With improving nutrition and health, athletes have grown taller and heavier over the past century. Since there is no weight restriction in the heavyweight class, secular changes in anthropometric measurements of heavyweight boxers may mirror those of contemporary general populations.
ObjectivesWe aimed to (1) examine secular trends in adiposity and musculoskeletal measurements in heavyweight boxers, (2) determine anthropometric differences between champions and unsuccessful challengers.
MethodsDetailed demographics taken at time of contest (first official World Championship to current contest: 1889–2019) were collected from media archives.
ResultsAll 237 boxers (83 champions, 154 challengers) contesting a recognised heavyweight World Championships were identified. They had mean (±?SD) age?=?28.9?±?4.1 years, height?=?187.3?±?6.5 cm, reach?=?195.2?±?9.4 cm, weight?=?97.5?±?11.5 kg, BMI?=?27.8?±?2.4 kg/m2 and waist?=?87.9?±?6.2 cm. Contest years explained 25.9% (p?<?0.001) of the variance in BMI for champions and 30.9% (p?<?0.001) for challengers, 9.1% (p?<?0.071) in WC for champions and 19.9% (p?<?0.001) for challengers. Contest years correlated with height (r?=?0.531, p?<?0.001), reach (r?=?0.341, p?<?0.001), weight (r?=?0.603, p?<?0.001) and BMI (r?=?0.370, p?=?0.001) among all documented boxers, and with waist only in challengers (r?=?0.349, p?<?0.001) but not in champions (r?=?0.078, p?=?0.509). Compared with challengers, champions had greater stature by +?3.4 cm (p?<?0.001), reach +?3.6 cm (p?=?0.005) and weight +?3.7 kg (p?=?0.017), with similar BMI and waist. Champions had larger biceps and forearms but did not differ from challengers in other musculoskeletal dimensions.
ConclusionsOver 130 years elite heavyweight boxers have increased in size (BMI) and reach but waists in champions have remained static. Being heavier, taller with longer and bigger arms, but with similar in BMI and waist, appear to be differentiating factors between champions and challengers.
相似文献Regular physical activity is a good strategy to maintain the health of athletes, and prevent pain and decreased joint flexibility during the pandemic. On the other hand, higher sedentary time during the pandemic period can have deleterious effects. The objective of this study was to compare physical activity levels, sedentary time, and sleep parameters during the pre-COVID period and the COVID-19 pandemic period in young badminton athletes.
MethodsFifteen young badminton athletes were evaluated during a pre-COVID period (July 2019) and during the COVID-19 period (July 2020). Sleep parameters, physical activity level, and sedentary time were measured using a tri-axial accelerometer. Participants wore the accelerometer on their dominant wrist for 7 days consecutively. In addition, the average of each sleep parameter [time in bed and total sleep time in hours per day, sleep efficiency (%), wake after sleep onset (WASO, total per day), and sleep latency (minutes per day)] was reported over the 7-day period.
ResultsAthletes presented increased sedentary time (pre-COVID?=?7.0?±?1.1 vs.COVID-19?=?8.9?±?1.9 h/day, p?=?0.004, d?=?1.30) and significant decreases in the total PA observed in counts per day (pre-COVID?=?2,967,064.4?±?671,544.1 vs. COVID-19?=?1,868,210.2?±?449,768.4 counts/day, p?=?0.001, d?=?1.99), time in vigorous PA (pre-COVID?=?7.7?±?0.9 vs. COVID-19?=?6.1?±?1.2 h/day, p?=?0.001, d?=?1.56), and time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (pre-COVID?=?8.1?±?0.9 vs. COVID-19?=?6.5?±?1.3 h/day, p?=?0.001, d?=?1.48). There were no significant differences for time in light and moderate PA or in sleep parameters (p?>?0.05).
ConclusionYoung badminton athletes presented increased sedentary time, and decreased total physical activity, time in MVPA, and time in vigorous activities during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID period, however, there were no significant differences in sleep parameters.
