The Effect of timing of conversion from external fixation to secondary intramedullary nailing in experimental tibial fractures

Diaphyseal tibial fractures with initial temporary external fixation (EF) are usually converted to intramedullary nailing (IMN) within 2 weeks, and no consensus on the optimal conversion time point exists. Current clinical practice is mainly based on estimation of the risk of postoperative infection. This is the first investigation of the effect of timing of such conversion on fracture healing. Forty male rats received a standardized tibial shaft osteotomy and EF. The animals were then randomly assigned to conversion to IMN at either 7 (group A, N = 10), 14 (group B, N = 10), or 30 (group C, N = 10) days after initial fixation. Group D (N = 10) served as a control group without conversion. Evaluation at 60 days included X‐ray, DXA, and mechanical testing. Group A had significantly increased bone mineral content and callus area compared to the control group. Groups B and C showed significantly inferior mechanical bending strength and rigidity compared to both group A and the control group (D). The timing of the conversion procedure has a significant effect on fracture healing. Early conversion procedure did not improve healing compared to control, but was advantageous compared to late conversion (at 2 or 4 weeks) with higher mineralization and superior biomechanical properties. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:126–130, 2011     

Extending the Indication of Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Fractures

Abstract Intramedullary nailing is an effective and well-established method for the treatment of a wide spectrum of tibial fractures. Nevertheless, the handling of metaphyseal and open fracture remains challenging. Surgical and technical advancements have opened up new possibilities to broaden the indication of intramedullary nailing in these areas.     

应用Hybrid外固定架治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨治疗胫骨远端骨折的有效治疗方法。方法从2000年1月2002年8月，使用hybrid外固定架治疗胫骨远端骨折36例，包括胫骨远端平台骨折和胫骨远端骨折，按照A0分类，A1型3例，A2型3例，A3型3例，C1型6例，C2型12例，C3型9例。其中开放骨折10例，25例(69％)为高能量损伤。结果按照Helfer标准评价，36个病人平均随访14个月，平均愈合时间为5个月，除1例外，全部解剖复位或恢复力线。优12例，良10例，中8例，差6例。12例出现不同的并发症占33％。结论应用hybrid外固定架治疗胫骨远端骨折可以减少手术并发症，比较有效。     

IESN与外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效比较

目的比较髓内扩张自锁钉(in tram edu llary expand se lf-lock ing na il,IESN)和外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法自2000年10月至2003年9月采用髓内扩张自锁钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折32例,与30例采用外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折疗效进行对比分析。结果全部病例随访12~18个月,平均16.2个月,IESN组手术时间、术后平均发热时间和住院天数,骨折愈合时间分别为5 0m in、2.8d、2 0d、1 0.5周,外固定架组分别为6 3m in、3.9d、26 d、12.9周。差异有显著性(t值分别为2.907、2.848、2.794、2.832,P<0.01);IESN组无骨折延迟愈合及畸形愈合,无感染及内固定失败等并发症,而外固定架组出现7例感染,6例畸形愈合。结论髓内扩张自锁钉内固定在治疗胫骨开放性骨折中损伤小,并发症少,固定可靠,同时最大限度地保护骨断端血运,符合生物力学要求,在治疗胫骨开放性骨折中是一种有效的好方法。     

S1otted锁式髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折

作者应用Ｓ１ｏｔｅｄ锁式髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折６４例,其中粉碎性骨折４７例。除２例失访,其余６２例骨折平均随访１．５年,骨折全部愈合。最终结果评分采用Ｊｏｈｎｅｒ－Ｗｒｕｈ评分标准,优６１例,良１例。６１例骨折平均愈合时间为５．６个月,１例延迟愈合（于术后１２个月愈合）,术后晚期发生胫前浅表感染１例,未影响骨折愈合。所有病例未发现髓内钉断裂和锁钉断裂、脱出及拨钉后再骨折等情况。作者认为Ｓ１ｏｔｅｄ髓内钉可用于胫骨干的各段骨析（包括高位和低位骨折）,对粉碎性骨折效果良好,且操作简单,不需特殊设备及器械,固定后能较好控制旋转,促进骨折愈合,是一种比较好的内固定方法。     

