脑瘫患儿气质特征研究

目的探讨脑瘫患儿气质特征。方法采用修订的Carey儿童气质问卷中文电子软件版 ,对 3 64例 4个月— 7岁脑瘫患儿进行气质分析 ,比较不同临床类型、独走和未独走患儿气质特征。结果脑瘫患儿有明显消极气质 ,表现为活动性低、注意力欠集中、坚持性差、情绪本质消极等 ;痉挛型双瘫和徐动型患儿趋避性有明显区别 ;不同智力水平脑瘫患儿未见气质差异 ;不能独走患儿的消极气质明显。结论脑瘫患儿有明显的消极气质。     

Characteristics influencing participation of Australian children with cerebral palsy

Purpose.?To investigate the extent to which selected individual, family and environmental variables were associated with participation of children who have cerebral palsy in activities outside school.

Methods.?Data were gathered through a population-based survey of 114 children born in 1994 or 1995 in Victoria, Australia. Participation was measured using the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment. Selected independent variables were classified as related to the child, family or environment. Linear regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with participation in informal (activities that require little planning) and formal (those with structure and leaders) activities.

Results.?Participation in informal activities tended to be greater in children who preferred informal activities and who had higher manual ability (adjusted R²?=?36.3%). Girls and those with better gross motor function also tended to participate in more activities. The explanatory power of the regression model for participation in formal activities was limited (adjusted R²?=?4.2%).

Conclusion.?Knowing a child's activity preferences is critical to intervention planning. Being exposed to a range of activities within supportive environments may provide the opportunity to develop preferences, especially in activities where children with cerebral palsy have reduced participation, such as in physical activities.     

Social support and adaptation outcomes in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy

Abstract

Objectives: This study had two main objectives: first, to describe the social support and psychological maladjustment of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP); and second, to test a mediation model where psychological maladjustment was hypothesized to mediate the link between social support and health-related quality of life (HRQL). In addition, the moderating role of gender and age was examined for this mediation model. Methods: Self- and proxy-report questionnaires on the aforementioned variables were administered to a sample of 96 children/adolescents with CP and 118 healthy controls, as well as one of their parents. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were conducted to examine differences in social support and psychological maladjustment, respectively. PROCESS computational tool was used for path analysis-based mediation, moderation and moderated mediation analyses. Results: Children/adolescents with CP reported lower levels of social support than their healthy peers, but no significant differences emerged in terms of their psychological maladjustment. For children/adolescents with CP, internalizing and externalizing problems were found to mediate the link between social support and HRQL, and these indirect effects were not conditional upon age or gender. Discussion: Children and adolescents with CP are likely have more negative perceptions of social support, but not necessarily more psychological adjustment problems than their healthy, able-bodied peers. Results further suggest that interventions targeting social support perceptions may positively affect HRQL outcomes in children/adolescents with CP, through the improvement of internalizing and externalizing dimensions of their psychological adjustment.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Social support perceptions are important intervention targets in psychosocial rehabilitation with children and adolescents with CP.

• Children and adolescents with CP do not necessarily present increased psychological maladjustment.

• Interventions targeting these children and adolescents’ social support may promote their psychological adjustment and health-related quality of life.

• Developmental specificities, such as age and gender differences, should be considered when planning and implementing psychosocial interventions.

     

弓形虫感染致小儿脑性瘫痪的危险性分析

目的探讨先天性弓形虫感染与儿童患脑性瘫痪发生的关联性。方法 2 3 6例脑瘫患儿作为病例组 ,42 8例正常儿童作为对照组。将所有研究的病例按年龄分层为 4组 :～ 3月、～ 6月、～ 9月、～ 12月组 ,血弓形虫DNA(TOX DNA)、弓形虫循环抗原 (TOX CAG)、血弓形虫抗体IgM (TOX IgM )中 1项或 1项以上阳性 ,并排除其他的先天性感染疾病者确定诊断。 结果在～ 3月 ,～ 6月 ,～ 9月 3组儿童中 ,其相对危险度 (OR)与 95 %置信区间 (CI)分别为 :10 13、3 74— 2 7 42 ,7 71、2 45— 2 4 2 8,8 84、1 85— 42 3 1,均P <0 0 1。在～ 12月组中 ,OR =4 3 0 ,CI :0 83— 2 2 2 8,P >0 0 5。结论在病例组儿童中 ,存在弓形虫感染与脑瘫之间的关联性 ;检出弓形虫感染时年龄越小 ,发生脑瘫的危险性越大     

An evaluation of data processing when using the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non-ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy

Purpose

To evaluate vertical acceleration, vector magnitude, non-wear time, valid day classifications, and valid period classifications in the data processing phase when using the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non-ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).

