Prevalence of Childhood Blindness and Ocular Morbidity in a Rural Pediatric Population in Southern India: The Pavagada Pediatric Eye Disease Study-1

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in a rural pediatric population in South India.

Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional survey of children was conducted in three phases in Pavagada and Madhugiri taluks (subdivisions) of Tumkur district in the state of Karnataka, India. In the first phase, trained fieldworkers screened 23,100 children. In the second phase, children with eye diseases were referred to the peripheral hospital to be examined by a general ophthalmologist. In the third phase, children with major eye diseases were examined by a pediatric ophthalmologist.

Results: The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 2.66% (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.46–2.87%). The most commonly observed ocular morbidity was Bitot spots (1%) followed by refractive error (0.6%). In total, 18 children were blind and the prevalence of childhood blindness (best-corrected visual acuity <3/60) was 0.08% (95% CI 0.04–0.11%); 8 (44.44%) had retinal blindness, 5 (27.76%) had lens-related blindness, 2 (11.11%) had bilateral microphthalmos, 1 (5.56%) was blind due to anterior staphyloma in the right eye and anophthalmos in the left eye, 1 (5.56%) had bilateral uveal coloboma and 1 (5.56%) had cortical visual impairment.

Conclusions: Nearly half of the blindness in the population was due to unavoidable causes (retinal). In addition to providing eye care services, an appropriate service delivery model would include the provision of rehabilitative and low vision services and implementation of genetic studies to understand the causes and increase awareness of inherited eye diseases.     

Using Key Informant Method to Assess the Prevalence and Causes of Childhood Blindness in Xiu’shui County,Jiangxi Province,Southeast China

Background: Although childhood blindness is relatively rare, it is the leading cause of blind person years besides cataract. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and severe visual impairment (BL/SVI) in southeast China.

Methods: The study took place across four administrative units in Xiu’shui County. Sixty key informants were trained by an ophthalmologist to identify possible cases of childhood BL/SVI (children < 16 years with presenting visual acuity < 6/60 in the better eye) in their own communities. The possible cases were referred to a hospital for further examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist, to ascertain case status and determine the cause of BL/SVI.

Results: In total we found 8 cases of childhood BL/SVI from a total population of approximately 27,000 children. The prevalence of childhood BL/SVI was therefore 0.3/1000 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.1–0.5/1000). The prevalence of blindness (< 3/60) was 0.2/1000 (95% CI: 0.04/1000–0.4/1000) and the prevalence of SVI (< 6/60–3/60) was 0.07/1000 (95% CI: 0–0.17/1000). The main cause of BL/SVI was posterior segment disease (87.5%). Half of the cases were potentially treatable.

Conclusions: The study has documented a low prevalence of childhood BL/SVI in southeast China. Despite the low prevalence, half of the cases were potentially treatable if earlier medical action was taken, suggesting the prevalence could be reduced further still. The Key Informant Method is simple to implement and an efficient method for case finding in China.     

Ocular Manifestations of Autism in Ophthalmology

Abstract

Purpose: To highlight the ocular manifestations of autism spectrum disorders in a retrospective chart review of the Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC) among children in the pediatric ophthalmology practice setting.

Design: Retrospective chart review. Forty-four patients diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between January 2007 and October 2011 were examined by an orthoptist, orthoptic student, and a pediatric ophthalmologist.

Results: Fifty-two percent of patients with ASD at GBMC were found to have an ocular abnormality, with 41% having strabismus, 27% with significant refractive error, 7% with anisometropia, and 11% with amblyopia.

Conclusion: The prevalence of strabismus, amblyopia, and anisometropia were found to be higher among patients with ASD seen at the GBMC pediatric ophthalmology practice than in the general population.     

