Cheese consumption in relation to cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian adults- IHHP Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

It is expected that dairy products such as cheeses, which are the main source of cholesterol and saturated fat, may lead to the development or increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to assess the association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian adult population.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Information from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) was used for this cross-sectional study with a total of 1,752 participants (782 men and 970 women). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurement, as well as fasting blood samples were gathered and biochemical assessments were done. To evaluate the dietary intakes of participants a validated food frequency questionnaire, consists of 49 items, was completed by expert technicians. Consumption of cheese was classified as less than 7 times per week and 7-14 times per week.

RESULTS

Higher consumption of cheese was associated with higher C-Reactive Protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level but not with fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B. Higher consumption of cheese was positively associated with consumption of liquid and solid oil, grain, pulses, fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy, and negatively associated with Global Dietary Index. After control for other potential confounders the association between cheese intake and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.81; 96%CI: 0.71-0.94), low HDL-C level (OR: 0.87; 96%CI: 0.79-0.96) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.88; 96%CI: 0.79-0.98) became negatively significant.

CONCLUSION

This study found an inverse association between the frequency of cheese intake and cardiovascular risk factors; however, further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to illustrate its mechanisms.     

The association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors among adults

Background Although current dietary guidelines recommend limiting foods high in fat and saturated fat, such as high‐fat dairy, the effect of cheese consumption on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors is largely unknown. Methods Participants from a US population‐based survey, NHANES III, aged 25–75 years who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had measures of body composition and cardiovascular risk factors were included (n = 10 872). Linear regression was used to compare anthropometrics, blood lipids, blood pressure and blood glucose across categories of cheese consumption (combined full and low‐fat). Results In women, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with higher HDL‐C and lower LDL‐C (p for trend, < 0.05). However, in men, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, HDL‐C and LDL‐C, and diastolic blood pressure (p for trend, < 0.05). Men consuming 30 + servings/month had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure compared to nonconsumers (P < 0.05). Conclusions More frequent cheese consumption was associated with less favourable body composition and cardiovascular risk profile in men, but with a more favourable cardiovascular risk profile in women. However, the type of cheese consumed by men and women may have differed resulting in opposing trends on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors.     

心血管病传统危险因素与糖尿病及其前期关系

目的探讨传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性,为糖尿病的防治提供参考依据。方法采用随机抽样方法对在浙江省湖州市爱山、龙泉和飞英3个街道共1 197名55～75岁的常住居民进行体格检查和血糖检测,采用Logistic回归分析方法分析传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性。结果 1 197名常住居民中,血糖正常者807名,占67.42%,糖尿病前期者267例,占22.31%,糖尿病者123例,占10.27%;3组人群空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖值分别为(4.83±0.61)、(5.76±0.61)、(6.99±1.43)mmol/L和(5.46±1.65)、(7.94±2.63)、(13.45±4.01)mmol/L;年龄、体质指数(BMI)、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压等传统心血管病危险因素在正常血糖组、糖尿病前期组和糖尿病组3组人群中分布不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病前期存在关联性;以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病存在关联性;以糖尿病前期组为参照组,中心性肥胖、腹围和腰臀比与糖尿病存在关联性。结论年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比、血压等传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期均存在关联性。     

汉族成人脂代谢与心血管病危险因素关系

目的了解乌鲁木齐地区汉族成年人群特殊的脂代谢特点及其与其他心血管危险因素的关系.方法采用整群抽样,对2 688人进行血脂、血糖测定和血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围的测量.结果(1)血脂水平在体质指数18.5时有显著性差异P＜0.01;男、女腰围均以70 cm,腰臀比均以0.75为界点,两组人群血脂水平有显著性差异;(2)当血压120/75mmHg为界点时血脂水平有显著性差异;(3)当空腹血糖5.5 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖6.5 mmol/L时,血脂有显著性差异.结论乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群的血脂与心血管其他危险因素有密切关系.     

Understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Bangladeshi immigrants in New York City

Objectives: Among all South Asians, Bangladeshis have the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of our study was to compare the understanding of CVD risk factors among Bangladeshi immigrants to the general Caucasian population in the U.S.

Design: We surveyed Bangladeshi immigrants in Queens, New York using a CVD risk factor knowledge instrument used in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study to assess awareness of risk factors. Using multivariate regression modeling, we compared scores on the knowledge instrument between Bangladeshis we surveyed and Caucasians from the CARDIA study, controlling for potential confounders. We subsequently examined the frequency of mentioning each risk factor to understand what was driving the difference in the overall score.

