The validity and reliability of the Thai version of the Kujala score for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Purpose: To develop a Thai version of the Kujala score and show the evaluation of the validity and reliability of the score.

Method: The Thai version of the Kujala score was developed using the forward–backward translation protocol. The 49 PFPS patients answered the Thai version of questionnaires including the Kujala score, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form. The validity between the scores has been tested. The reliability was assessed using test–retest reliability and internal consistency.

Results: The Thai version of the Kujala score showed a good correlation with Thai IKDC Subjective Knee Form (Pearson’s correlation coefficient; r?=?0.74: p?r?=?0.586, 0.571 and 0.524, respectively: p?p?p?Conclusion: The Thai version of the Kujala score has shown good validity and reliability. This score can be effectively used for evaluating Thai patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The Kujala score is a self-administered questionnaire for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).

• The validity and reliability of the Thai version of Kujala are compatible with other versions (Turkish, Chinese and Persian version).

• The Thai version of Kujala has been shown to have validity and reliability in Thai PFPS patients and can be used for clinical evaluation and also in the research work.

     

Responsiveness and minimally important differences for selected Persian-version of outcome measures used in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the responsiveness and determine the minimally important differences (MID) of Persian versions of the Kujala patellofemoral scale (KPS), lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), and functional index questionnaire (FIQ) in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Method: Outcome measures including the Persian KPS, LEFS, and FIQ were administered to 233 patients at baseline and then again 4 weeks after physiotherapy. Moreover, the 7-point global rating scale was completed by the patients at 4 weeks. Responsiveness was evaluated using the correlation analysis and the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method. Results: Correlation analysis showed that the relationship of all outcome measures with the global rating scale falls within the fair range of relationship (Gamma?=?0.26–0.40). Moreover, the results of ROC analysis showed that the all outcome measures have acceptable high responsiveness index. Furthermore, the MIDs of 9.5, 4.5, and 1.5 points were obtained for the Persian KPS, LEFS, and FIQ, respectively. Conclusions: The Persian-versions of all outcome measures are responsive for evaluating change following physiotherapy intervention. The MID values obtained in this study will help the clinicians and researchers to determine if a patient with PFPS has experienced a true change following a physiotherapy intervention.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Persian-versions of the KPS, LEFS, and FIQ can be used as three “responsive” outcome measures in clinical studies of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).

• These assessment tools have clinical relevance for rehabilitation specialists working on patients with PFPS.

• The minimally important differences provide valuable information for the clinicians and researchers to make decision about the identification of a clinical change in health status of patients with PFPS.

     

Persian translation and validation of the Kujala Patellofemoral Scale in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Purpose: To culturally translate and validate the Persian version of Kujala Patellofemoral Scale (KPS) and evaluate the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity and ceiling or floor effects of this instrument in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Method: After standard forward and backward translations, 100 patients with PFPS completed the Persian versions of the KPS and Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) in the first visit. With time interval of 2–3 days after the first visit, 47 patients filled out the KPS in the second visit. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_2,1) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and Cronbach’s α coefficient, respectively. The Spearman’s rank correlation (r_s) was used to assess the correlations between the Persian KPS and SF-36 subscales. Results: The acceptable level of ICC >0.70 (ICC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–0.98) and Cronbach’s α coefficient >0.70 (α = 0.81) was obtained for the Persian KPS. There were low to moderate correlations (r_s = 0.25–0.60, p < .01) between the Persian KPS and Persian SF-36 subscales of mental and physical health components. However, correlations between the Persian KPS and SF-36 physical components were higher than correlations between the Persian KPS and SF-36 mental components. No ceiling and floor effects were seen for the Persian KPS. Conclusions: The Persian version of KPS is a reliable and valid outcome measure of disability and seems to be a suitable instrument for use in clinical practice of Iranian patients with chronic PFPS.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• The results on psychometric properties of the Persian Kujala Patellofemoral Scale are comparable with three validated versions obtained for the Finnish, Turkish and Chinese populations.

• Persian version of the Kujala Patellofemoral Scale has acceptable reliability/validity and now can be used in “clinical” and “research” settings of Iranian patients with chronic patellofemoral pain syndrome.