相似文献Objectives
To investigate the relationship between volume-based PET parameters and prognosis in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS).Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients with pathologically proven STS who underwent pretreatment with 18?F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), average SUV (SUVavg), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumors were measured using a threshold SUV as liver activity for determining the boundary of tumors. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses for overall survival were performed according to the metabolic parameters and other clinical variables.Results
Cancer-related death occurred in 19 of 55 patients (35 %) during the follow-up period (29?±?23 months). On univariate analysis, AJCC stage (stage IV vs. I-III, hazard ratio (HR)?=?2.837, p?=?0.028), necrosis (G2 vs. G0-G1, HR?=?3.890, p?=?0.004), SUVmax (1 unit - increase, HR?=?1.146, p?=?0.008), SUVavg (1 unit - increase, HR?=?1.469, p?=?0.032) and treatment modality (non-surgical therapy vs. surgery, HR?=?4.467, p?=?0.002) were significant predictors for overall survival. On multivariate analyses, SUVmax (HR?=?1.274, p?=?0.015), treatment modality (HR?=?3.353, p?=?0.019) and necrosis (HR?=?5.985, p?=?0.006) were identified as significant independent prognostic factors associated with decreased overall survival.Conclusions
The SUVmax of the primary tumor is a significant independent metabolic prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with STS. Volume-based PET parameters may not add prognostic information outside of the SUVmax. 相似文献Resistance training has proven to be an excellent method for counteracting aging physical dysfunctions. However, its application in the liquid environment is not yet fully elucidated.
AimTo investigate the effects of water-based resistance training (WBRT) with the concentric phase performed as fast as possible, compared to conventional resistance training (CRT), on physical functional capacity, muscle strength, and body composition in older women.
MethodsThirteen healthy older women participated in the WBRT and 11 in the CRT. Estimation statistics focused on the effect size of the experiment/intervention were used. We also analyzed the intervention effect based on the percentage delta between WBRT and CRT.
ResultsThe WBRT group showed a negative large effect (d?=?? 0.922; p?=?0.0274) for the timed up and go, and a large effect for chair rise in 30″ and the elbow flex test (d?=?1.58; p?=?0.0012; d?=?2.8; p?=?0.01) respectively. Intervention comparisons based on the delta percentage between WBRT and CRT presented an intermediate effect (d?=?0.606; p?=?0.157) for the stair climb, a large effect (d?=?0.988; p?=?0.0282) for the timed up and go, and a large negative effect [d?=?? 1.32 (90.0% CI ? 1.92, ? 0.646); p?=?0.0038] for the elbow flex test. Concentric extensor-flexor peak torque (60°/s) showed an intermediate effect (d?=?0.749; p?=?0.0876; d?=?0.65; p?=?0.122 respectively). Body fat (%) demonstrated an intermediate effect (d?=?0.523; p?=?0.234).
ConclusionWBRT with the concentric phase performed as fast as possible was able to improve physical functional capacity and maximal knee extension strength of older women.
相似文献Purpose
Eliciting antitumor T-cell response by targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis with checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The identification of predictors for sensitivity or resistance to these agents is, therefore, needed. Herein, we investigate the correlation of metabolic information on FDG-PET with tissue expression of immune-checkpoints and other markers of tumor-related immunity in resected NSCLC patients.Materials and methods
All patients referred to our institution for upfront surgical resection of NSCLC, who were investigated with FDG-PET prior to surgery, were consecutively included in the study. From January 2010 to May 2014, 55 patients (stage IA-IIIB; M:F?=?42:13; mean age 68.9 years) were investigated. Sampled surgical tumor specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD68-TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), CD8-TILs (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes), PD-1-TILs, and PD-L1 tumor expression. Immunoreactivity was evaluated, and scores were compared with imaging findings. FDG-PET images were analyzed to define semi-quantitative parameters: SUVmax and SUVmean. Metabolic information on FDG-PET was correlated with tissue markers expression and disease-free survival (DFS) considering a median follow-up of 16.2 months.Results
