脱钙冻干骨修复种植周骨缺损的扫描电镜观察

目的比较脱钙冻干骨(DFDB)、脱钙冻干骨复合人重组骨形成蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)、脱钙冻干骨联合钛膜的骨修复能力。方法 3条犬股骨种植体周形成4 mm×3 mm×3 mm的骨缺损,分别植入上述3种不同材料。术后4、8、12周分期处死动物,取含种植体的骨段进行扫描电镜观察,观察新骨形成情况及其与种植体之间的缝隙。结果 DFDB可单独用于修复种植体周骨缺损,但成骨作用较慢;DFDB+rhBMP-2和DFDB+钛膜能较早诱导新骨形成,加速骨整合过程。结论DFDB是一种较理想的骨修复材料,复合rhBMP-2或与钛膜联用时效果更佳。     

Effects of ethylene oxide and steam sterilization on dialysis-induced cytokine release by cuprophan membrane

The effects of sterilization modalities on dialysis-induced cytokine release are still unknown. To investigate these effects, 8 patients on chronic hemodialysis were enrolled for evaluating at different intervals interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production (pg/ml/106). They were using a 1.3 m2 ethylene oxide (E3) or steam (E3S) sterilized Cuprophan membrane. The patients underwent a basal test with E3 (A1) and 2 following tests after 1 (B1) and 2 (B2) months of E3S treatment, respectively. Finally, the last test was performed 1 month after the switch to E3 (A2). Il-1beta predialysis release by mononuclear cells was 162 +/- 114 pg/ml/106 in A1, 185 +/- 129 pg/ml/106 in B1, and 226 +/- 138 pg/ml/106 in B2, then decreased to 123 +/- 134 in A2 (p < 0.07). Il-1beta postdialysis levels were 234 +/- 238 pg/ml/106 in A1, 429 +/- 285 pg/ml/106 (B1), and 438 +/- 473 pg/ml/106 (B2) with the steam membrane, decreasing to 204 +/- 134 pg/ml/106 in A2 (p < 0.01). TNF-alpha predialysis basal release (A1) was 826 +/- 817 pg/ml/106, 720 +/- 496 in B1, and 1079 +/- 515 pg/ml/106 in B2, and finally 680 +/- 588 pg/ml/106 in A2 (p < 0.03). In postdialysis TNF-alpha levels were 963 +/- 542 pg/ml/106 in A1, 1,226 +/- 541 pg/ml/106, and 1,183 +/- 776 in B1 and B2 respectively, and 388 +/- 297 pg/ml/106 in A2 (p < 0.003). Steam sterilization seems to induce a higher cytokine release by mononuclear cells when a Cuprophan membrane is used. This finding may be related to a less physiologic action of the steam in the case of Cuprophan membranes. Further studies are needed to clarify this hypothesis.     

Efficacy of autograft and freeze-dried allograft to enhance fixation of porous coated implants in the presence of interface gaps.

Autogenous cancellous bone and freeze-dried allogeneic cancellous bone were tested in a total of 41 adult male mongrel dogs. In each humerus, an implant with a commercially pure titanium fiber metal porous coating was placed in an overreamed cavity so that a uniform 3-mm gap was present between the implant and host cancellous bone. Graft material was placed in the gap of one humerus while the gap of the other humerus was left empty and served as a paired negative control. Histologically, both autograft and allograft appeared to aid repair of the defect, but quantitatively only autograft enhanced new bone formation within the defect. Treatment with autograft significantly increased the amount of bone ingrowth within the implants by nearly three-fold at 4 weeks and eight-fold at 8 weeks. The enhancing effect was recognizable as early as 2 weeks. The strength of fixation was increased by nearly seven-fold at 4 weeks and two-fold at 8 weeks in the autograft group, but this was only statistically significant at 4 weeks. Treatment with allograft did not enhance bone ingrowth at any time period, but had a small positive effect on strength of fixation at 4 weeks.     