     

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the knee outcome survey-activities for daily living scale

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapt the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale into Arabic and to assess its psychometric properties (internal consistency, reliability, validity, and responsiveness) in patients with knee disorders.

Methods: The cross-cultural adaptation process for the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale into Arabic was performed consistent with the published guidelines. The psychometric properties of this Arabic version were then evaluated. Participants completed this version three times: at baseline, 2–4 days later, and 4?weeks later. Correlations between the Arabic version of Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale and the Arabic version of the Short Form-36 Health Survey, Get Up and Go, and Ascending/Descending stairs tests were evaluated.

Results: Linguistic and cultural issues were addressed. The Arabic version of the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha?=?0.97) and excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient?=?0.97). Construct validity of the Arabic version of the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale with the Arabic version of Short Form-36 Health Survey subscales ranged from r?=?0.28 to 0.53, p?r?=??0.47 to ?0.60, p?Conclusions: The Arabic version of the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale is a reliable, valid and responsive measure for assessing knee-related symptoms and functional limitations

• Implications for rehabilitation

• The Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale-Arabic is a reliable, valid and responsive measure for assessing knee-related functional limitations.

• This Arabic version can be used in clinical practice and for research purposes to assess symptoms and functional limitations in Arabic-speaking patients with knee disorders.

• This scale is responsive to track therapeutic outcome of Arabic-speaking patients with knee disorders.

     

Greek cultural adaption and validation of the Kujala anterior knee pain scale in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Purpose: To cross-culturally adapt and validate the Greek version of the Kujala anterior knee pain scale (KAKPS). Methods: The Greek KAKPS was translated from the original English version following standard forward and backward translation procedures. The survey was then conducted in clinical settings by a questionnaire comprising the Greek KAKPS and patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) severity scale. A total of 130 (62 women and 68 men) Greek-reading patients between 18 and 45 years old with anterior knee pain (AKP) for at least four weeks were recruited from physical therapy clinics. To establish test–retest reliability, the patients were asked to complete the KAKPS at initial visit and 2–3 days after the initial visit. The Greek version of the PFPS severity scale was also administered once at initial visit. Internal consistency of the translated instrument was measured using Cronbach’s α. An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the test–retest reliability of the KAKPS. Concurrent validity was measured by correlating the KAKPS with the PFPS severity scale using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that the Greek KAKPS has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α?=?0.942), test–retest reliability (ICC?=?0.921) and concurrent validity (r?>?0.7). Conclusions: This study has shown that the Greek KAKPS has good internal consistency, test–retest reliability and concurrent validity when correlated with the PFPS severity scale in adult patients with AKP for at least four weeks.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• The Greek version of the KAKPS has been found to be reliable and valid when used in adult patients with AKP for at least four weeks.

• The results of the psychometric characteristics were compatible with those of the original English version.

• The KAKPS could be applied in a Greek-speaking population to assess functional limitations and symptoms in patients aged 18–45 years old with AKP for at least four weeks.

     

Transcultural adaptation and validation of Hindi version of Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale

Abstract

Purpose: To transculturally adapt the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale for Hindi-speaking population and examine its psychometric properties in patients with low back pain.

Materials and methods: The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Hindi following international guidelines. Hindi version of the scale was completed by 120 patients with low back pain and 60 healthy controls. Patients with low back pain were also administered the Hindi-Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale. Psychometric evaluation included test–retest reliability, convergent and discriminative validity. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to determine the factor structure.

Results: The factorial analysis revealed a four-factor solution (bending/carrying, ambulation/reach, prolonged postures and rest). Convergent validity was confirmed by high correlation of Hindi Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale to the Hindi version of Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (r?=?0.77 and p?<?0.001) as well as Visual Analog Scale (r?=?0.682 and p?<?0.001) scores. Discriminative validity was established by significantly different scores for patients with low back pain and the healthy controls (35.36?±?18.6 vs. 9.13?±?6.08 and p?<?0.001). The translated version of the scale showed remarkable internal consistency (Cronbach α?=?0.98) and the intraclass correlation coefficient of test–retest reliability was excellent (ICC_2,1=0.96). MDC₉₅ and SEM scores obtained were 10.28 and 3.71, respectively.