Cross-sectional observational analysis of the genetic referral practices across pediatric ophthalmology outpatient departments in an urban setting

Purpose:To analyze the genetic referral practices of pediatric ophthalmologists in an urban setting.Methods: (1) The first limb of the study: cross-sectional, observational study among children visiting the outpatient department of pediatric ophthalmology across five centers in Mumbai. All pediatric patients were screened separately by pediatric ophthalmologists and a clinical geneticist for their ophthalmic and systemic complaints. Children were marked for referral to genetics (RTG) by both the specialists based on identification of distinctive features (red flag) and were requested to meet a local geneticist. (2a) Twenty-three months later, patients who had been marked for RTG were contacted telephonically to follow-up if they had met the geneticist. (2b) Additionally, the last 20 proformas from each center were checked retrospectively to note the RTG marked by the ophthalmologist alone.Results: (1) In the first aspect of the study, 126 patients (male: female = 1.2:1) were included. Forty-nine (38.3%) patients were referred for genetic evaluation, of which three (6.1%), 31 (63.26%), and 15 (30.6%) cases were referred by the ophthalmologist alone, geneticist alone, and by both the specialists, respectively. Glaucoma (100%), nystagmus (86%), and leukocoria (83%) were the most prominent ocular diagnoses in cases referred for genetic evaluation. Facial dysmorphism (55.1%) and neurodevelopmental delays (51%) were among the most common systemic red flags found in patients referred to genetics. (2a) Twenty-three months later, on contacting the 49 patients marked for RTG, only one family had met the geneticist. (2b) Retrospective evaluation of 100 proformas: only three patients were marked for RTG by ophthalmologist alone.Conclusion: This study found that the genetic referrals by pediatric ophthalmologist were far lesser than those by geneticist. The study highlights an area of knowledge gap among pediatric ophthalmologists, prompting a need for heightened awareness in this area.     

Pediatric primary calcific band keratopathy with or without glaucoma from biallelic SLC4A4 mutations

Biallelic mutations in the gene SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) cause protean manifestations in children that include proximal retinal tubular acidosis, developmental delay, band keratopathy, and glaucoma. A unique SLC4A4 mutation causes an ocular-only phenotype. In this retrospective case series, we highlight our experience with children referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist who were found to harbor underlying biallelic SLC4A4 mutations.     

Experience in organizing a children's ophthalmological service in a rural district of Kazakhstan

Diseases of the organ of vision are rather frequent in children living in rural districts. Experience gained by pediatric ophthalmologic service of the Talgar district shows that all forms of specialized care of children (specialized groups for children with strabismus and amblyopia, pioneer camp for schoolchildren with myopia, day-time hospital) are fit for rural districts. To render such care, a pediatric ophthalmologist should be included in the stuff of central regional hospitals whatever the number of children in this region.     

Pattern of Pediatric Uveitis Seen at a Tertiary Referral Center from India

Aim: To analyze the profile, etiology, complications, medical and surgical management, and visual outcome among pediatric uveitis patients seen at a referral uveitis clinic in India.

Design: Retrospective cohort study, tertiary hospital setting.

Methods: Records between January 2007 and April 2010 were reviewed for patients with uveitis who were 0–18 years of age. Uveitis diagnosis was based on SUN criteria; complications, medical and surgical management, and visual outcome were evaluated.

Results: Among 190 children with uveitis, 64.2% were boys and 112 had unilateral disease. The median age at presentation was 11 years. Ninety-nine (52%) had anterior, 49 (26%) intermediate, 27 (14%) posterior, and 15 (7.9%) panuveitis. Infectious uveitis was present in 44 patients, of which 21 cases (48%) were posterior uveitis. Parasitic, tuberculous, and viral infectious uveitis was encountered. A total of 174 patients were followed over 315.5 person-years (median?=?1.35 years). Seventy-seven (40.5%) children had complications related to uveitis. Forty-six out of 77 complications noted were complicated cataracts. Surgical procedures were done in 46.9% (15%/100 person-years). The visual acuity improved by two Snellen lines in the uveitic eyes, following therapy in 120 children, was stable in 40 children, and worsened in 14 children. Follow-up visual acuity was missing for 16 children.

Conclusion: A large proportion of pediatric uveitis cases experienced complications of uveitis, mostly prior to presentation for subspecialty management. These often required surgical management, most commonly to clear the visual axis of cataract for visual rehabilitation and to prevent amblyopia. In most cases, tertiary management was associated with visual improvement. The results suggest that subspecialty management can result in improvement of the clinical course of pediatric uveitis.     