Material and Methods

Accelerometer data retrieved from 33 non-ambulant children and adolescents (4–17 years) with CP were analysed. Comparisons of (i) vertical acceleration versus vector magnitude, (ii) two different non-wear times, (iii) three different settings to classify a day as valid and (iv) two different settings to classify a period as valid were made.

Results and Conclusions

Vector magnitude and a non-wear time of at least 90 consecutive minutes statistically significantly increased minutes recorded per day, especially for sedentary time. There was a statistically significant difference in numbers of valid days depending on time criteria set to determine a valid day, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in valid periods using 3 compared to 4 days. This study suggests using the pre-settings in ActiLife; vector magnitude, non-wear time of 90 consecutive minutes, 500 min recorded per day with periods of at least 3 valid days when assessing physical activity objectively by the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non-ambulant children and adolescents with CP.     

Fundamental movement skills testing in children with cerebral palsy

Purpose.?To examine the inter-rater reliability and comparative validity of product-oriented and process-oriented measures of fundamental movement skills among children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method.?In total, 30 children with CP aged 6 to 14 years (Mean == 9.83, SD == 2.5) and classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–III performed tasks of catching, throwing, kicking, horizontal jumping and running. Process-oriented assessment was undertaken using a number of components of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), while product-oriented assessment included measures of time taken, distance covered and number of successful task completions. Cohen's kappa, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and tests to compare correlated correlation coefficients were performed.

Results.?Very good inter-rater reliability was found. Process-oriented measures for running and jumping had significant associations with GMFCS, as did seven product-oriented measures for catching, throwing, kicking, running and jumping. Product-oriented measures of catching, kicking and running had stronger associations with GMFCS than the corresponding process-oriented measures.

Conclusion.?Findings support the validity of process-oriented measures for running and jumping and of product-oriented measures of catching, throwing, kicking, running and jumping. However, product-oriented measures for catching, kicking and running appear to have stronger associations with functional abilities of children with CP, and are thus recommended for use in rehabilitation processes.     

Activities and participation of children with cerebral palsy: parent perspectives

Abstract

Purpose: To explore parents’ views of the activities and participation of children with cerebral palsy (CP) with a range of communicative abilities and the factors (personal and environmental) that influenced these. Methods: Thirteen parents of children with CP aged 4—9 years participated in semi—structured individual interviews. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Identified codes and themes were mapped to the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health — Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). Results: Parents’ responses reflected all ICF-CY domains comprising activity, participation and environmental factors. Codes were primarily mapped to the domains learning and applying knowledge, communication, mobility and interpersonal interactions and relationships. Key barriers identified included aspects of parents’ own interactions with their child (e.g. not offering choices), unfamiliar people and settings, negative attitudes of others and children’s frustration. Facilitators included support received from the child’s family and school, being amongst children, having a familiar routine and the child’s positive disposition. Conclusions: Despite the barriers experienced, children participated in a range of activities. Parents placed importance on communication and its influence on children’s independence, behaviour and relationships. Barriers and facilitators identified highlight aspects of the environment that could be modified through intervention to enhance communication and participation.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Children’s activities and participation were largely related to early learning tasks (e.g. literacy), communication, mobility and interactions.

• Intervention aimed at improving activities and participation may address the various child, impairment, social and environment factors identified here as impacting on activities and participation (e.g. the child’s personal characteristics, communication and physical impairments, the support and attitudes of others and the familiarity of the environment).

• Therapists will need to consider (and manage) the potential negative impact communication deficits may have on children’s behaviour, independence and social skills which may in turn detrimentally impact on activity and participation.

     

Everyday physical activity and community participation of adults with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Purpose. To assess the level and potential determinants of everyday physical activity and participation in various life areas of adults with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) in comparison with healthy subjects.

Method. In a cross-sectional study everyday physical activity was measured (Activity Monitor) in 16 adults with CP, aged 28 (3) years, and 16 age/gender matched healthy volunteers, aged 29 (3) years. Participation was assessed by means of validated questionnaires. Age, gender, body fat (skinfold thickness), muscle tone (Ashworth Scale), functional level and participation were assessed as potential determinants of everyday physical activity.