Conclusion: The Hindi version of Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale has good test–retest reliability, discriminative and convergent validity and is appropriate for clinical and research use in Hindi-speaking low back pain patients.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Linguistically and culturally adapted questionnaires help researchers make adequate inferences about instruments measuring health and quality of life.

• The translated version would serve as a valid research tool allowing comparability of data across cultures thus, providing opportunities for large multicenter, multicountry trials.

• A Hindi Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale version will help to improve the quality and efficacy of assessment of low back pain by developing in patients, a better understanding of the items which can be easily correlated with the activities of daily living.

     

The psychometric properties of an Arabic numeric pain rating scale for measuring osteoarthritis knee pain

Purpose: The aims of this study were to translate the numeric rating scale (NRS) into Arabic and to evaluate the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of an Arabic Numeric Pain Rating Scale (ANPRS) for measuring pain in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.

Methods: The English version of the NRS was translated into Arabic as per the translation process guidelines for patient-rated outcome scales. One hundred twenty-one consecutive patients with OA of the knee who had experienced pain for more than 6 months were asked to report their pain levels on the ANPRS, visual analogue scale (VAS), and verbal rating scale (VRS). A second assessment was performed 48 h after the first to assess test–retest reliability. The test–retest reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_2,1). The convergent validity was assessed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. In addition, the minimum detectable change (MDC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also assessed.

Results: The repeatability of ANPRS was good to excellent (ICC 0.89). The SEM and MDC were 0.71 and 1.96, respectively. Significant correlations were found with the VAS and VRS scores (p?<0.01).

Conclusions: The Arabic numeric pain rating scale is a valid and reliable scale for measuring pain levels in OA of the knee.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The Arabic Numeric Pain Rating Scale (ANPRS) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring pain in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, with psychometric properties in agreement with other widely used scales.

• The ANPRS is well correlated with the VAS and NRS scores in patients with OA of the knee.

• The ANPRS appears to measure pain intensity similar to the VAS, NRS, and VRS and may provide additional advantages to Arab populations, as Arabic numbers are easily understood by this population.

     

Cross-cultural adaptation,reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Lower Limb Functional Index

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to adapt culturally a Turkish version of the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI) and to determine its validity, reliability, internal consistency, measurement sensitivity and factor structure in lower limb problems. Method: The LLFI was translated into Turkish and cross-culturally adapted with a double forward–backward protocol that determined face and content validity. Individuals (n?=?120) with lower limb musculoskeletal disorders completed the LLFI and Short Form-36 questionnaires and the Timed Up and Go physical test. The psychometric properties were evaluated for the all participants from patient-reported outcome measures made at baseline and repeated at day 3 to determine criterion between scores (Pearson’s r), internal consistency (Cronbachs α) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient – ICC_2.1). Error was determined using standard error of the measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change at the 90% level (MDC₉₀), while factor structure was determined using exploratory factor analysis with maximum likelihood extraction and Varimax rotation. Results: The psychometric characteristics showed strong criterion validity (r?=?0.74–0.76), high internal consistency (α?=?0.82) and high test–retest reability (ICC_2.1?=?0.97). The SEM of 3.2% gave an MDC₉₀?=?5.8%. The factor structure was uni-dimensional. Conclusions: Turkish version of LLFI was found to be valid and reliable for the measurement of lower limb function in a Turkish population.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders are common and greatly impact activities among the affected individuals pertaining to daily living, work, leisure and quality of life.

• Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures have advantages as they are practical, cost-effective and clinically convenient for use in patient-centered care.

• The Lower Limb Functional Index is a recently validated PRO measure shown to have strong clinimetric properties.