Thirty-six adenocarcinomas (ADC), 18 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and one sarcomatoid carcinoma were analyzed. All tumors resulted positive at FDG-PET: median SUVmax 11.3 (range: 2.3–32.5) and SUVmean 6.4 (range: 1.5–13) both resulted significantly higher in SCC compared to other NSCLC histotypes (p?=?0.007 and 0.048, respectively). IHC demonstrated a median immunoreactive surface covered by CD68-TAMs of 5.41 % (range: 0.84–14.01 %), CD8-TILs of 2.9 % (range: 0.11–11.92 %), PD-1 of 0.65 % (range: 0.02–5.87 %), and PD-L1 of 0.7 % (range: 0.03–10.29 %). We found a statistically significant correlation between SUVmax and SUVmean with the expression of CD8 TILs (rho?=?0.31; p?=?0.027) and PD-1 (rho?=?0.33; p?=?0.017 and rho?=?0.36; p?=?0.009, respectively). The other tissue markers correlated as follows: CD8 TILs and PD-1 (rho?=?0.45; p?=?0.001), CD8 TILs and PD-L1 (rho?=?0.41; p?=?0.003), CD68-TAMs and PD-L1 (rho?=?0.30; p?=?0.027), PD-1 and PD-L1 (rho?=?0.26; p?=?0.059). With respect to patients’ outcome, SUVmax, SUVmean, and disease stage showed a statistically significant correlation with DFS (p?=?0.002, 0.004, and <0.001, respectively).Conclusions
The present study shows a direct association between metabolic parameters on FDG-PET and the expression of tumor-related immunity markers, suggesting a potential role for FDG-PET to characterize the tumor microenvironment and select NSCLC patients candidate to checkpoint inhibitors.Materials and methods: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 21 days, were used. These were divided equally into one of three groups, control (CG), sham (SG) or EMF (EMFG). CG was not exposed to any procedure. SG rats were kept inside a cage, without being exposed to the effect of EMF, for 1?h a day on postnatal days 22–59, inclusive. EMFG rats were exposed to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1?h a day under the same conditions as those for the SG rats. Rats were sacrificed on postnatal day 60, and the kidney and bladder tissues were removed. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome for histomorphological evaluation. The TUNEL method was used to assess apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also used for the kidney tissue. Oxidant/antioxidant parameters were studied in terms of biochemical values.
Results: The findings showed that tissue malondialdehyde increased in EMFG compared to CG and SG in both kidney (p?=?0.004 and p?=?0.004, respectively) and bladder tissue (p?=?0.004, p?=?0.006, respectively), while catalase and glutathione levels decreased compared to CG (p?=?0.004; p?= 0.004, respectively) and SG (p?=?0.004; p?=?0.004, respectively). In the EMF group, pathologies such as dilatation and vacuolization in the distal and proximal tubules, degeneration in glomeruli and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in kidney tissue. In bladder tissue, degeneration in the transitional epithelium and stromal irregularity and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in EMFG. Additionally, EMFG samples exhibited glomerular capillary degeneration with capillary basement membranes under TEM.
Conclusions: We conclude that continuous exposure to the effect of 900-MHz EMF for 1?h a day on postnatal days 22–59, inclusive, causes an increase in oxidative stress and various pathological changes in male rat kidney and bladder tissues. 相似文献
Purpose
Noninvasive stress testing is commonly performed as part of pre-renal transplantation (RT) evaluation. We evaluated the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)—myocardial perfusion, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart rate response (HRR)—post-RT.Methods
Consecutive RT recipients were identified at our institution. MPI was considered abnormal when there was a perfusion defect or reduced ejection fraction. HRR to vasodilator stress was calculated as percentage change from baseline. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary revascularization (CR) post-RT; all-cause mortality was the secondary endpoint.Results
