The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status,lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To assess the effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 70 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled. They allocated randomly into ginger group and control group. They consumed 1600?mg ginger versus 1600?mg wheat flour placebo daily for 12 weeks. Serum sugar, lipids, CRP, PGE2 and TNFα were measured before and after intervention. Results: Ginger reduced fasting plasma glucose, HbA_1C, insulin, HOMA, triglyceride, total cholesterol, CRP and PGE₂ significantly compared with placebo group (p?p?>?0.05). Conclusion: Ginger improved insulin sensitivity and some fractions of lipid profile, and reduced CRP and PGE₂ in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore ginger can be considered as an effective treatment for prevention of diabetes complications.     

静脉滴注木糖醇和葡萄糖对2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的影响

目的比较静脉滴注木糖醇和葡萄糖对2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的影响,以期为糖尿病患者静脉载体液的选择提供依据。方法稳定期2型糖尿病患者22例,采用自身对照方法,分别在试验第1、2、3天上午9：00-11：00匀速静脉滴注生理盐水200ml、10％木糖醇溶液100ml、5％葡萄糖200ml＋胰岛素2．5U,同时采用动态血糖监测系统每5min记录1次血糖,比较血糖变化情况。结果静脉滴注生理盐水、木糖醇和葡萄糖＋胰岛素2h及输液结束后1h共180min内血糖平均值分别为（7．74±0．84）mmol／L、（7．83±1．01）mmol／L和（7．84±1．37）mmol／L（P〉0．05）,血糖曲线下面积分别为（1429．16±340．79）mmol·min／L、（1449．25±192．28）mmol·min／L和（1447．59±317．94）mmol·min／L（P〉0．05）,血糖变异度分别为10．9％、12．88％和17．47％。结论静脉滴注木糖醇后血糖略有下降,对血糖波动性的影响较葡萄糖注射液小。小剂量木糖醇注射液可替代葡萄糖注射液作为稳定期2型糖尿病患者的静脉载体液。     

胰岛素对不同孕周妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖水平及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨胰岛素对不同孕周妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者血糖水平及妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2013年2月至2016年5月在海南现代妇婴医院产检及生产的GDM患者共117例,根据胰岛素首次治疗孕周分为研究组59例(≤32孕周)和对照组58例(32孕周)。两组患者均在坚持合理运动、饮食基础上行胰岛素治疗,比较两组血糖水平变化、妊娠结局以及新生儿并发症情况。结果两组分娩前血糖水平(空腹和餐后2 h)均低于入院时(P0.05),且研究组血糖水平比对照组降低更明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组剖宫产发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、产后出血感染发生率均低于对照组(P0.05),早产发生率高于对照组(P0.05);两组巨大儿发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组新生儿窒息、新生儿低血糖、高胆红素血症、低体重儿发生率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 GDM患者在32孕周前采取胰岛素治疗,可有效控制血糖水平,改善妊娠结局,取得满意的临床效果。     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗依从性及相关因素分析

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗的依从性。方法　记录患者年龄、性别、文化程度、病程、糖化血红蛋白水平、注射胰岛素原因、注射前治疗情况、注射方案、注射方法、1年后随访患者是否继续注射胰岛素及注射方法、注射方案、血糖控制情况。结果　糖尿病患者文化程度高、病程长 ,用胰岛素笔注射均有利于患者继续注射 ,而因急性代谢紊乱而注射胰岛素的病人日后可转为口服降糖药治疗。结论　加强病人教育 ,用胰岛素笔注射等措施对提高病人治疗的依从性有利 ,早期应用胰岛素可部分恢复 β细胞功能。     

Increased sucrose intake is not associated with a change in glucose or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes

Background Debate continues over the role of sucrose and sucrose-containing food in the diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Traditionally, dietary recommendations have suggested sucrose be reduced to a minimum level to improve glycaemic control. More recently the American Diabetes Association evidence-based guidelines have suggested a more liberal approach.

Objective To investigate whether a 50 g increase in sucrose given as three slices of cake a day over a period of 24 days (88±7.5 g total sucrose/day) in combination with an increased monounsaturated fat intake (20% E) in line with current American Diabetes Association recommendations has an effect on glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.

Design We re-examined results from a larger study that investigated the type of fat in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes. Nine overweight people with type 2 diabetes received a high-sucrose, high-monounsaturated-fat isocaloric diet for 24 days.

Results Weight and glycaemic control remained stable throughout the study. There was no significant change in HbA1c over the study period. There was no change in insulin sensitivity, measured by the short insulin tolerance test. There was no change in fasting or postprandial incremental area under the curve in response to an identical standard test meal for glucose or insulin.