Intramedullary Nailing of Midclavicular Fractures with an Elastic Titanium Nail

AbstractObjective: Reduction and intramedullary fixation of midclavicular fractures with an elastic titanium nail with the goal to reduce pain and to quickly resume activities of daily living postoperatively.Indications: Midclavicular fractures types A and B according to the OTA (Orthopaedic Trauma Association) classification of fractures.Contraindications: Surgery > 3 weeks after trauma. Fractures type C according to the OTA classification. Osteoporosis.Surgical Techique: Skin incision just above the sternal end of the clavicle. Approximately 1 cm lateral to the sternoclavicular joint, a hole is drilled into the anterior cortex. A titanium nail varying in diameter between 2.5 to 3.5 mm is mounted on a universal chuck with a T-handle. With oscillating movements the titanium nail is advanced until it reaches the fracture site. If closed reduction maneuvers are unsuccessful, an additional skin incision has to be made at the level of the fracture site enabling direct manipulation of the fragments.Postoperative Management: Postoperatively, no immobilization is performed. Patients are encouraged to move the arm as much as tolerated and to use it in daily activities.Results: Intramedullary fixation was applied to 136 clavicle fractures in 132 patients (89 men, 43 women, mean age 32.9 years). In 78 fractures closed reduction was successful. Average subjective pain assessment using a visual analog scale decreased from 72.4 points preoperatively to 18.9 points 3 days postoperatively. Average shoulder abduction increased significantly. The average Constant-Murley clinical outcomes score 1 year after implant removal was 97.1 points.The following is a reprint from Operat Orthop Traumatol 2004;16:365–79 and continues the new series of articles at providing continuing education on operative techniques to the European trauma community.Reprint from: Operat Orthop Traumatol 2004;16:365–79. DOI 10.1007/s00064-004-1114-y     

交锁髓内钉和单侧外固定架治疗胫腓骨骨折的比较

目的探讨交锁髓内钉和单侧三维多功能骨科外固定架治疗胫腓骨骨折的治疗效果。方法对2001年10月～2004年4月应用交锁髓内钉和外固定架治疗的胫腓骨骨折患者各18例和22例进行疗效分析。结果每组均有不同的并发症发生，外固定架组骨折平均愈合时间短于交锁髓内钉组。结论外固定架的生物力学特性更符合胫腓骨骨折愈合的需要，一般不影响骨折的愈合时间。     

带锁髓内钉在下肢骨干多段骨折的应用

目的：探讨带锁髓内钉在下肢骨干多节段骨折应用的临床疗效及有关问题。方法：回顾性分析31例股骨、胫骨干多节段骨折应用带锁髓内钉的临床资料，有关适应证、切开复位、扩髓及动力和静力固定问题进行讨论。结果：31例中除2例失访，29例随访8～31个月，平均随访12．5个月，关节功能恢复优良率93．1％，骨折愈合率98．3％。结论：只有掌握好操作技术，带锁髓内钉是目前治疗下肢骨干多节段骨折的一种良好内固定方法，值得推广应用。     

外支架转内固定分期治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨应用外支架转换内固定分期治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法自2010年5月到2014年1月收治21例高能量胫骨平台骨折患者,其中男18例,女3例,年龄17~60岁,平均43.8岁。采用分期治疗:初期采用单臂或组合外支架(Orthofix)超关节固定;待全身情况好转及局部软组织条件好转后,再一期或二期转换为接骨板内固定治疗。采用X线评估骨折愈合及Rasmussen膝关节功能评分系统评价术后膝关节功能恢复情况。结果 21例患者平均外支架固定时间为11.8 d(7~17 d)。均转为内固定,其中18例一期转换内固定治疗(85.7%);2例因创面及1例钉道感染,行二期转换内固定(14.3%)。术后平均随访16.3个月(3~24个月),所有切口均愈合,有1例(4.7%)局部皮肤坏死,2例(9.5%)浅表感染,经对症治疗后愈合;无深部感染、骨筋膜室综合征及骨髓炎等并发症。所有病例均获得骨性愈合,平均X线愈合时间6个月(3~10个月)。随访终末平均膝关节活动度99°(50°~130°)。Rasmussen膝关节功能评级,优10例,良8例,可3例,优良率85.7%。结论在高能量胫骨平台骨折的治疗中,采用外支架转换内固定的分期治疗策略,符合损伤控制原则,可有效降低软组织并发症,提高疗效。     

Tibial Fractures Treated with Hoffmann's External Fixation: A Comparative Analysis of Hoffmann Bilateral Frames and the Vidal-Adrey Double Frame Modification

The results after treatment of 50 open and comminuted tibial fractures with Hoffmann's external fixation were analysed. Half of the fractures were treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames, the other half with the Vidal-Adrey double frame modification. The groups were found to be comparable.

The results of the study confirm that Hoffmann's external fixation is a safe method for treating the bone and soft tissue lesions in such fractures. There was only one case of osteomyelitis, no definite pseudarthrosis and no leg amputation.

The considerably increased stability of the Vidal-Adrey double frame modification did not reduce the length of the healing period compared to fractures treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames. The duration of external fixation was on average 24 weeks, and the radiological healing time 27 weeks.

A slightly greater number of residual deformities were found in the group treated with bilateral Hoffmann frames. Most of the deformities were so minor, however, that they were of little practical consequence for the patients. Thus it seems that the original Hoffmann apparatus, if duplicated, is a stable enough fixation in most cases.     