Results: The proportion of Bangladeshis scoring low on the knowledge assessment was 0.53, where as the proportion of whites scoring low in the CARDIA study was 0.32 (p value?<?.001). Whites were 34% more likely to score high than Bangladeshis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.52). Bangladeshis were more likely to mention diet and cholesterol as risk factors and less likely to mention lack of exercise, being overweight, and smoking as risk factors.

Conclusion: Understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors was lower among Bangladeshis than whites. This was driven by Bangladeshis having less awareness regarding how exercise and being overweight contribute to CVD. Community based interventions and community health partnerships should target these behavioral risk factors in the Bangladeshi population.     

中老年人群高尿酸血症与心血管危险因素关系

目的探讨中老年人群高尿酸血症与心血管危险因素及聚集性之间的关系,为高尿酸血症的防治提供有效的策略和依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法抽取在广州军区广州总医院健康管理体检中心接受长期定期体检的14个体检单位1 176名45~75岁人群进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。结果中老年人群男性高尿酸血症患病率为55.7%,标化患病率为37.7%,女性高尿酸血症患病率为46.5%,标化患病率为40.7%;男女性高尿酸血症组年龄、甘油三酯、血肌酐、体质指数、腰臀比及高血压患病率均高于非高尿酸血症组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于非高尿酸血症组,女性高尿酸血症组糖尿病患病率高于非高尿酸血症组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;多因素logistic回归分析显示,调整年龄和饮酒后,甘油三酯含量较高（OR=1.923,95%CI=1.304~2.834）、腹型肥胖（OR=1.482,95%CI=1.001~2.194）是中老年男性高尿酸血症患病的危险因素;血肌酐含量较高（OR=1.061,95%CI=1.037~1.086）、肥胖（OR=6.345,95%CI=2.524~15.952）是中老年女性高尿酸血症患病的危险因素,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量较高（OR=0.387,95%CI=0.222~0.676）是中老年女性高尿酸血症患病的保护因素;随着心血管危险因素的增多,高尿酸血症患者所占比例也随之增多（P<0.05）;校正年龄、饮酒、性别等混杂因素后,随着个体存在心血管危险因素的增多,高尿酸血症的患病风险也随之升高,具有1、2、≥3个心血管危险因素的个体患高尿酸血症的危险性分别是无危险因素个体的1.557、1.688、2.666倍。结论中老年男性高尿酸血症的影响因素为甘油三酯、腰臀比,中老年女性高尿酸血症的影响因素为血肌酐、体质指数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;高尿酸血症患者具有心血管危险因素聚集性。     

Changes in cardiovascular risk factors in different socioeconomic groups: seven year trends in a Chinese urban population

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse trends in socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors among an urban Chinese population using educational attainment as the socioeconomic indicator. DESIGN: Population surveys with randomly selected independent samples were carried out in 1989 and in 1996. Educational attainment, blood pressure, body mass index, cigarette smoking and lack of leisure time physical activity were determined. SETTING: Urban areas of the city of Tianjin, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 14 275 respondents aged 25-64 years. MAIN RESULTS: Diastolic blood pressure increased and the proportion of people without leisure time physical activity decreased in both sexes during the study period. The prevalence of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked daily increased significantly among men. Smoking decreased in the least educated men and increased in those who had studied at least to college level. Body mass index decreased across all educational strata in women, but blood pressure increased in women with at least college level education. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal a different picture in trends in the association of education and cardiovascular risk factors from those depicted in developed countries. This highlights the need for an effective intervention programme in the study population.     

居民社会经济状况与心血管病危险因素的关系

目的 探讨居民社会经济状况(Socioeconomic Status，SES)和心血管病危险因素之间的关系，为干预的重点人群的确定提供科学依据。方法 利用1997年及1998年广东省糖尿病流行病学调查资料分析社会经济状况和心血管病危险因素之间的关系。结果 男性的社会经济状况指标优于女性。调整年龄、职业性体力活动、休闲体力活动和饮酒后，SES对心血管病危险因素仍有影响，其中受教育程度和居住地区的影响较大，其关联在男女不同。结论 社会经济状况是心血管病危险因素的重要影响因子，对社会经济状况好的女性施加干预可能会取得更好的效果。     

上海市嘉定区居民甲状腺疾病与心血管疾病及相关危险因素的相关性研究

目的 探讨甲状腺疾病与心血管疾病及相关危险因素的相关性.方法 利用上海市公共卫生与预防医学"高峰计划"学科建设中健康人群队列项目数据,采用问卷调查和生化指标了解人群的基本情况、慢性病病史及相关生化指标分布.结果 本次共调查10 051人,892人(8.87％)患有甲状腺疾病,女性患病率(12.18％)高于男性(3.91...     