Effectiveness of using teachers to screen eyes of school-going children in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, India

Aim:

To assess the effectiveness of teachers in a vision screening program for children in classes 5th to 12th attending school in two blocks of a district of north central India.

Materials and Methods:

Ophthalmic assistants trained school teachers to measure visual acuity and to identify obvious ocular abnormalities in children. Children with visual acuity worse than 20/30 in any eye and/or any obvious ocular abnormality were referred to an ophthalmic assistant. Ophthalmic assistants also repeated eye examinations on a random sample of children identified as normal (approximately 1%, n=543) by the teachers. Ophthalmic assistants prescribed spectacles to children needing refractive correction and referred children needing further examination to a pediatric ophthalmologist at the base hospital.

Results:

Five hundred and thirty teachers from 530 schools enrolled 77,778 children in the project and screened 68,833 (88.50%) of enrolled children. Teachers referred 3,822 children (4.91%) with eye defects for further examination by the ophthalmic assistant who confirmed eye defects in 1242 children (1.80% of all screened children). Myopia (n=410, 33.01%), Vitamin A deficiency (n=143, 11.51%) and strabismus (n=134, 10.79%) were the most common eye problems identified by the ophthalmic assistant. Ophthalmic assistants identified 57.97% referrals as false positives and 6.08% children as false negatives from the random sample of normal children. Spectacles were prescribed to 39.47% of children confirmed with eye defects.

Conclusions:

Primary vision screening by teachers has effectively reduced the workload of ophthalmic assistants. High false positive and false negative rates need to be studied further.     

SpotTM视觉筛查仪在儿童斜视筛查中的应用

目的：探讨SpotTM在儿童斜视筛查中的可配合性及在斜视性弱视危险因素筛查中的筛查效率。方法：横断面研究。2015 年7-10 月在天津和平新世纪妇儿医院保健科体检的389 例儿童先后进行SpotTM及小儿眼科医师检查,依据SpotTM内设眼位异常推荐值确定出需要转诊的儿童,小儿眼科医师依据2013 年美国斜视与小儿眼科协会规定的视觉筛查转诊指南确定出具有斜视性弱视危险因素的儿童,最终评估SpotTM在斜视性弱视危险因素筛查中的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果：389 例儿童入组,平均年龄（6.0±2.3）岁。97.4%的儿童能配合SpotTM检查,无法配合SpotTM检查直接转诊的10例儿童中7例患有眼部疾病。小儿眼科医师确定38例（9.8%）具有斜视性弱视危险因素;经SpotTM筛查,确定需转诊的眼位异常者49 例（12.6%）。SpotTM在斜视性弱视危险因素筛查中敏感度71.0%,特异度93.7%,阳性预测值55.3%,阴性预测值96.8%。结论：大多数儿童可配合SpotTM的检查,SpotTM在斜视性弱视危险因素的筛查中具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Prevalence of xerophthalmia among malnourished children in rural Ethiopia

To assess the prevalence of eye disease among malnourished children in a rural Ethiopian health center and evaluate correlations between xerophthalmia and grades of malnutrition. A retrospective, cross-sectional survey. An institution-based cross-sectional prospective study was performed at Bushulo Health Center in rural south Ethiopia and included all children age 6 months to 14 years receiving care for malnourishment from June 1st to July 30th, 2008. Data collection involved a combination of interviews with caretakers, ocular examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist and anthropometric measurements. One hundred and seventy-three children (average age at examination 2.9 ± 0.2 years) were treated for malnutrition (97 female, 76 male). One hundred and forty-nine patients had moderate malnutrition (86.03 %) and 24 had severe malnutrition (13.9 %). The following eye diseases were diagnosed—trachoma (12.1 %), blepharitis (13.3 %) and xerophthalmia (20.8 %). Severely malnourished children were more likely to suffer from xerophthalmia than moderately malnourished children (p < 0.0001). When comparing anthropometric measurements to the diagnosis of xerophthalmia, only weight percentile showed significance (p = 0.008). Xerophthalmia is a common global cause of pediatric blindness and is highly correlated with severe malnutrition. Continued efforts are necessary to improve nutrition and outcomes in these patients.     