弹性髓内钉在儿童不稳定胫骨干骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨采用弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童不稳定胫骨干骨折的疗效。方法 23例胫骨骨折的儿童患者,男13例,女10例;年龄4~12岁,平均8.4岁。均采用弹性髓内钉固定,观察骨折愈合情况。结果本组病例均获6-24个月随访,平均16.4个月,无一例发生切口并发症,无继发骨折移位及内固定物失效或断裂。23例骨折全部愈合,骨愈合时间7~13周（平均9.2周）。无延迟愈合、骨不连,无旋转畸形及下肢短缩或过度生长,l足出现向前成角5,°1足向内成角7,°无骺板生长阻滞及术后再骨折发生,无膝、踝关节功能障碍。结论弹性髓内针具有手术时间短、创伤小、并发症少、二期取出方便等优点,是治疗儿童不稳定胫骨干骨折的较好方法。     

磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折

目的探讨磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折的临床效果。方法 2008年8月至2010年2月我院对收治的32例胫骨干骨折患者,实施了骨折闭合复位或小切口切开复位磁力导航带锁髓内钉内固定手术。结果闭合复位成功12例,小切口开放复位20例,锁定钉远端一次性锁定30例,成功率93.8%。髌韧带内侧切口平均长度3.1 cm,骨折端切口平均长度2.6 cm。无感染及切开皮肤坏死病例。随访28例,平均随访6.3个月,骨折平均愈合时间为2.8个月,无骨折不愈合及髓内钉松动断裂。功能按Johner-Wruhs评定标准进行评价,优20例,良7例,中1例,优良率96.4%。结论磁力导航髓内钉小切口微创治疗胫骨干骨折锁钉定位准确,损伤小,疗效好,优于传统髓内钉内固定技术。     

骨牵引及经皮钳夹固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的:报道骨牵引及经皮钳夹固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的方法与疗效。方法:采用持续跟骨牵引及一些辅助措施和付氏钳夹固定技术,在5年内治疗胫骨平台骨折36例。结果:本组病人经5个月～1年的术后随访,骨折均获愈合,膝关节功能恢复优良率达91.7％。结论:该治疗方案骨折对位准确,固定牢固,愈合率高,术后功能恢复满意,是治疗胫骨平台骨折的理想方法。     

双切口双钢板加植骨治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折

目的研究双切口双钢板加植骨治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法自2002年3月至2007年3月,对我院收治的32例高能量胫骨平台骨折患者,采用双切口双钢板加植骨的方法进行手术治疗,所有患者术后第1天起即进行膝关节功能锻炼。结果所有患者均获8～36个月随访,平均19．4个月。骨折均获骨性愈合。膝关节功能采用Merchant评分标准评定,优20例,良9例,可3例,优良率90．6％。结论采用双切口双钢板加植骨治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折,应用微创技术避免对胫前皮瓣和骨折端血供过分破坏、正确选择手术时机、术中良好的复位固定和植骨、早期恰当的功能锻炼可提高胫骨平台骨折的疗效。     

股骨骨折髓钉固定术后延迟愈合及不愈合原因分析

目的回顾性分析应用髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折术后发生延迟愈合及不愈合的原因。方法收集2002—2009年使用髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折术后发生延迟愈合、不愈合病例43例,综合分析各病例的受伤机制及影像学资料并进行X线分型,重新进行手术内固定、植骨、骨髓注射等治疗。结果对所有病例进行随访,最长8年,最短10个月,平均随访时间41.9个月。临床疗效评定,优20例,良15例,中5例,差3例。结论在骨折治疗过程中,影响骨折愈合的因素是多种多样的,良好的解剖复位为骨折断端的接触和稳定提供了条件;同时需要密切术后随访,定期行影像学检查,实时监测骨折愈合的进程,制订合理的康复治疗方案,及时消除影响骨折愈合的因素,才能最终达到治疗目的,尽早恢复肢体功能。     

Preliminary Report of a Compression Technique to apply Tension to Sliding Bone Grafts in Tibial shaft Fractures

A new Compression device is described that applies tension to sliding bone grafts on the medial aspect of the tibia in tibial shaft fractures. The mechanical aspects of the operation are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of the system discussed. There have been no complications and rigidity has been obtained in two clinical cases. Mechanical tests in bending and torsion show that rigidity can be obtained without breaking the graft.     

后环内固定加前环外固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

目的探讨骨盆后环内固定术加前环外固定支架固定术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的疗效。方法 2005年1月至2008年7月共治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折17例,男14例,女3例,年龄16~57岁,平均34岁。腹股沟处骨折端外露1例,合并盆腔脏器损伤5例,股动脉损伤后血栓1例,腰骶神经损伤5例,下肢骨折4例,胸部外伤1例。均行快速复苏,12例同时行骨盆骨折外固定支架外固定术,复苏后行后环切开复位内固定术、继续前环外固定支架固定治疗;5例复苏后行后环切开复位内固定术、同时行前环外固定支架固定治疗。结果随访6~48个月,平均20.6个月,按照Co le等骨盆骨折效果评分表进行功能评价,17例中功能恢复优12例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率88.2%。无死亡病例,无切口感染,有2个钉道感染,无医源性损伤,腰骶神经损伤完全恢复3例,部分恢复2例。结论采取后环内固定术加前环外固定支架固定术治疗骨盆不稳定性骨折,可以获得稳定固定,疗效可靠,且手术操作简单、安全,创伤小、并发症少。