     

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool

Abstract

Purpose: To estimate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT-Sv). Method: One hundred and seventy-one subjects participated. The psychometric properties tested for CAIT-Sv were internal consistency with Cronbach’s α (n?=?171) in the first measurement; test–retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_2,1) (n?=?171) in two measurements separated by one week; criterion validity by ICC_2,1 between the original CAIT and CAIT-Sv in two measurements separated by two weeks for a subgroup of 54 bilingual subjects; ceiling and floor effects (n?=?78 subjects with a history of at least one ankle sprain), and responsiveness using Cohen’s d in a subgroup of 25 subjects with a history of at least one ankle sprain and a score ≤24 points on the CAIT-Sv and treated with a rehabilitation program during four weeks. Results: Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach’s α: 0.8–0.84). Test–retest reliability was high (ICC_2,1: 0.95). Criterion validity was high (ICC_2,1: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84–0.94; p?<?0.001 for dominant ankle). There were no ceiling (9%) and floor (0%) effects. Responsiveness was moderate (Cohen’s d: 0.6995; CI: 0.11–1.27). Conclusions: CAIT-Sv is a reliable instrument with high criterion validity to measure the presence and severity of chronic ankle instability (CAI) in the Spanish population.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Chronic ankle instability is the most prevalent complication after ankle injuries.

• CAIT is a widely used tool for clinical detection of subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

• In this study, CAIT-Sv has shown good phsychometric properties for using with Spanish speaking individuals.

     

EVALUATION OF A TREATMENT ALGORITHM FOR PATIENTS WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME: A PILOT STUDY

Background:

Treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) has been extensively studied in physical therapy literature. Patients with PFPS demonstrate quadriceps and hip musculature weakness, altered lower extremity (LE) kinematics, and decreased LE flexibility. Psychosocial factors have also been identified as an important factor in patients with PFPS. The authors hypothesize that an ordered approach addressing each of these impairments sequentially will result in greater improvement in PFPS symptoms. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of performing a randomized trial and to determine the sample size necessary to examine the validity of this hypothesis.

Methods:

Patients received a sequential treatment approach using a PFPS treatment algorithm (PFPS Algorithm) designed by the authors. Patients were evaluated assessing psychosocial factors, flexibility, LE kinematics, and LE strength. Impairments that were found in the evaluation were addressed sequentially over the episode of care. Patients were prescribed therapy two times per week for six weeks. Pain, Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), and Global Rating of Change (GROC) were measured at evaluation and discharge.

Results:

Thirty consecutive patients with PFPS who were referred to physical therapy were enrolled in the pilot study. All phases of the feasibility study including recruitment, treatment protocols and data collection were effectively carried out. One hundred percent of patients treated with the PFPS algorithm who completed the prescribed treatment had a clinically significant improvement in the AKPS and GROC. A floor effect was noted with NPRS with 38% of patients unable to achieve clinically significant improvement.

Conclusions:

With minor changes to the protocol and outcome measures used, a full randomized trial is feasible and merited. Steps must be taken to reduce the high drop‐out rate among both groups.

Level of Evidence:

1b     

Rehabilitation Complexity Scale: Italian translation and transcultural validation

Purpose: The aim of the present study was translation, cultural adaption and validation of the extended version 12 of the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale (RCS-E) in a sample of patients with stroke and total hip replacement. Method: The cross-cultural validation required RCS-E forward–backward translation, revision by an expert committee and its application in an Intensive Rehabilitation setting through a retrospective collection of data from clinical records. The evaluation of the psychometric properties was carried out by analyzing the correlations between RCS-E score and other measures (Functional Independence Measure, Braden, Morse, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale) and the assessment of reliability in terms of reproducibility (inter-observer agreement) and repeatability (intra-observer agreement). Results: The backward and forward processes of translation of the scale did not create problems of interpretation of terms. Some adaptation was required for the items nursing (N), medical care (M) and therapeutic intensity (TI) due to differences on the national health system structure. The Italian version of the scale proved to be valid, reliable with high reproducibility and repeatability. Conclusions: The Italian version RCS-E has been successfully validated, showing good psychometric properties, which partly reproduce the results obtained for the original version. However, some assumption was made for some items thus preventing possible comparison with other countries.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Admittance at an Intensive Rehabilitation care setting in Italy requires to evaluate the complexity of rehabilitation needs.

• The Rehabilitation Complexity Scale (RCS-E) has proved to be reliable for assessing clinical complexity and consequently for planning rehabilitation needs.