Pattern of Pediatric Uveitis at a Tertiary Referral Institute in North India

Purpose: To report the pattern of pediatric uveitis in a tertiary care referral center in North India.

Methods: In a retrospective study, records of pediatric uveitis cases presenting at our center between 1996 and 2015 were reviewed for demographic data, anatomic distribution, and diagnosis.

Results: Out of 9600 patients with uveitis, 369 children (3.84%; age ≤16 years; males: 54.20%) were included in the study. Anterior uveitis was the commonest presentation (n = 158; 42.81%), followed by posterior uveitis (n = 102; 27.64%). Uveitis was bilateral in 57.18% (n = 211). Infective etiology was seen in 99 children, of which tuberculosis was the commonest cause (n = 55; 14.91%). Among non-infectious etiologies, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was the commonest cause (n = 59; 15.99%).

Conclusions: While anterior uveitis is the commonest uveitis in children, our cohort reported a high number of posterior uveitis cases compared to previous studies. Tuberculosis and JIA were the commonest causes of pediatric uveitis.     

Pathogenesis of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis and Associated Factors

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the role of some variables, including allergy and autoimmunity, in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). The VKC is a chronic and often severe form of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis. Usually, it begins during the first decade and disappears during the end of the second decade of life. Materials and methods: 26 patients with VKC were selected. The diagnosis was performed by the ophthalmologist through a score based on ocular signs and subjective symptoms before and after administration of 1% cyclosporine A (Cy) eyedrops. Each variable was graded: 0?=?absent; 1?=?mild; 2?=?moderate; 3?=?severe. Patients with a total score ≥7 were included in the study. Blood samples were collected at the initial time for the determination of autoimmunity by total IgE and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). A Skin Prick Test (SPT) was performed on each patient to common inhalants and food allergens. Results: 53.8% of the children resulted atopic. The most important allergens were house dust mites and grasses. 46.1% of the patients showed total IgE >100 UI/ml and 30.8% had ANA positivity at the first determination. The photophobia occurred in 42.3% of children, most frequently with respect to other symptoms like secretion or tearing (30.8%), foreign body sensation (15.4%), itching and conjunctival hyperemia (11.5%). Conclusions: Fortunately all children improved their symptoms after Cy eyedrop therapy. Moreover, there was an elevated percentage (30.8%) of children with ANA positivity compared with the values in the general pediatric population. Despite the fact that it is a non-specific autoantibody, its high presence in a population of children with VKC may have an important role in clarifying etiopathogenesis and chronic inflammation.     

Ocular Abnormalities and Systemic Disease in Down Syndrome

Introduction: Ocular problems as refractive errors, strabismus, accommodation, and cataract are well known in children with Down syndrome (DS). However, there is little information on the possible correlation of eye problems with systemic diseases such as heart defect (with or without surgery), hypotony, hypothyroidism, hearing loss, and others.

Methods: Ophthalmic problems versus certain systemic diseases were studied in 65 children with DS, aged 2 months to 13 years, referred to the University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, Slovenia from 2008 to 2010. Standard ophthalmic examination methods were used, and physical data were taken from pediatric records.

Results: Ocular findings included nystagmus (29.2%), esotropia (26.1%), epiphora (21.5%), Brushfield spots (16.9%), lens opacities (12.3%), abnormalities of the retinal vessels, foveal hypoplasia, or retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia (32.2%), and optic disc pallor (7.6%). Hyperopia (36.9%) was the most frequent refractive error in the group, followed by astigmatism (29.2%) and myopia (24.6%). No diagnosed systemic abnormalities were found in 18.3% of the children, while 30.7% had congenital heart defect. Hypothyroidism, hypotony, hearing loss, gastrointestinal tract malformations, and leukemia were less common. Nystagmus was related to myopia and esotropia, and to heart disease and heart operations.

Conclusions: Comorbidities are common in DS and complicate diagnosis, development, and therapy.     

The Utility of Non-ophthalmologist Examination of Eyes at Risk for Serious Retinopathy of Prematurity

Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is the main cause of preventable blindness in premature babies. Currently, there is a shortage of trained ophthalmologists, which has resulted in an alarming increase in cases of vision loss and related complications. This study’s aim was to determine the utility of examinations conducted by non-ophthalmologist physicians to assess posterior pole vessel abnormalities in eyes at risk for ROP.