Conclusions Over the 3-week intervention period, an isocaloric increase in the dietary intakes of sucrose to 13% of total energy per day in people with type 2 diabetes was not associated with a decline in glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity.     

静脉滴注木糖醇和葡萄糖对2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的影响

,and 17.47%.Conclusions Xylitol can lower the blood glucose a littte but without significant difference.It has little effect on blood glucose variability of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be safely used for rehydration.     

Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In the present study, the hypoglycaemic potentials of ginger (Zingiber officinale) were studied in rats. An aqueous extract of raw ginger was administered daily (500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for a period of 7 weeks to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood serum was analysed for blood glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. The STZ-injected rats exhibited hyperglycaemia accompanied with weight loss, indicating their diabetic condition. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, raw ginger was significantly effective in lowering serum glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in the ginger-treated diabetic rats compared with the control diabetic rats. The ginger treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in urine protein levels. In addition, the ginger-treated diabetic rats sustained their initial weights during the treatment period. Moreover, ginger decreased both water intake and urine output in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The present results indicate that raw ginger possesses hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and hypolipidaemic potential. Additionally, raw ginger is effective in reversing the diabetic proteinuria observed in the diabetic rats. Thus, ginger may be of great value in managing the effects of diabetic complications in human subjects.     

Beneficial effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Zingiber officinale (ZO), commonly known as ginger, has been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Several studies have reported the hypoglycaemic properties of ginger in animal models. The present study evaluated the antihyperglycaemic effect of its aqueous extract administered orally (daily) in three different doses (100, 300, 500?mg/kg body weight) for a period of 30?d to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A dose-dependent antihyperglycaemic effect revealed a decrease of plasma glucose levels by 38 and 68?% on the 15th and 30th day, respectively, after the rats were given 500?mg/kg. The 500?mg/kg ZO significantly (P?相似文献   

Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of the effects of caffeine or caffeinated drinks on blood glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes mellitus

Background

Compounds other than macronutrients have been shown to influence blood glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes, with caffeine being one such substance. The present study systematically reviewed the evidence of the effects of caffeine on blood glucose concentrations and/or insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes.

Methods

Four databases, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, were searched up to 1 February 2012. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of caffeine on blood glucose and/or insulin sensitivity in humans, diagnosed with type I, type II or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), were included. Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted and agreed by both authors.

Results

Of 253 articles retrieved, nine trials (134 participants) were identified. Trials in people with type II diabetes demonstrated that the ingestion of caffeine (approximately 200–500 mg) significantly increased blood glucose concentrations by 16–28% of the area under the curve (AUC) and insulin concentrations by 19–48% of the AUC when taken prior to a glucose load, at the same time as decreasing insulin sensitivity by 14–37%. In type I diabetes, trials indicated enhanced recognition and a reduced duration of hypoglycaemic episodes following ingestion of 400–500 mg caffeine, without altering glycated haemoglobin. In GDM, a single trial demonstrated that approximately 200 mg of caffeine induced a decrease in insulin sensitivity by 18% and a subsequent increase in blood glucose concentrations by 19% of the AUC.

Conclusions

Evidence indicates a negative effect of caffeine intake on blood glucose control in individuals with type II diabetes, as replicated in a single trial in GDM. Larger‐scale RCTs of longer duration are needed to determine the effects of timing and dose. Early indications of a reduced duration and an improved awareness of hypoglycaemia in type I diabetes require further confirmation.     

右美托咪定对2型糖尿病患者围术期血糖、血浆皮质醇和肾上腺素的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对2型糖尿病患者围术期血糖、血浆皮质醇和肾上腺素的影响。方法40例合并2型糖尿病且择期行全髋置换术的患者,随机分为盐酸右美托咪定组（D组,n=22）和对照组（C组,n=18）,两组患者均采用相同的麻醉诱导及维持方法。D组的患者从麻醉诱导开始,15min内静脉泵人剂量为1μg／kg的盐酸右美托眯定,随后以0．5μg／（kg·h）维持至手术结束;C组输入相同容量的生理盐水。两组患者均于麻醉诱导前（110）、手术开始1h（TI）、拔管即刻（,12）、术后1d（13）和术后2d（T4）晨采取静脉血,测定血糖、血浆皮质醇和肾上腺素浓度。结果D组患者的血糖、血浆皮质醇和肾上腺素浓度显著低于C组对应时点的值（P〈0．05,或P〈O．01）。结论盐酸右美托咪定能显著降低2型糖尿病患者的围术期应激反应,有利于这类患者围手术期的血糖稳定。     