• The Italian version of RCS-E has been successfully validated, showing good psychometric properties, which reproduce the results obtained for the original version.

• The items included in the therapy intensity subscale do not fit the Italian health system rules for intensity of rehabilitation care and needs adaptation.

     

Content and psychometric evaluations of questionnaires for assessing physical function in people with neck disorders: a systematic review of the literature

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate how physical function is assessed in people with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the neck. Specifically, we aimed to determine: (1) Which questionnaires are used to assess physical function in people with MSD in the neck? (2) What do those questionnaires measure? (3) What are the measurement properties of the questionnaires?

Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed to identify questionnaires and psychometric evaluations. The content of the questionnaires was categorized according to the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health, and the psychometric properties were quality-rated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist.

Results: Ten questionnaires and 32 articles evaluating measurement properties were analyzed. Most questionnaires covered only the components body functions and activity and participation, more often activity participation than body function. Internal consistency was adequate in most questionnaires, whereas responsiveness was generally low. Neck Disability Index was most evaluated, but the evaluations of all questionnaires tended to cover most properties in the checklist.

Conclusions: The questionnaires differed substantially in items and extent to which their psychometric properties had been evaluated. Focus of measurement was on activities in daily life rather than physical function as such.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• To provide early diagnostics and effective treatment for patients with neck disorders, valid and reliable instruments that measure relevant aspects of the disorders are needed.

• This paper presents an overview of content and quality of questionnaires used to assess physical function in neck disorders, which may facilitate informed decisions about which measurement instruments to use when evaluating the course of neck disorders.

• Most of the questionnaires need more testing to judge the quality, however the NDI was the most frequently tested questionnaire.

• The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist is a useful tool in relation to psychometric testing of questionnaires, but clear definitions of interpretation of the quality criteria in each study would enhance comparability of results.

     

The psychometric properties of the cervical nonorganic signs in patients with neck pain: an assessment of pain expression

Purpose: Neck pain is a common cause of disability. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the cervical nonorganic signs (CNOS), a tool for assessing abnormal illness behaviors in patients with neck pain.

Methods: The CNOS was administered on patients with neck pain. Reliability and validity analyses were used to evaluate the psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the dimensionality. Correlations with the Short Form-36 were used to investigate the convergent validity.

Results: The results supported the reliability (inter-rater reliability intra-class correlation: 0.920), validity (correlated with body pain (|ρ|=0.31) and vitality (|ρ|?=0.30), and two-factor dimensionality (χ²=^?5.904, p=?0.66; χ²/df?=?0.738; RMSEAConclusion: The CNOS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing pain and vitality problems. It helps patients to express severe pain and lack of vitality. The rehabilitation discipline could use the scale to understand pain expression and to design proper rehabilitation programs.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The cervical nonorganic signs has two domains (pain and vitality).

• The scale is reliable and valid for patients with neck pain.

• Patients with high scores on the pain domain have severe body pain that may interfere with normal social activities.

• Clinicians should understand their suffering and try to help them to alleviate the pain.

     

Kinesiophobia,catastrophizing and anticipated symptoms before stair climbing in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study

Purpose: Kinesiophobia and catastrophizing are frequent among people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This study was aimed at examining (1) whether kinesiophobia, anticipated symptoms and fatigue catastrophizing are related to stair climbing performance in people with CFS; and (2) whether kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing are related to daily physical activity in CFS. Method: Patients with CFS filled in a set of questionnaires, performed a physical demanding task (two floors stair of climbing and descending) with pre-test and post-test heart rate monitoring and immediate post-stair climbing symptom assessment. Real-time activity monitoring was used between the baseline and second assessment day (7 days later). Results: Kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing were strongly related (ρ?=?0.62 and 0.67, respectively) to poorer stair climbing performance (i.e. more time required to complete the threatening activity). Kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing were unrelated to the amount of physical activity on the first day following stair climbing or during the seven subsequent days. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing for performing physical demanding tasks in everyday life of people with CFS, but refute a cardinal role for kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing in determining daily physical activity level in these patients.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• People with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can easily perform stair climbing, a daily physical activity perceived by themselves as threatening, without triggering symptom flares. This is important as it can be used clinically to convince people with CFS of undertaking such a threatening task during treatment programs such as graded activity or graded exposure.