Method: Non-ophthalmologist physicians (pediatrician and neonatologist) were trained to use an indirect ophthalmoscope to view the posterior pole of babies at risk for ROP. Examinations were conducted on both eyes of premature infants born before 35 weeks gestational age (GA) starting at the third week after birth and weekly thereafter. The presence of Plus disease was identified by the non-ophthalmologist and results compared to the clinical examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist experienced in ROP detection and treatment. Chi-square was used for proportions and the Mann Whitney U test for medians. Fagan’s nomogram was determined for diagnostic usability. The Kappa index was used to rate inter-observer agreement.

Results: Results of 228 examinations performed on 150 premature infants were analyzed to determine the correlation of the non-ophthalmologist findings and the eye examination. For any vascular change in posterior pole diagnostic, findings were 87% and 87% accuracy for pediatrician and neonatologist, 82% and 83% sensitivity, 90% and 90% specificity respectively. There was no significant difference found in the detection of Plus disease for the examinations performed by the ophthalmologist compared to those performed by the non-ophthalmologist (P?<?0.05).

Conclusions: After training in the use of an indirect ophthalmoscope, non-ophthalmologist physicians can reliably detect posterior pole retinal vessel changes for ROP diagnosis.     

儿童眼肌型重症肌无力发生眼肌麻痹的相关因素研究

目的:探讨儿童眼肌型重症肌无力(OMG)患儿发生眼肌麻痹的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2011-11/2020-05期间就诊于我院的203例儿童OMG患儿,将其分为眼肌麻痹组97例和非眼肌麻痹组106例,对两组患儿的临床资料进行单因素统计分析,对有统计学差异的指标进一步行多因素回归分析。结果:纳入的203例儿童OMG患儿发生眼肌麻痹者97例(47.8%),69例(71.1%)表现为斜视,其次为歪头视物(18例,18.6%)。97例患儿中单眼79例(81.4%),单条眼外肌受累53例(54.6%),其中内直肌19例(35.8%)。眼肌麻痹组和非眼肌麻痹组患儿年龄,血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM),血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3),血清甲状腺球蛋白(TG),采用激素联合治疗(72.2%vs 38.7%)均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清FT3水平(OR=2.006,95%CI:1.233~3.263)和采用激素联合治疗(OR=4.328,95%CI:1.936~9.677)是影响儿童OMG患儿发生眼肌麻痹的相关因素。结论:儿童OMG患儿发生眼肌麻痹较常见,单眼多发,内直肌最易受累,较少出现复视。血清FT3可作为评估儿童OMG患儿发生眼肌麻痹的重要免疫指标。     

Strategies of Digital Fundus Photography for Screening Diabetic Retinopathy in a Diabetic Population in Urban China

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of mydriasis and different field strategies on technical failure, probability to refer diabetic retinopathy (DR, sensitivity) and probability not to refer patients without DR (specificity) of digital photography in screening with a fundus camera.

Methods: A total of 531 patients with diabetes underwent fundus photography with cross-combinations of mydriasis/nonmydriasis and single-field/two-field strategies, followed by slit lamp biomicroscopic examination by a trained ophthalmologist. Fundus photographs were graded independently by another experienced ophthalmologist. Calculations were first based on cases with non-gradable images treated as being referred and then with them excluded.

Results: Percentages of DR and referable DR in this patient cohort were 22.4% and 7.7%, respectively, based on slit lamp biomicroscopic examination. Mydriasis significantly reduced the technical failure rate from 27.1% to 8.3% under a single-field strategy, and from 28.2% to 8.9% under a two-field strategy. As compared to the single-field strategy, the two-field strategy increased sensitivity from 75.6% to 87.8% without mydriasis and from 73.2% to 90.2% with mydriasis. Mydriasis increased specificity from 68.8% to 84.3% in the single-field strategy and from 64.7% to 81.6% in the two-field strategy. Had the subjects with non-gradable images been excluded, the two-field strategy without mydriasis reported sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 91.6%.