Results. In adults with CP mean (SD) duration of dynamic activities during a day (10.6 [3.5]%) was comparable to healthy subjects (11.2 4%) (p = 0.66). In most life areas the level of participation was comparable for both groups, although adults with CP spent more time on non-intensive leisure activities. Participation in sports appeared to be a determinant of everyday physical activity in both groups.

Conclusions. The results indicate that the levels of everyday physical activity and community participation in adults with hemiplegic CP are comparable to levels in healthy comparison subjects.     

运动疗法改善脑性瘫痪儿童下肢痉挛状态及其影响因素

目的脑性瘫痪的康复治疗是一个长期而持续的过程,目前中国儿童康复医疗机构数量少,同时很多家庭负担不起昂贵的治疗费用。为了能提高这些患儿的疗效,探讨不同年龄组及家长参与康复训练对痉挛性双瘫患儿下肢肌张力改善的影响。方法痉挛性双瘫患儿89例。根据年龄分为≤3岁组和>3岁组;并根据家长参与情况分为参与组和不参与或不规则参与组。全部患儿均采用运动疗法为主的综合康复治疗。观察治疗后肌张力缓解的情况。结果≤3岁组总有效率95%,>3岁组总有效率72%,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义(χ2=30.26,P<0.01)。家长参与组总有效率为89%,家长不参与或不规则参与组总有效率为46%,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义(χ2=85.44,P<0.01)。结论不同年龄组疗效有显著性差异。家长有规律的参与康复训练有助于肌张力的缓解,提高脑瘫患儿的康复效果。     

小儿脑瘫的家庭康复

目的探讨小儿脑瘫的家庭康复。方法对 15例脑瘫患儿进行系统的家庭康复治疗 1年。结果基本正常 3例 ,有效10例 ,无效 2例。结论小儿脑瘫的家庭康复治疗是一种有效、经济、简单易行的康复治疗方法     

瑜伽练习对学龄期脑瘫儿童运动功能的影响

目的:探讨瑜伽练习对学龄期脑瘫儿童运动功能的影响。方法:将痉挛型双瘫脑瘫儿童随机分为瑜伽组(15例)及对照组(15例)。2组均接受常规康复训练,瑜伽组在常规康复训练中融入瑜伽练习。分别于治疗前后采用Berg平衡功能(BBS评分),粗大运动功能量表-88项(GMFM-88)站立(D区)、走跑跳(E区)两大功能区评定,并采用步态评估。结果:治疗后,2组CP儿童BBS评分均较治疗前显著提高(P0.01),且瑜伽组得分高于对照组(P0.05);2组GMFM(D、E区)评分也均较治疗前显著上升(P0.01),且瑜伽组显著优于对照组(P0.01)。治疗后,2组儿童的步速、步幅较治疗前明显提高(P0.01),双支撑相较治疗前明显降低(P0.01),且瑜伽组上述指标改善更优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:瑜伽练习可以提高学龄期脑瘫儿童平衡能力和粗大运动功能,有利于步态的改善。     

上田正法治疗脑性瘫痪儿童的疗效初步评价

目的通过对上田正法的应用,探讨及评价治疗脑性瘫痪(CP)儿童的新方法。方法对22例8个月～10.8岁的CP儿作治疗前,后的运动功能变化进行动态观察及量化评价,并以同期年龄相对应的15例CP儿应用Vojta等法治疗作对照(包括单用上田正法11例,单用Vojta等法4例,自身对照11例,即先用Vojta法后用上田正法）。结果上田正法治疗后运动功能发育评价较治疗前增加10分,Vojta等法治疗后增加8分/月(P>0.05）。对重度,极重度CP儿两种方法分别增加11分/月,7分/月(P<0.05）。结论上田正法亦是治疗小儿CP的有效方法,且优于Vojta等法,尤其是对以前Vojta等法较棘手的重度CP儿也有较好的疗效。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑瘫患儿的疗效观察

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合康复训练治疗脑瘫患儿的疗效,探讨此治疗方法对脑瘫儿童综合功能的促进作用。方法:将42例脑瘫患儿随机分为2组各21例,2组脑瘫儿童均接受康复治疗,包括PT训练、OT训练、语言训练、特殊教育等项目;观察组在康复训练的基础上增加rTMS。2组患儿在康复治疗前后进行粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFM)和Gesell发育诊断量表检查评定。结果:治疗8周后,2组患儿GMFM评分5个维度均较治疗前有提高,其中维度A、维度B、维度C、维度D组内比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗后组间比较,维度A及维度C 2组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗8周后,2组患儿组内比较显示Gesell评分5个能区均有提高,其中大运动能区、精细动作能区、语言能区组内比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗后组间比较,观察组大运动能区及语言能区较对照组提高得更明显(P<0.05)。结论:rTMS联合康复训练治疗脑瘫的效果肯定,可以促进患儿运动功能和语言功能发育。     