• The finding that kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing are strongly related to stair climbing performance in CFS underscores the importance of restructuring the beliefs of these patients about the relationship between activity and symptoms. This should be a key component of the early stages of rehabilitation for people with CFS.

• In rehabilitation practice, diminishing kinesiophobia and fatigue catastrophizing in patients with CFS appears only relevant for targeting physical activities that are perceived as threatening (e.g. stair climbing), and not for increasing work-related or social (physical) activities.

• Clinicians can use the Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia version CFS for assessing the fear of patients with CFS to exacerbate their symptoms (including pain, fatigue and brain fog) due to physical activities.

• Clinicians can use the Tampa Scale fatigue for assessing the fear of patients with CFS to exacerbate their fatigue level due to physical activities.

     

Assessing catastrophic thinking associated with debilitating mental health conditions

Purpose: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Symptom Catastrophizing Scale (SCS). The SCS items were drawn from the Pain Catastrophizing Scale but were modified to make them better suited to the context of debilitating mental health conditions that are not necessarily associated with pain. The number of items was reduced from 13 to 7, and the response scale was simplified.

Methods: The SCS was administered to individuals diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (N?=?79) or with a chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) condition (N?=?88).

Results: Exploratory factor analyzes revealed single factor solutions of the SCS for both the MSK and MDD samples. The internal consistency of the SCS was good. The SCS was significantly correlated with measures of pain severity, depressive symptom severity and disability in both samples. Individuals with MDD scored higher on the SCS than individuals with MSK. The SCS was shown to be sensitive to treatment-related reductions in catastrophic thinking.

Conclusions: Preliminary analyzes suggest that the SCS is a reliable and valid measure of symptom-related catastrophic thinking associated with debilitating mental health conditions.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Although catastrophic thinking has been identified as a risk factor for disability, current assessment tools are not well suited for individuals with debilitating mental health conditions.

• This paper describes a brief assessment instrument that can be used to assess catastrophic thinking in individuals with debilitating mental health conditions.

• The results of this study suggest that targeting catastrophic thinking might yield reductions in symptom severity and disability in work-disabled individuals with major depressive disorder.

     

Assessment of activity limitations and participation restrictions with persons with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review

Abstract

Purpose: To summarize measurement instruments used to evaluate activity limitations and participation restrictions in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and review the psychometric properties of these instruments. Method: General information of all included measurement instruments was extracted. The methodological quality was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Results of the measurement properties were rated based on the quality criteria of Terwee et?al. Finally, overall quality was defined per psychometric property and measurement instrument by use of the quality criteria by Schellingerhout et?al. Results: A total of 68 articles were identified of which eight evaluated the psychometric properties of a measurement instrument assessing activity limitations and participation restrictions. One disease-specific and 37 generic measurement instruments were found. Limited evidence was found for the psychometric properties and clinical usability of these instruments. However, the CFS-activities and participation questionnaire (APQ) is a disease-specific instrument with moderate content and construct validity. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the reviewed measurement instruments to evaluate activity limitations and participation restrictions are not sufficiently evaluated. Future research is needed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, including the other properties of the CFS-APQ. If it is necessary to use a measurement instrument, the CFS-APQ is recommended.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

• Chronic fatigue syndrome causes activity limitations and participation restrictions in one or more areas of life.

• Standardized, reliable and valid measurement instruments are necessary to identify these limitations and restrictions.

• Currently, no measurement instrument is sufficiently evaluated with persons with CFS.

• If a measurement instrument is needed to identify activity limitations and participation restrictions with persons with CFS, it is recommended to use the CFS-APQ in clinical practice and scientific research.

     

Effects of different exercise modalities on ataxia in multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized controlled study

Purpose: To investigate the effects of different exercise protocols on ataxia in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Method: A total of 42?MS patients, 17 male and 25 female (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS): 3–5), were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. The patients were divided into three groups: a balance training (BT) group, a lumbar stabilization (LS) group and a task-oriented training (TT) group. All groups received balance training; additionally, the LS group received lumbar stabilization exercises, and the TT group received task-oriented training. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and measurement of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs) were performed before and at the end of the 18 training sessions.