Conclusions: Both mydriasis and the two-field strategy are useful in photographic screening tests. Technical failure should be taken into consideration when screening strategies for DR are determined.     

The Pattern of Childhood Blindness in Karnataka,South India

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To determine the causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in southern Karnataka state of India. Method: Children aged less than 16 years with a visual acuity of < 6/60 in the better eye, attending the residential schools for the blind were examined in 2005–2006, in the Karnataka state in the south of India. History taking, visual acuity estimation, external ocular examination, retinoscopy, and fundoscopy were done on all students. Refraction and low vision work-up done where indicated. The anatomical and etiological causes of severe visual impairment (< 6/60–3/60) and blindness (< 3/60 in the better eye) were classified using the World Health Organization's prevention of blindness programs' record system. Results: A total of 1,179 students were examined, 891 of whom fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The major anatomical sites of visual loss were congenital anomalies (microphthalmos, anophthalmos) (321, 35.7%), corneal conditions (mainly scarring due to vitamin A deficiency, measles, trauma) (133, 14.9%), cataract or aphakia in 102 (11.4%), and retinal disorders (mainly dystrophies) in 177 children (19.9%). Nearly one-fourth of children were blind from conditions which could have been prevented or treated (27.8%), 87 of whom were referred for surgery. Low vision devices improved near acuity in 27 children (3%), and 43 (4.8%) benefited from refraction. Conclusions: Congenital anomalies, cataract, and retinal conditions account for most of the blindness in children.     

Prevalence and Etiology of Amblyopia in Southern India: Results from Screening of School Children Aged 5–15 years

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and etiology of amblyopia in school children.

Methods: A total of 4020 school children aged between 5 and 15 years were screened in a population-based, cross-sectional study. Best corrected visual acuity and detailed ophthalmic evaluation were performed in all participants. Amblyopia associated with degraded visual input due to high refractive error was labeled ametropic amblyopia. Anisometropic amblyopia was diagnosed in participants with interocular refractive error difference ≥1 diopter. Strabismic amblyopia included that due to conflicting visual inputs between the eyes due to squint. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia was defined as amblyopia due to obstruction of the visual axis.

Results: Prevalence of amblyopia was 1.1% (n?=?44). The number of boys with amblyopia (n?=?25, 57%) was slightly higher than the number of girls with amblyopia (n?=?19, 43%; p?=?0.6). A total of 28 (63.7%) children had mild to moderate amblyopia, whereas 16 (36.3%) had severe amblyopia. Underlying amblyogenic causes were ametropia (50%), anisometropia (40.9%), strabismus (6.8%), visual deprivation (4.5%) and combined causes (2.2%). No statistically significant difference was noted in the prevalence of amblyopia between rural (1.2%) and urban (0.9%) children (p?=?0.5).

Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of amblyopia was 1.1% of the school children. Ametropia and anisometropia were the most common causes of amblyopia. We did not find any significant difference in amblyopia prevalence between rural and urban school children.     

眼科门诊儿童患者干眼流行病学特征分析

目的:研究眼科门诊儿童患者干眼发病率,分析干眼发病与儿童年龄、视觉显示终端使用及结膜炎的相关性。方法:顺序统计眼科门诊儿童患者(7~13岁)128例,采用改良的眼表疾病指数(OSDI)调查表及泪膜破裂时间(BUT)评价干眼患病率及严重程度。结果:本组儿童总体干眼患病率为19.5%,其中7~10岁组儿童64例,干眼患病率为15.6%;11~13岁组儿童64例,干眼患病率为23.4%。7~10岁组儿童OSDI平均为1.55±0.61,11~13岁组儿童OSDI平均为2.15±0.83,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。7~10岁组儿童BUT平均为12.05±3.25s,11~13岁组儿童BUT平均为10.05±2.97s,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。每天使用视觉显示终端超过2h组儿童干眼患病率为43.3%,对照组为12.2%;近3mo曾患结膜炎组儿童干眼患病率为26.3%,对照组为8.3%;组间OSDI及BUT差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相当一部分儿童患者合并干眼,其发生与患儿年龄、过度使用视觉显示终端及罹患结膜炎相关。