蒙古族人群胰岛素抵抗与心血管病关系

目的 探讨蒙古族人群中胰岛素抵抗与心血管病危险因素水平及其聚集性的关系。方法 对1 090名蒙古族成年人进行血压、身高、体重、腰围及臀围的测量和血糖、胰岛素、血脂的检测。按照胰岛素抵抗指数水平由低到高将全部研究对象等分为4组,比较4组间各危险因素及其聚集性差异。结果 调整年龄、性别因素后,体质指数、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、空腹血糖及高血压患病率均随着胰岛素抵抗指数的水平增高而上升(P<0.05)。在调整年龄和体质指数后,胰岛素抵抗指数与腰臀比、收缩压、甘油三酯呈显著正相关。具有≥2个危险因素的个体所占百分比随着胰岛素抵抗指数增高而增高,在4组的比例分别为33.8%,44.5%,47.2%和66.5%(χ²=60.265 7,P<0.000 1)。结论 胰岛素抵抗与多种心血管病危险因素具有相关性,并影响多种心血管病危险因素水平,增加其聚集强度。     

军队干部心血管疾病危险因素和临界危险因素调查分析

目的了解军队干部心血管疾病危险因素和临界危险因素的流行现状,为下一步实施有效个体化干预提供数据资料。方法采用心血管疾病流行病学调查表,整群调查陆军机关、院校、野战部队干部809人,分析军队干部心血管疾病危险因素及临界危险因素的流行现状。结果军队干部多数存在不健康生活方式,其中摄盐过多者为43.0%,喜欢食肉者为58.59%,不喜欢运动者为53.89%。心血管疾病危险因素患病率为43.51%,临界危险因素患病率为74.29%,17.06%的人无任何危险因素。其中心血管疾病危险因素患病率位居前3位的分别是吸烟(29.42%)、肥胖(10.38%)、高血压(10.01%);临界危险因素患病率位居前三位的分别是超重(50.56%)、临界高血脂(40.67%)、临界高血压(34.73%)。分组研究结果显示,心血管疾病危险因素,年龄每增加10岁就有显著性增多(P<0.05);临界危险因素,在50岁之前,年龄每增加10岁就有显著性增多(P<0.05),然后进入一个平台期。结论军队干部心血管疾病危险因素患病率明显低于社会普通人群,但临界危险因素存在现象较为普遍。     

江苏省不同血糖水平人群心血管病危险因素聚集分析

目的  了解江苏省社区不同血糖水平人群主要心血管病危险因素的聚集状况。 方法  2015-2017年在江苏省6个项目点开展以社区人群为基础的筛查项目,共有83 522名35~75岁常住居民纳入本次研究。计算我省中老年人群高血压、肥胖、血脂异常和吸烟4类心血管危险因素的流行率及聚集性,采用非条件Logistic回归分析不同血糖水平与心血管病危险因素聚集风险之间的关系。 结果  江苏省35~75岁居民糖尿病患病率18.9%,其中知晓患病的比例为41.4%。在未知患病人群中,空腹血糖受损和高血糖人群心血管病危险因素聚集的风险分别是正常人群的1.29倍（OR=1.29,95% CI：1.24~1.36,P < 0.001）和1.99倍（OR=1.99,95% CI：1.89~2.08,P < 0.001）。在已知患病人群中,血糖控制率为15.5%,血糖控制与心血管病危险因素聚集并无关联。 结论  高血糖和空腹血糖受损增加成人心血管病危险因素聚集风险,应及时对糖尿病高危人群采取综合干预措施控制血糖。     

健康查体人群心脑血管病危险因素调查

目的 掌握所属人员身体状况，减少心脑血管病发生。方法 利用3年健康体检资料和门诊随访进行心脑血管疾病高危因素和治疗依从性等调查。结果 患高血压、高血脂、脂肪肝的人员逐年增加且患病人员的治疗依从性较差，其中包括医务人员。结论生活方式病的预防和掌握自我保健知识的工作已刻不容缓。     

南宁市中老年人心血管健康状况危险因素分析

目的：对南宁市中老年人心血管健康状况及其危险因素进行分析。方法：采用随机抽样方法，对南宁市35－74岁之间居民进行心血管健康状况调查，分析发病水平及有关影响因素。结果：（1）样本人群高血压患病率为22．06％，随年龄增长而升高，超重率为27．45％，其中男性的为31．28％，女性为23．66％，男性超重率高于女性（P＜0．05）。（2）心肌梗塞、脑卒中，心力衰竭患病率分别为0．98％，2．20％，1．71％。（3）高血糖、高总胆固醇、高甘油三脂患病率分别为17．35％，56．67％，30．94％，男、女性别均有显性差异（P＜0．05）。（4）多因素回归分析显示：BMI、喝酒、吸烟、高血压、年龄、化程度、家族中有慢性病史等是心血管病的主要影响因素。结论：南宁市中老年人心血管健康状况不容乐观，其危险因素处于较高水平，心血管健康预防控制策略和措施有待进一步加强。     