食用西瓜对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响

目的　探讨同等热能的馒头与西瓜的餐后血糖反应。方法　随机选取空腹血糖＜ １１ ．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的２型糖尿病患者２５ 例,分别在间隔１ 周的两顿早餐仅给予热能相等的５０ 克馒头或６１１ 克去皮去籽西瓜作为试验餐,比较进食两种食物后的血糖情况。结果　西瓜的餐后血糖高峰时间（ 均在餐后半小时） 较多数馒头餐（２２ 例在餐后１ 或１ ．５ 小时,３ 例在餐后半小时） 明显提前,而两种食品的血糖高峰值与血糖曲线下面积无明显差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。结论　非严重高血糖的２ 型糖尿病患者可吃少量西瓜,但必须扣除同等热能的粮食。     

2型糖尿病患者肺功能及HbA1c检测分析

目的 检测2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的肺通气、弥散功能及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)含量,探讨肺是否为糖尿病慢性病变的靶器官及同时观察HbA1c含量的意义.方法 检测90例2型糖尿病患者(根据有无微血管病变、眼底、肾脏及神经系统病变再分为无并发症组50例和有并发症组40例)肺通气功能—肺活量(VC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC,FEV1.0％)用力呼中期流速FEF25％-75％,肺弥散功能—肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)及HbA1c含量,与50名健康者相比较.结果 2型糖尿病组无并发症组肺通气功能、弥散功能与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P均＞ 0.05),有并发症组与无并发症VC、FVC、FEV1、LDCO差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),3组间HbA1c差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),HbA1c含量与肺通气功能、弥散功能呈负相关.结论 T2DM患者随着病情的进展发生并发症时,肺通气功能、弥散功能障碍,HbA1c可作为观察2型糖尿病患者肺功能受损指标之一.     

硒蛋白对糖尿病小鼠血糖、Ca~(2 )转运以及NO系统影响的实验研究

目的研究硒蛋白对糖尿病小鼠血糖、Ca2 转运及NO系统的调控作用。方法体重(203±17)g昆明种雄性小鼠,腹腔注射200mgkgbw,2%的四氧嘧啶造糖尿病(DM)模型。实验分6组正常对照组(Ⅰ)、正常 硒蛋白组(Se100μgkgbw)(Ⅱ)、糖尿病对照组(Ⅲ)、DM 硒蛋白低剂量组(Se100μgkgbw)(Ⅳ)、DM 硒蛋白高剂量组(Se300μgkgbw)(Ⅴ)、DM 亚硒酸钠组(Se100μgkgbw)(Ⅵ)。结果Ⅴ组血糖(204±63)mmolL明显低于Ⅲ组(453±33)mmolL,P<005;肾脏三磷酸腺苷酶(Ca2 ATPase)活性,Ⅴ组090±05明显高于Ⅲ组(035±01)μmol(h·mgprot),P<005;一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,Ⅴ组(250±43)Uml明显低于Ⅲ组(352±44)Uml,P<005。结论补硒剂量为Se300μgkgbw的硒蛋白能够显著的降低糖尿病小鼠血糖、提高肾脏Ca2 ATPase活性和降低血浆NOS活性。     

Maltitol inhibits small intestinal glucose absorption and increases insulin mediated muscle glucose uptake ex vivo but not in normal and type 2 diabetic rats

This study investigated the effects of maltitol on intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake using ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. The ex vivo experiment was conducted in isolated jejunum and psoas muscle from normal rats. The in vivo study investigated the effects of a single bolus dose of maltitol on gastric emptying, intestinal glucose absorption and digesta transit in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. Maltitol inhibited glucose absorption in isolated rat jejunum and increased glucose uptake in isolated rat psoas muscle in the presence of insulin but not in the absence of insulin. In contrast, maltitol did not significantly (p?>?0.05) alter small intestinal glucose absorption or blood glucose levels as well as gastric emptying and digesta transit in normal or type 2 diabetic rats. The results suggest that maltitol may not be a suitable dietary supplement for anti-diabetic food and food products to improve glycemic control.     