Motor speech impairment,activity, and participation in children with cerebral palsy

Abstract

The present study used a population-based sample of children with cerebral palsy (CP) to estimate the prevalence of motor speech impairment and its association with activity and participation. A sample of 79 Victorian children aged 4 years 11 months to 6 years 5 months was recruited through the Victorian CP Register. The presence of motor speech impairment was recorded using the Viking Speech Scale (VSS). Activity and participation outcomes included speech intelligibility (the National Technical Institute for the Deaf rating scale, NTID), the Functional Communication Classification System (FCCS) and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS). A parent completed rating scale was used to examine the association between motor speech impairment and participation. Ninety per cent (71/79) of children demonstrated a motor speech impairment. Strong associations were found between the VSS and NTID (< .001), CFCS (< .001), and FCCS levels (<.001). VSS levels III–IV were significantly associated with restrictions in home, school, and community-based participation as perceived by parents. Although some diversity in activity and participation outcomes was observed within specific VSS levels, the results of this study suggested that children with mild motor speech impairments are more likely to demonstrate superior activity and participation outcomes compared to children with moderate or severe deficits.     

引导式教育模式在脑瘫儿童康复治疗中的应用研究

文章归纳了引导式教育模式在脑瘫儿童康复研究中的关键问题,阐述了引导式教育的基本内涵,适应范围与评价特点,指出了几种开展模式在脑瘫领域中的建立、应用与效果的研究现状。在此基础上,对引导式教育研究前景进行了展望。     

Activity training on the ground in children with cerebral palsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: To systematically review the evidence about whether activity training on the ground is effective on activity or participation in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in databases using relevant keywords. RCTs were included with children (≤18 years) with cerebral palsy who received activity training on the ground only or activity training on the ground combined with another type of physiotherapy. Outcome measures classified as measures of activity or participation according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health were analyzed. Results: Nine RCTs (257 participants) were included in this review. Individual studies resulted in conflicting results when activity training on the ground was compared to no intervention. Based on meta-analysis, activity training on the ground was not more effective than no intervention (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.18; confidence interval [CI]: ?1.49 to 1.86) or other therapies (SMD: ?0.09; CI: ?0.86 to 0.69) (I² > 75%) on improving activity or participation. Results from a single study demonstrated that activity training on the ground combined with other physiotherapy intervention was not more effective than no intervention (SMD: ?0.18 CI: ?0.89 to 0.54). Conclusions: The available evidence shows little effect of activity training on the ground on activity or participation in children with cerebral palsy, suggesting that rigorous trials with larger samples and larger “dosage” of activity training on the ground are needed in the future.     

The health of children with cerebral palsy and stress in their parents

Title.  The health of children with cerebral palsy and stress in their parents.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to describe the health of children with cerebral palsy and investigate predictors of stress in their parents.
Background.  Children with severe cerebral palsy tend to have poorer health than their able-bodied peers, and their parents are more likely to be stressed and have poorer health.
Method.  A cross-sectional survey with home visits using standard questionnaires was administered to parents in 2004–05. A total of 102/199 (51%) children and parents participated. The children were compared with a normative sample.
Results.  Children with cerebral palsy had poorer physical health, and 79% of parents reported that their child had moderate to severe pain. Their poorer health, in comparison with the normal sample and measured by the Child Health Questionnaire, was related to feeding problems and seizures, general health perceptions to intellectual and feeding impairment, and family activities with severe motor, intellectual and feeding impairment. Poorer psychological well-being on the hyperactivity domain of the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire was related to feeding difficulties, on the prosocial domain to more severe forms of all child impairments, and on the social impairment scale to intellectual impairment. Children with psychological problems had statistically significantly increased odds (OR = 7·2, 95% CIs 2·6–20·3) of having parents with high stress.
Conclusion.  Children with cerebral palsy and associated impairments are at higher risk of poorer health and family well-being. A family-centred approach to the care of children with cerebral palsy and their families is essential to ensure both receive adequate care and support.     