环氧乙烷和2％碱性戊二醛法用于经内镜逆行胰胆管造影附件灭菌效果分析

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopicret rogradecholangio—pancreatography,ERCP）已广泛应用于胆道、胰腺疾病的诊治中,部分附件因为经济原因需要反复多次使用。     

冻干骨对间充质干细胞成骨能力的影响

目的：研究人冻干骨(FDB)对间充质干细胞(MSCs)成骨能力的影响。方法：通过体外细胞培养模型，以扫描电镜观察MSCs在FDB上的附着情况：将在体外孵育不同时间(2h、1、10d)的MSCs-FDB复合物植入裸鼠体内，分别在2、4和8周，对植入物进行组织学和形态计量学检查。结果：FDB表面及内部都有MSCs附着生长，孵育了不同时间的MSCs-FDB复合物，在裸鼠体内都有明显的成骨，骨量无明显差别。结论：FDB与MSCs有良好的相容性，MSCs在冻干骨上孵育不同的时间(10d内)，对其植入体内后的成骨能力没有明显影响。     

同种异体骨复合氨基胍对兔桡骨缺损愈合的影响

目的探讨同种异体松质骨和iNOS选择性抑制剂氨基胍(AG)复合物对兔桡骨中段骨缺损愈合的影响。材料和方法制备同种异体松质骨并和氨基胍复合。制备兔桡骨骨缺损动物模型。左侧前肢植入同种异体松质骨,右侧前肢植入氨基胍和同种异体松质骨复合物。术后2、4、8、12周,行肉眼观察、X线片、骨密度检查和组织学切片检查。术后12周,用材料性能试验机行三点弯曲试验。并与正常桡骨比较。结果氨基胍和同种异体松质骨复合物在骨缺损愈合过程中成骨量、成骨速度、时间均优于单纯同种异体松质骨。术后12周骨缺损基本得到修复。结论iNOS选择性抑制剂氨基胍可促进骨缺损愈合。     

糖尿病患者血清一氧化氮水平对骨代谢影响

目的探讨糖尿病患者血清一氧化氮水平对成骨细胞、Ⅰ型骨胶原代谢的作用。方法 对确诊1型和2型糖尿病的378例患者测定血清一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)(硝酸还原酶法)、骨钙素《BGP放免法)、尿脱氧吡啶啉(DPD化学发光法)、尿肌酐(Cr酶法),双能X线测定腰椎正位、前臂、髋部骨密度(BMD),并与同期体检的342例健康人群进行比较。结果 糖尿病患者血清NO、NOS显著高于对照组(P<0.001;P<0.05),BGP显著低于对照组(P<0.001),DPD／Cr则显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。糖尿病组和对照组NO与BGP、DPD及各部位BMD均无显著线性相关(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病患者成骨细胞代谢显著低于健康人而Ⅰ型骨胶原分解代谢则显著高于健康人,血清一氧化氮水平与成骨细胞和Ⅰ型骨胶原代谢无显著相关性。     

Tissue response and osteoinduction of human bone grafts in vivo

Freeze-dried human bone allograft is used clinically as an adjunct to autologous bone graft. When freeze-dried human bone allograft is demineralized, the allograft is osteoinductive, since it causes bone to form heterotopically. Both types of allograft are also used alone, such as in spinal fusions, critical size defects, and periodontal therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of demineralization on the osteoinductive potential of human bone grafts obtained from two different groups of patients. One group consisted of six patients younger than 42 years of age, while the other group consisted of six patients who were older than 70 years of age. The harvested material was lyophilized and divided into two portions, one of which was used directly while the other was demineralized. Osteoinductive ability was established using an in vivo assay for heterotopic bone formation. Activity in these bone grafts was compared with a batch of commercially prepared demineralized, freeze-dried human bone grafts that had been previously shown to be active and another batch that had been shown to display low (‘inactive’) osteoinductive ability. A bone induction score was determined for each group of grafts based on the number and size of any ossicles formed. In addition, the area of new bone formation and area of residual particles were determined histomorphometrically. Tissue response to the bone grafts varied with donor age and whether the samples had been demineralized or not. Only demineralized, freeze-dried bone graft from patients younger than 42 years of age was osteoinductive; all other batches displayed little or no osteoinductive activity. In the demineralized, freeze-dried bone from donors younger than 42 years of age, the bone induction score and new bone area were significantly higher than in the other batches of bone graft, and the area of residual particles was reduced. Both demineralized and nondemineralized bone graft from patients older than 70 years of age were encapsulated in dense, fibrous connective tissue. These results may help explain the observed differences in clinical outcome when demineralized, freeze-dried bone graft or nondemineralized, freeze-dried bone graft from different donors is used in bone regeneration applications. Received: 8 December 2000     

Comparison of freeze-dried tibialis anterior allograft and four-strand hamstring autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the patients who underwent primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery with either hamstring autograft or freeze-dried tibialis anterior allograft, which performed by the same surgeon using the same fixation technique.