A high protein low fat meal does not influence glucose and insulin responses in obese individuals with or without type 2 diabetes

Background: When substituted for carbohydrate in a meal, dietary protein enhances glycaemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2). It is unknown whether the effect is a result of increased protein or reduced carbohydrate. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two meals differing in protein to fat ratios on post‐prandial glucose and insulin responses. Methods: This was a crossover, blind study in which obese subjects with (n = 23) and without (n = 26) DM2 consumed two meals in random order with equal amounts of energy (3.1 MJ, 741 kcal), fibre and carbohydrates and a 1‐week washout period. Meals were a high protein, low fat (30% protein, 51% carbohydrates, 19% fat) meal and a low protein, high fat (15% protein, 51% carbohydrates, 34% fat) meal. Subjects were matched for age and body mass index. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured at fasting, 30, 60, 90, 120 min post‐prandially. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity were assessed. Results: There was no significant meal effect on glucose and insulin responses within groups. Glucose response was higher in diabetic (120 min 11 ± 0.7 mmol L⁻¹) compared to nondiabetic (120 min 5 ± 0.2; P < 0.001) subjects. Diabetic subjects had significantly higher insulin resistance (P < 0.001) and lower insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001) than nondiabetics. Although peak insulin levels, 60 min post‐prandially, did not differ between groups (81 ± 9 pmol L⁻¹ for diabetic versus 79 ± 7 pmol L⁻¹ for nondiabetic subjects), they were achieved much later, 90 min post‐prandially, in diabetic, (99 ± 8 pmol L⁻¹) compared to nondiabetic (63 ± 7 pmol L⁻¹, P = 0.002) subjects. Conclusions: Manipulating protein to fat ratio in meals does not affect post‐prandial plasma blood glucose or insulin responses in obese people with and without DM2.     

糖耐量及胰岛素水平测定在多囊卵巢综合征中的临床应用

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征患者（PCOS）糖代谢和胰岛素水平的改变。方法 173例PCOS患者按体质量指数（BMI）分为PCOS非肥胖组（BMI〈25kg/m2）、PCOS肥胖组（BMI≥25kg/m2）和42例正常对照组,各组均做口服糖耐量和胰岛素释放试验。结果与对照组相比,PCOS非肥胖组的空腹和口服葡萄糖后,1、2和3h的血糖差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,胰岛素水平均有显著升高（P〈0.05）。PCOS肥胖组的空腹及口服葡萄糖后,1、2和3h的血糖和胰岛素水平均显著高于对照组和PCOS非肥胖组（P〈0.05）,差异具有统计学意义。结论 PCOS患者存在糖代谢异常和高胰岛素血症,口服糖耐量试验是用于监测育龄妇女PCOS患者糖代谢的较好指标。     

2型糖尿病和葡萄糖耐量异常患者游离脂肪酸升高及其意义

目的　观察 2型糖尿病 (DM)和葡萄糖耐量异常 (IGT)患者血清游离脂肪酸 (FFA)的水平 ,探讨FFA与胰岛素(INS)、胰岛素抵抗 (IR)和甘油三酯 (TG)的关系。方法　采用酶法测定 2 0例 2型DM和 2 0例IGT患者口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT) 0和 2h血清FFA水平 ,同步测定血浆葡萄糖 (PG)、血清INS以及空腹TG和胆固醇 (TC) ,并与 2 0例正常人对照。结果　 2型DM和IGT患者OGTT 0和 2hINS均显著高于正常对照组 ,且 2型DM患者INS高于IGT患者 ,P <0 .0 5 ;空腹FFA和胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA -IR) 2型DM患者高于IGT患者 ,IGT患者高于正常对照组 ,P <0 .0 1;TG和OGTT 2hFFA 2型DM患者高于IGT患者和正常对照组 ,P <0 .0 5 ,而IGT患者和正常对照组之间比较差异无显著性 ;多元逐步回归显示空腹FFA是HOMA -IR的独立影响因素。结论　不仅 2型DM患者而且IGT患者存在FFA异常升高 ,FFA升高与IR有关 ;2型DM和IGT患者存在IR和脂代谢紊乱 ,FFA反映脂代谢紊乱可能较TG更灵敏的指标     

Review of biphasic insulin aspart in the treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes

Background

Insulin is an effective treatment for achieving glycemic control and preventing complications in patients with diabetes. In order to make insulin therapy more acceptable to patients, newer formulations of insulin have been developed, such as biphasic insulins. Biphasic insulins conveniently provide both prandial and basal insulin in a single injection. One of the most well-studied biphasic insulins is biphasic insulin aspart 70/30.

Objective

Our goal was to review the current literature on the safety and efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A MEDLINE search was conducted using the terms “biphasic insulin aspart” to identify clinical studies and reviews.

Results

Biphasic insulin aspart more effectively reduces post-prandial glucose compared to other biphasic insulins and basal insulins. Compared to biphasic insulin aspart, fasting glucose levels are lower with NPH, similar with glargine, and similar or lower with biphasic human insulin. Treat-to-target trials have shown that a goal HbA1c below 6.5 or 7% can be achieved with biphasic insulin aspart. The risk of hypoglycemia is similar to or less than that seen with other biphasic insulins or NPH insulin.

Conclusion

Biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with diabetes.