Barriers and facilitators to physical activity participation for children with physical disability: comparing and contrasting the views of children,young people,and their clinicians

Purpose: Existing research has explored the barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation for young people with disability from the perspective of young people and their families. However, little research has investigated the views of clinicians who facilitate access to physical activity programs and compared this with their child client’s perspectives.

Method: Interviews were conducted with six allied health and sports development professionals associated with a programme which supports access to recreation and sporting activities. Interviews explored facilitators and barriers to physical activity experienced by their clients. Open-ended survey questions investigating barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation were also completed by 28 young people with disability aged 10–17 years who were clients of this programme.

Results: The most salient facilitator of participation described by clinicians was “planning programs to promote success and inclusion.” Young people described two main facilitators; “the right people make physical activity fun!” and, similar to clinicians, “appropriate and inclusive opportunities to be active.” The most salient barriers identified by clinicians were “practical limitations” and “time constraints and priorities,” and a novel barrier raised was “whose choice?” The “lack of accessible and inclusive opportunities” was the most pertinent barrier for young people.

Conclusions: Clinicians should determine both parent and young person commitment to a physical activity before enrolment. Lack of commitment can act as a barrier to physical activity and a more appropriate intervention could focus on increasing awareness of the benefits of being active, drawing on a Stages of Change based model of service delivery.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Rehabilitation professionals seeking to increase physical activity participation for young people with physical disability should discuss readiness and motivation to change prior to any activity/sports referral.

• Different behaviour change processes are required for young people and for their parents and both are important to achieve physical activity participation.

• Regular monitoring is important to identify on-going physical and psychological barriers to participation, even for those who were already active.

• Clinicians should be aware that teenagers may be more ready to be active as they develop greater independence and should raise awareness of the benefits of physical activity.

     

Randomized controlled trial of a web-based multi-modal therapy program for executive functioning in children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy

Purpose state: Determine the efficacy of Move-it-to-improve-it (Mitii?), a multi-modal web-based program, in improving Executive Function (EF) in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP).

Method: Participants (n?=?102) were matched in pairs then randomized to: intervention (Mitii? for 20 weeks; n?=?51; 26 males; mean age?=?11 years 8 months (SD?=?2 years 4 months); Full Scale IQ?=?84.65 (SD?=?15.19); 28 left UCP; GMFCS-E&;R (I?=?20, II?=?31) or waitlist control (n?=?50; 25 males; mean age?=?11 years 10 months (SD?=?2 years 5 months); Full Scale IQ?=?80.75 (SD?=?19.81); 20 left UCP; GMFCS-E&;R (I?=?25, II?=?25). Mitii? targeted working memory (WM), visual processing (VP), upper limb co-ordination and physical activity. EF capacity was assessed: attentional control (DSB; WISC-IV); cognitive flexibility (inhibition and number-letter sequencing DKEFS); goal setting (D-KEFs Tower Test); and information processing (WISC-IV Symbol Search and Coding). EF performance was assessed via parent report (BRIEF). Groups were compared at 20 weeks using linear regression (SPSS 21).

Results: There were no significant between group differences in attentional control (DSB; p?=?0.20;CI=??0.40,1.87); cognitive flexibility (Inhibition, p?=?0.34; CI=??0.73,2.11; number/letter sequencing, p?=?0.17; CI=??0.55,2.94); problem solving (Tower; p?=?0.28; CI=??0.61,2.09), information processing (Symbol; p?=?0.08; CI=??0.16, 2.75; Coding; p?=?0.07; CI=??0.12,2.52) or EF performance (p?=?0.13; CI=??10.04,1.38).

Conclusion:In a large RCT, Mitii^TM did not lead to significant improvements on measures of EF or parent ratings of EF performance in children with UCP.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• A large RCT of the multi-modal web based training; Move It to Improve It (Mitii^TM) improves motor processing, visual perception, and physical capacity but does demonstrate statistically significant improvements or clinical significance in executive function in children with mild to moderate unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP).

• Mitii^TM training completed by an intervention group was highly variable with few children reaching the target dosage of 60?h. Technical issues including server and internet connectively problems lead to disengagement with the program.

• Web-based training delivered in the home has the potential to increase therapy dose and accessibility, however, Mitii^TM needs to be tailored to include tasks involving goal-setting, more complex problem solving using multi-dimensional strategies, mental flexibility, switching between two cognitively demanding tasks, and greater novelty in order to increase the cognitive component and challenge required to drive changes in EF.