邛崃市免费体检老年人群心血管病危险因素流行与聚集情况分析

目的 分析邛崃市基本公共卫生服务项目免费服务的65岁及以上老年人主要心血管病危险因素及其聚集情况,为促进老年人健康提供依据。 方法 利用2020年邛崃市基本公共卫生服务项目中65岁及以上老年人体检数据,采用χ²检验或χ²_趋势检验分析人群心血管病危险因素的流行情况,应用二元logistic回归分析不同人口社会学特征人群心血管病危险因素聚集情况。 结果 有96.00%的老年人具有1项及以上心血管病危险因素,心血管病危险因素聚集3项及以上占53.77%。单项心血管病危险因素的首位是高血压,患病率为64.51%,不同年龄组、不同职业、不同医疗支付方式人群高血压患病率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),以上3类人群中高血压患病率最高的分别是:75～岁组(68.19%),生产/运输/服务业人员(71.38%),商业/公费医疗人群(78.81%)。不同性别、不同职业、不同婚姻状况、不同医疗支付方式、不同年龄组人群3项及以上心血管病危险因素聚集风险差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),3项及以上心血管病危险因素聚集风险:男性是女性的1.479倍,生产/运输/服务业人员是脑力劳动者的1.582倍,离异人群是在婚人群1.539倍,城镇职工基本医疗保险和商业/公费医疗人群分别是贫困救助医疗人群的1.814倍和1.994倍,65～79岁组和80岁以上年龄组发生3项及以上心血管病危险因素聚集比例分别为55.09% 、44.64%。 结论 邛崃市基本公共卫生服务项目服务的老年人心血管病危险因素流行及聚集暴露率较为严重,应通过项目对有重要人口社会学特征人群进行综合干预。     

海岛居民Hs-CRP水平与心血管病危险因素关系

目的 了解海岛居民血清高敏 C反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)水平与心血管疾病危险因素的关系,为心血管病的预防控制提供参考依据。方法 采用随机分层抽样方法对在辽宁省大连市长海县抽取的395名≥30岁常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和血液生化学检查。结果 海岛居民血清Hs-CRP P₅、P₁₀、P₂₅、P₅₀、P₇₅、P₉₀、P₉₅水平分别为0.01、0.02、0.05、0.11、0.24、0.43、0.83 mg/L;不同特征居民比较,不同年龄、居住年限、是否患高血压和是否有心血管病史居民Hs-CRP分布间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);海岛居民血清ln(Hs-CRP)与年龄(r=0.26)、体质指数(r=0.32)、腰围(r=0.30)、胆固醇(r=0.18)、甘油三酯(r=0.28)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(r=0.21)、空腹血糖(r=0.29)、血肌酐(r=0.11)、血尿酸(r=0.21)均呈正相关(P<0.05),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关(r=-0.11,P<0.05);多元线性回归分析结果表明,在调整其他因素后,年龄、体质指数、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胆固醇和吸烟是海岛居民血清Hs-CRP水平的主要影响因素。结论 海岛居民的Hs-CRP水平受年龄、体质指数、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胆固醇和吸烟的影响;控制体重、减少肥胖有利于维持血清Hs-CRP在正常范围内。     

云南罗平县农村居民心血管病危险因素聚集性分析

目的 分析云南省罗平县农村心血管疾病患病与危险因素聚集性的关系.方法采用按比例概率抽样法,选取罗平县12个乡镇≥18岁常住农村居民4 801人,进行现场问卷调查和现场体检,分析比较高血压、脑卒中和心脏病患病率与心血管病危险因素聚集程度的关系.结果罗平县农村居民吸烟、饮酒、超重、肥胖、糖尿病、中心性肥胖、高血脂、高盐饮食和心血管病家族史检出率分别为31.1％、20.9％、25.1％、7.0％、6.8％、43.8％、0.6％、15.9％和6.1％;女性肥胖率、中心性肥胖率和糖尿病检出率均高于男性(P＜0.05);男性具有2个以上危险因素的聚集程度明显高于女性;高血压、脑卒中和心脏病的患病率分别为17.1％、0.7％和0.5％;随着心血管病危险因素聚集程度增加,高血压和脑卒中患病率也随之升高(P＜0.01).结论心血管疾病危险因素在农村居民中分布广泛,降低心血管危险因素聚集度有助于降低高血压和脑卒中的患病率.