Among 1189 RT recipients, 819 (69%) underwent MPI. Of those, 182 (22%) had abnormal MPI, and 31 (4%) underwent CR pre-RT. During a median follow-up of 56 months post-RT, the annual CV event and mortality rates for patients who had no MPI, normal MPI and abnormal MPI were 1.5%, 3.1% and 4.3% (p?<?0.001), and 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.6% (p?=?0.016), respectively. After multivariate adjustment, compared to patients without MPI, the hazard ratios (HRs) for CV events for normal and abnormal MPI were 1.47 ([0.93–2.33], p?=?0.1) and 1.78 ([1.03–3.06], p?=?0.04). Blunted HRR was an independent predictor of CV events (HR?=?1.73 [1.04–2.86], p?=?0.034) and all-cause death (HR?=?2.26 [1.28–3.98], p?=?0.005) after adjusting for abnormal MPI. Patients with abnormal MPI who underwent CR pre-RT had annual mortality rates similar to those with no or normal MPI (1.9% vs. 1.7–2.6%, p?=?0.2), while those who did not undergo CR had higher annual mortality (4% vs. 1.7–2.6%, p?=?0.003).Conclusions
One in five RT recipients who underwent screening MPI had an abnormal study, an independent predictor of CV events. A blunted HRR to vasodilator stress was associated with increased risk of CV events and death, even after adjusting for abnormal MPI. Patients with abnormal MPI who underwent CR were at low risk of mortality following RT. MPI is a useful tool to aid in risk stratification pre-RT.Background
To analyze prognostic factors associated with long-term outcomes in patients with resected pancreatic cancer treated with chemotherapy (CT) and surgery with or without external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).Patients and methods
From January 1995 to December 2012, 95 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and locoregional disease [clinical stage IB-IIA (n?=?45; 47?%), IIB-IIIC (n?=?50; 53?%)] were treated with curative resection [R0 (n?=?52; 55?%), R1 (n?=?43, 45?%)] and CT with (n?=?60; 63?%) or without (n?=?35; 37?%) EBRT (45–50.4 Gy). Additionally, 29 patients (48?%) also received a pre-anastomosis IOERT boost (applicator diameter size, 7–10 cm; dose, 10–15 Gy; beam energy, 9–18 MeV).Results
With a median follow-up of 17.2 months (range, 1–182), 2-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and locoregional control were 28, 20, and 53?%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that IIB-IIIC stage (HR, 2.23; p?=?0.04), R1 margin resection status (HR, 2.09; p?=?0.04), no vascular resection (HR, 0.42; p?=?0.02), and not receiving external beam radiotherapy (HR, 2.70; p?=?0.004) were associated with locoregional recurrence. In the multivariate analysis, only R1 margin resection status (HR, 2.63; p?=?0.009) and not receiving EBRT (HR, 2.91; p?=?0.002) retained significance with regard to locoregional recurrence. We observed no difference in toxicity between patients treated with or without EBRT (p?=?0.44). Overall treatment mortality was 3?%. No long-term treatment–related death occurred.Conclusions
Although adjuvant CT is still the standard of care for resected pancreatic tumors, OS remains modest owing to the high risk of distant metastases. Locoregional treatment needs to be tested in the context of more efficient systemic therapy.Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB), an established procedure for hemostasis, is sometimes complicated by spontaneous hemostasis and unclear bleeding site on angiography despite active arterial bleeding on preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA). Therefore, to investigate and increase the feasibility of TAE, this retrospective study evaluates the clinical and radiological features related to positive extravasation on angiography.
Material and methodsSixty CDB patients with extravasation on CTA underwent TAE between January 2011 and February 2021 and were divided into extravasation-positive (P-group; n?=?25) and -negative groups (N-group; n?=?35) based on the superior or inferior mesenteric angiography. Patient characteristics, laboratory findings, the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVCD), the diameter of superior and inferior mesenteric veins, and technical outcomes were evaluated.
ResultsTAE was successful in 24 patients in the P-group (96%) and 14 in the N-group (40%) (p?<?0.001). Univariate analysis revealed “usage of anticoagulant” (p?<?0.05) and “larger IVCD (p?<?0.05) on preoperative CTA” to be significant predictors of positive extravasation. In the multivariate analysis, IVCD remained significant with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.17. The IVCD cutoff value was 13.6 mm (area under the curve?=?0.72, sensitivity?=?84.0%, specificity?=?54.3%). There were no significant differences in other parameters.
ConclusionMeasurement of IVCD in CDB with the cutoff value of 13.6 mm can be a simple and useful indicator to predict the detectability of extravasation following TAE procedures.
相似文献