平显著降低,而42 d时的表达无变化;肝组织中这两种酶mRNA水平在7 d和21 d时无变化,42 d时FADS1显著降低。 【结论】 发育期脑对DHA的聚集需求随着年龄增大而逐渐减少;FADS在脑中的表达水平随年龄增大而升高。同时,饲料n-3 PUFAs缺乏状态对脑聚集DHA以及FADS的影响在年龄小时更明显。     

脂肪酸对糖尿病模型大鼠血磷脂脂肪谱的影响

目的　观察富含n - 6和n - 3多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)饲料对自发性 2型糖尿病模型OtsukaLong -E vansTokushimaFatty(OLETF)大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂 (S -PL)中脂肪酸 (FA)组成的影响。 方法　将 2 0只 14周龄雄性OLETF大鼠随机分为 2组。两组大鼠饲料总能量相同 ,其中饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA)和PU FA的百分含量亦相同 ,但分别富含n - 6PUFA〔4 1 6mol/ (10 0mol·脂肪 )〕和n - 3PUFA〔2 0 4mol/ (10 0mol·脂肪 )〕 ,饮食干预 10周。第 2 4周时实施口服糖耐量试验 (OGTT)、胰岛素水平测定和S -PL中FA组成测定。结果　干预期间 ,两组大鼠总进食量及体重增长无显著性差异 ;干预后OGTT及胰岛素水平测定表明 ,n - 3组相对于n - 6组具有较好的胰岛素敏感性。n - 3组大鼠S -PL中 18∶1(n - 9)、MUFA总量、18∶2 (n - 6 )、各n - 3系PUPA百分含量较n- 6组高 ,n - 6PUFA总量、2 0∶4 (n - 6 )百分含量较低。结论　n - 3PUFA的摄入相对于n - 6PUFA对OLETF大鼠的糖代谢有益 ,OLETF大鼠S -PL的FA组成受到饲料中FA的影响 ,但并不是其直接反应。     

人乳多不饱和脂肪酸含量与婴儿食物过敏关系的研究

【目的】 研究人乳多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA)含量与婴儿发生食物过敏的关系。 【方法】 采集3~6月人乳喂养婴儿母亲的乳汁,高效液相色谱法法检测其中α-LNA、DHA(n-3组)和LA、AA含量(n-6组);按R.Sporik标准确立婴儿食物过敏,比较食物过敏与正常婴儿母亲乳汁中PUFA含量的差异性。 【结果】 31例3~6月龄人乳喂养婴儿中10例发生食物过敏,过敏婴儿母亲乳汁中LA、AA及α-LNA含量增高(P<0.05)、DHA含量差异无统计学意义。 【结论】 食物过敏婴儿的母亲乳汁中α-LNA、LA、AA含量升高,提示人乳PUFA代谢异常可能与婴儿发生食物过敏有关。     

膳食n-6/n-3脂肪酸比值对小鼠淋巴细胞脂肪酸构成和功能的影响

目的观察膳食n6n3脂肪酸比值对淋巴细胞脂肪酸构成及细胞功能的影响。方法BALBc小鼠随机分为5组n6n3比值分别为1(A组)、75(B组)、15(C组)、30(D组)和正常对照组,其中实验组S∶M∶P模拟中国居民膳食脂肪酸摄入的S∶M∶P为1∶15∶1,正常对照组为AIN93G配方的1∶15∶37。基础饲料采用AIN93G配方,脂肪酸构成以食用油脂调配。饲养12周。测定小鼠T淋巴细胞功能,脾淋巴细胞脂肪酸构成、PGE2水平。结果n6n3比值接近1时,小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖活性、CD4+、CD8+T细胞比例、培养上清IL2、PGE2水平显著降低;淋巴细胞C18∶2、C20∶4、n6PUFA含量显著减少;C22∶6、C16∶1、C18∶1、总MUFA含量明显高于其他实验组。淋巴细胞C22∶6含量与淋巴细胞增殖活性显著负相关;C20∶5含量与CD4+T淋巴细胞比例、IL2水平显著负相关;C16∶1含量与CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞比例显著负相关。结论小鼠脾淋巴细胞的脂肪酸构成受膳食脂肪酸构成的影响;n6n3比值为1组与比值为30的膳食组相比较,小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖活性受到抑制。     

饮食n-3脂肪酸对小鼠脑脂类中多不饱和脂肪酸构成的影响

【目的】观察饮食鱼油n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)对脑内不同脂类中PUFAs构成的影响。【方法】使用C57BL/6J雌性小鼠,在胎儿期和幼年期分别给予不同种类高脂饲料(18%脂肪,供能比为36%)喂养-高脂豆油饲料、高脂鱼油饲料和高脂豆油:鱼油(5∶1)混合饲料,以正常饲料(6%脂肪来自豆油,供能比为12%)为对照,时间为4个月。采用薄层层析分离脑组织中各主要脂类成份,然后采用甲酯化-气相色谱分析对各脂类成份中的脂肪酸进行测定。【结果】鱼油饲料喂养改变了小鼠脑内主要脂类中PUFAs的构成。在磷脂中,虽然5种PUFAs在各饲料组之间差异均无显著性(P>0.05),但二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)/花生四烯酸(AA)(1.94±0.41)以及n-3/n-6 PUFAs比值(2.31±0.75)在鱼油组较其它三组显著升高(P<0.05);在甘油一和二酯中,与豆油组相比,鱼油组和豆油:鱼油混合组LA含量(0.31±0.09%,0.65±0.58%)降低,而鱼油组DHA/AA(2.60±1.66)以及n-3/n-6 PUFAs比值(2.31±0.75)升高(P<0.05);在甘油三酯中,与豆油组相比,鱼油组和豆油:鱼油混合组AA含量(1.62±0.53%,1.12±0.36%)和EPA含量(0.98±0.58%,1.34±0.31%)显著降低,而DHA/AA比值(1.14±0.21,1.46±0.58)升高(P<0.05),但DHA含量在三组之间无差异(P>0.05);在游离脂肪酸中,5种PUFAs在各饲料组之间无差异(P>0.05)。【结论】饮食鱼油n-3 PUFAs摄入增多虽然不影响脑内DHA的聚积,但改变了DHA/AA以及n-3/n-6PUFAs的比值。甘油酯类可能是脑摄取、聚积DHA的主要直接来源之一。     

