国产与进口赖诺普利片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口赖诺普利片(降血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者随机分组,按自身交叉、单剂量口服赖诺普利受试和参比制剂各20 mg后,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中赖诺普利的浓度,非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价.结果 赖诺普利片受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(6.00±0.46),(6.35±0.88)h;Cmax分别为(81.47±40.92),(80.91±37.45)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(10.99±6.12),(10.71±3.40)h;AUC0-48分别为(784.90±379.40),(815.40±377.60)ng·h · mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(838.50±392.00),(868.00±392.20)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F为(97.1±11.9)%.结论 国产与进口赖诺普利片具有生物等效.     

扎鲁司特胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片(均平喘药)在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 20名健康男性志愿受试者随机分为2组,用双周期自身交叉、单剂量口服扎鲁司特胶囊(受试制剂)和扎鲁司特片(参比制剂)各20 mg后,用HPLC/MS-MS法测定扎鲁司特的血浆浓度,并计算药代动力学参数。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.50±0.76),(1.63±0.48)h;Cmax分别为(505.34±208.73),(449.62±191.80)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(7.60±4.87),(7.36±4.50)h;AUC0-48分别为(1362±534),(1260±581)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(1371±537),(1268±588)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.6±29.7)%。结论扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片具有生物等效性。     

洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:考察两种洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂,采用LC/MS/MS法测定全血中药物浓度,用DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.67±2.34),(5.30±2.62)h;tmax分别为(1.90±0.50),(2.13±0.39)h;Cmax分别为(8.37±0.84),(8.29±1.00)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(32.25±6.49),(32.71±7.59)ng.h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(33.62±6.94),(34.71±8.62)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F=(99.60±8.30)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

HPLC测定维生素E乳膏中维生素 E的含量

目的建立人血浆中阿奇霉素的高效液相色谱/质谱/质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定法,测定受试者口服阿奇霉素颗粒后的血药浓度,并对受试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法19名健康受试者采用随机双交叉试验设计,单剂量口服阿奇霉素颗粒受试制剂和参比药物各500 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS测定用药后不同时间血药浓度。血药浓度-时间数据经DAS 2.0统计软件处理,计算主要药动学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(2.5±1.1)h和(2.6±1.7)h,Cmax分别为(574.6±209.2)ng.mL-1和(594.5±229.9)ng.mL-1,t1/2分别为(44.7±15.2)h和(42.0±13.0)h,AUC0-144分别为(5 319.6±2 507.8)h.ng.mL-1和(5 710.7±2 710.1)h.ng.mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(5 704.2±2 858.7)h.ng.mL-1和(6 010.0±2 808.1)h.ng.mL-1,以AUC0-144计算,相对生物利用度为(94.2±15.7)%。两制剂的主要药动学参数无显著性差异。结论...     

国产雷米普利胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究健康受试者口服雷米普利胶囊(抗高血压药)的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康受试者随机服用雷米普利受试和参比制剂各10mg,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中雷米普利和雷米普利拉的浓度。结果主要药代动力学参数,试验与参比制剂中雷米普利的tmax分别为(0.60±0.17),(0.63±0.25)h;Cmax分别为(40.11±14.48),(41.78±13.18)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.75±1.36),(2.28±1.28)h;AUC0-12分别为(42.09±11.22),(41.81±12.89)ng·h·mL-1;试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.47±16.02)%。试验与参比制剂中雷米普利拉的tmax分别为(2.70±0.47),(2.60±0.60)h;Cmax分别为(42.02±12.53),(41.80±14.65)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(17.99±6.28),(18.51±5.81)h;AUC0-72分别为(310.65±91.42),(310.21±102.74)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.09±15.28)%。结论参比与试验制剂具有生物等效性。     

进口与国产利培酮薄膜衣片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的 研究利培酮薄膜衣片(抗精神分裂症药)在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 23名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂(进口)和参比制剂(国产)2 mg后,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,利培酮:AUC0～t分别为(94.76±82.93)和(103.05±117.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～1分别为(96.72±84.52)和(105.19±119.36)ng·h·mL0-1;Cmax分别为(15.91±5.63)和(16.21±11.56)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.14±0.73)和(1.15±0.54)h;t1/2分别为(7.32±5.94)和(7.44±6.50)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.68±40.21)%.9-羟基利培酮:AUC0-96h分别为(268.56±85.20)和(279.64 ±117.86)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(282.74±87.46)和(294.28±120.32)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(10.84±4.69)和(11.11±4.80)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.35±2.32)和(4.48±2.76)h;t1/2分别为(23.18±3.26)和(23.12±4.31)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.37±27.23)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

克拉霉素软胶囊在中国健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:评价受试制剂克拉霉素软胶囊与参比制剂克拉霉素片在中国健康人体中的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期随机交叉试验设计,入选20名男性健康受试者单剂空腹口服参比制剂和受试制剂0.25g,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定血浆中克拉霉素的浓度,经BAPP2.0软件处理参数,并进行双单侧t检验确定是否生物等效。结果:主要药代动力学参数:受试制剂和参比制剂克拉霉素的达峰时间tmax分别为(2.1±0.6)、(2.0±0.8)h;Cmax分别为(815±191)、(800±200)ng/mL;t1/2分别为(4.0±0.4)、(3.9±0.5)h;AUC0-24h分别为(5612±1283)、(5246±1375)ng.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5722±1313)、(5339±1402)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(110.5±23.9)%。结论:受试制剂克拉霉素软胶囊与参比制剂克拉霉素片生物等效。     

烟酸缓释片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究烟酸缓释片(广谱凋血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价其生物等效性.方法 30名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂1.5 g,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中烟酸浓度.结果 单剂量口服烟酸试验制剂或参比制剂1.5 g,药代动力学参数如下:AUC0-t分别为(20.05±16.29),(21.61±18.06)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(20.81±16.30),(22.81±18.47)μg·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(8.72±6.81),(9.57±8.22)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(4.41±1.34),(4.31±1.29)h;t1/2分别为(4.00±4.90),(2.91±3.39)h,烟酸缓释片的相对生物利用度为(96.6±30.9)%.结论 受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

劳拉西泮片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究劳拉西泮片(镇静药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服试验和参比制剂劳拉西泮片3mg;于服药后48h内,抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中劳拉西泮浓度;用3P97药代动力学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果劳拉西泮的药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(35.77±6.84),(36.95±4.60)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.38±0.56),(2.23±0.48)h;t1/2(Ke)分别为(13.72±2.07),(13.83±2.49)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(542.19±84.33),(527.53±63.52)ng·h·mL-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(605.22±93.52),(599.37±71.56)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度F=(103.5±15.9)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟康唑在健康人体的药物动力学和生物等效性

目的 研究氟康唑(抗真菌药)在健康人体的药物动力学及生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机双交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂150 mg,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联法测定人血浆中氟康唑的浓度.使用DAS软件拟合计算药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂药物动力学参数:Cmax分别为(3.26±0.54),(3.17±0.41)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.42±0.65),(1.62±0.75)h;t1/2分别为(29.75±4.89),(30.34±4.67)h;AUC0-120h分别为(131.4 ±23.4),(135.2±20.6)μg·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(140.5±26.3),(145.0±23.6)μg·mL-1·h.受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(97.2±7.6)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.