Results: The BBS, ICARS, FRT, 2MWT, and composite balance score of the SOT were improved in all groups. The ICARS kinetic function sub-score and the left limb cortical onset amplitudes of SSEPs were increased significantly in both the TT and the LS groups. The ICARS total score, composite balance score, and 2MWT were different between groups (p?p?p?>?0.005). The 2MWT results were better for the LS group than the BT group, while the BT and the TT groups improved similarly.

Conclusion: Balance training alone is not sufficient for rehabilitation of ataxic MS patients. A combination of lumbar stabilization exercises or task-oriented training increases the success of balance rehabilitation.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease of central nervous system and ataxia is one of the most challenging symptoms of this disease.

• Different exercise modalities are commonly employed to control ataxic symptoms in MS patients.

• Lumbar stabilization exercises or task-oriented training should be considered as complementary approach to improve balance and coordination in ataxic multiple sclerosis patients.

     

Mental health,health related quality of life and recurrent musculoskeletal pain in children with cerebral palsy 8–18 years old

Purpose: To extend knowledge on mental health with children’s self-report and explore mental health and health related quality of life (HRQL) in a context of recurrent musculoskeletal pain in cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Eighty-three participants, mean age 14.2?±?2.8 years, were assessed with clinical examination, interview and questionnaires. Gross motor function was GMFCS level I 42%, level II 42%, level III 12% and level IV–V 5%. Children self-reported mental health on SDQ (Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire), HRQL on PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life), and pain on CHQ (Child Health Questionnaire). Mothers proxy-reported on the same questionnaires and reported own mental health on GHQ (General Health Questionnaire). Results: Both self-reported mental health and HRQL was better than proxy-reported. Recurrent musculoskeletal pain was associated with more mental health problems and reduced HRQL in self-reports, but not in proxy-reports. Conclusions: In CP, the importance of child-report on mental health and HRQL when possible, in addition to parent proxy-report, cannot be overstated. Close co-operation between (re)habilitation and child psychiatry is urgent. Further research on self-reported mental health and impact of mental health problems is warranted together with a focus on the impact of recurrent musculoskeletal pain on participation.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Children with cerebral palsy experience musculoskeletal pain that is associated with more self-reported mental health problems and lower HRQL.

• Because mothers tend to not recognise these associations, self-report (when possible) is essential.

• A bio-psycho-social perspective in both individual and family approach is important because of the associations mentioned and because parents report that their children have a high prevalence of mental health problems.

• Assessment of HRQL has the potential to capture both pain and mental health problems, and should be an integrated part of the systematic clinical follow-up.

     

Determinants for lumbopelvic pain 6 months postpartum

Purpose: To evaluate potential determinants of self-reported lumbopelvic pain 6 months postpartum for pregnant women with and without lumbopelvic pain. Methods: Questionnaires were answered in weeks 19–21 of pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale was used to assess exaggerated negative thoughts about pain experiences, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire to assess beliefs about how physical activity affects back pain, the Visual Analogue Scale to assess pain intensity, the Disability Rating Index to assess physical ability, and the Nottingham Health Profile to assess health-related quality of life. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyse the data. Results: Of the 273 women who answered at both occasions, 112 had lumbopelvic pain in pregnancy and 161 did not. For pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain a higher level of catastrophizing and a more restricted physical ability both doubled the risk for postpartum lumbopelvic pain. Conclusions: We conclude that catastrophizing and physical ability, in weeks 19–21 of pregnancy determine postpartum lumbopelvic pain, and hence that, women at risk might be identified by the use of a biopsychosocial approach in pregnancy. It seems important to take these results into consideration both when forming preventive strategies and in rehabilitation.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• A high level of catastrophizing and a low physical ability in women with lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy increased the risk of reporting postpartum lumbopelvic pain.

• A biopsychosocial approach during pregnancy seems important for to identify women at risk for future pain.

• Interventions targeting catastrophizing might have a positive effect but that needs to be studied for this specific population.