中国三地区人成熟母乳脂肪酸含量的研究

目的分析中国处于三个不同地理环境地区的母体成熟乳中脂肪酸含量的差异。方法选取江苏句容(河湖地区)、山东日照(沿海地区)和河北徐水(内陆地区)三地,每地区募集40～50名健康产妇,于产后第28天采集母乳,Folch法提取其中脂肪,气相色谱法分析其中31种脂肪酸构成及含量。结果句容,日照和徐水分别募集到47、50和46名受试者,各地成熟乳中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)的主要成份均分别为C16∶0、C18∶1 n-9cis、C18∶2 n-6 cis和C18∶3 n-3。三地区成熟乳中花生四烯酸(ARA)百分含量中位数分别为0.72%、0.63%和0.63%;二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)分别为0.41%、0.47%和0.24%。三地区总乳脂含量中位数分别为4.47、1.50和3.91g/100g母乳;其总脂肪酸含量中位数分别为3934、1319和3437mg/100g母乳,日照总乳脂含量和总脂肪酸含量显著低于另两地区。结论母体成熟乳中脂肪酸含量及构成存在显著地区差异性。     

Longitudinal Associations of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Pregnancy with Neonatal Anthropometry: Results from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort

Despite increasing interest in the health effects of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), their roles in fetal and neonatal growth remain understudied. Within the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton Cohort, we prospectively investigated the associations of individual and subclasses of plasma phospholipid PUFAs at gestational weeks (GW) 10–14, 15–26, 23–31, and 33–39 with neonatal anthropometric measures as surrogates for fetal growth among 107 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 214 non-GDM controls. Multivariable weighted linear regression models estimated the associations between plasma phospholipid PUFAs and neonatal anthropometric measures. Adjusted beta coefficients for phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per standard deviation (SD) increase at GW 23–31 in association with birthweight z-score, neonatal length, and neonatal fat mass were 0.25 (95% CI: 0.08–0.41), 0.57 (0.11–1.03) cm, and 54.99 (23.57–86.42) g, respectively; all false discovery rates (FDRs) < 0.05. Estimated Δ5-desaturase activity per SD increase at GW 33–39 but not at other time points was positively associated with birthweight z-score: 0.29 (95% CI: 0.08–0.33); neonatal length: 0.61 (0.29–0.94) cm; and neonatal fat mass: 32.59 (8.21–56.96) g; all FDRs < 0.05. Longitudinal analysis showed consistent results. Our findings suggest that mid-to-late pregnancy presented as critical windows for primarily diet-derived DHA and Δ5-desaturase activity in relation to neonatal anthropometric measures.     

n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌关系的Meta分析

目的 系统评价n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFAs)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFAs)及其比例与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。方法 系统检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science、知网、万方等数据库截止至2022年1月1日有关n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌关系的研究,对最终纳入的文献进行数据提取与质量评价,采用Stata 15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入33项针对n-3及n-6PUFAs和乳腺癌发病风险关联的观察性流行病学研究,其中队列研究14项,病例对照研究20项,共纳入研究对象1 077 178例,患者19 207例。Meta分析结果显示:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(OR=0.933,95%CI:0.858～1.014)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(OR=1.018,95%CI:0.914～1.133)与乳腺癌发病风险无统计学关联(P>0.05),而较高的n-6/n-3PUFAs比值会显著增加乳腺癌的发病风险(OR=1.166,95%CI:1.047～1.299,P=0.005)。结论 n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值与乳腺癌的发病风险呈正相关,提示合理的膳食脂肪摄入比可能会降低乳腺癌的患病风险。而n-3及n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的单独效应关系尚不明确,仍需更多前瞻性实验流行病学证据进行支持。     

Impact of management system and lactation stage on fatty acid composition of camel milk

This study aimed to investigate the impact of management system and lactation stage on camel milk fatty acid (FA) composition, with emphasis on odd and branched-chain FA (OBCFA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), and trans-FA (TFA). Milk samples were collected from thirteen camels managed under intensive and semi-intensive systems at early, mid, and late lactation. Our results provided for the first time the OBCFA profile in camel milk. Eleven OBCFA were identified with a predominance of C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and C17:0. The vaccenic acid (VA) was the predominant TFA; other isomers appeared in smaller amounts. The Δ9-desaturase activity measured as desaturation index of C14:0 was relatively high in the mammary gland of camel. Milk from the semi-intensive system was characterized by a higher nutritional value, due to the higher contents of total CLA, rumenic acid (RA), VA, linoleic, α-linolenic, and polyunsaturated FA compared with milk from the intensive system. Few differences were found in the OBCFA profile throughout lactation. Our study provided deeper information on FA composition, showing that camel milk is a good source of OBCFA, RA and VA. These results have to be taken into account in the investigation of the functional properties of camel milk fat as well as in the ongoing intensification of camel farming systems.