Cortical versus trabecular bone mass: Influence of activity on both bone components

Motivated by the controversy in the literature concerning the influence of activity on bone mass and on its cortical and trabecular components, a study was made using computed peripheral tomography (Stratec XCT 900) of the total, cortical, and trabecular bone mass of the dominant and nondominant upper extremities of 50 apparently normal subjects (average age 26±6 years). No differences were observed in the trabecular bone compartment, but the cortical compartment was greater (P<0.001) in the dominant extremity. There was also a significantly greater total bone mass in the dominant extremity which we attributed to greater cortical mass (P<0.025) given the highly significant correlation (r²=0.904, P=0.0001) between total and cortical bone mass and the less significant correlation between total and trabecular bone mass (r²=0.479, P=0.0001).     

应用解剖型骨水泥股骨假体结合冻干骨打压植骨进行髋关节翻修

[目的]探讨结合应用解剖型骨水泥股骨假体和冷冻干燥颗粒骨打压植骨(IBG)进行股骨翻修的可行性及临床效果。[方法]作者在2001年1月～2005年12月期间,在髋关节翻修中,有49例在股骨翻修中应用解剖型骨水泥柄结合冷冻干燥颗粒骨打压植骨技术,其中有36例(73%)存在严重的骨缺损(Paprosky分型ⅢB或Ⅳ)。平均随访时间为35.3个月(26～52个月)。通过Harris评分和X线片对结果进行评价。[结果]Harris评分从术前的平均44.6分提高到最后评估时的平均88.3分,Harris评分优良率为89.8%。X线片未显示有明显的股骨假体下沉。1例出现术后感染,1例出现术后脱位,感染率及脱位率均为2%,3例出现了术中股骨骨折及股骨柄穿孔,其发生率为6.1%,但这些与假体及植骨材料选择无关。[结论]使用解剖型骨水泥股骨假体结合异体冷冻干燥颗粒骨打压植骨技术,对有严重骨缺损的股骨进行翻修是可行的,并且中短期的临床效果满意,长期效果还有待观察。     

混合植骨技术结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯重建髋臼严重骨缺损

 目的 探讨自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合植骨方法在治疗髋臼严重骨缺损中恢复髋臼骨量的作用,评价混合植骨技术结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯重建髋臼的临床效果。方法 1999年4月至2007年12月,采用自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合打压植骨结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯对髋臼严重骨缺损18例19髋进行重建。男8例,女10例;年龄33~76岁,平均64.7岁。全髋关节置换术后髋臼周围骨溶解导致髋臼假体松动而行翻修术17例,髋臼发育不良行髋臼截骨术后继发髋关节骨关节炎行全髋关节置换1例。Paprosky ⅡB型骨缺损5髋,Paprosky ⅡC型2髋,Paprosky ⅢA型6髋,Paprosky ⅢB型6髋。结果 全部病例随访3.6~12.3年,平均6.5年。Harris髋关节评分由术前平均(38.7±9.6)分提高至末次随访(87.6±7.8)分。术后3~6个月X线检查可见髋臼植骨区骨长入,1年后植骨区骨整合良好。随访期间未发现髋臼再松动病例。1例出现髋臼聚乙烯明显磨损,髋关节旋转中心上移。结论 自体骨和异体冷冻干燥骨混合打压植骨可有效恢复髋臼骨量,植骨中加入的自体骨可促进植骨区骨长入,混合植骨方法结合髋臼加强杯或钛网杯固定治疗髋臼严重骨缺损疗效确切。     

不同种类骨移植在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术中的中长期疗效评价

背景:脊柱侧凸矫正术中植骨融合技术是决定矫形治疗结果的关键因素之一。因自体骨应用受限,同种异体骨移植已广泛应用于临床。但同种异体皮质骨颗粒与同种异体松质骨颗粒在脊柱矫形患者中应用的实际效果是否一致?目的:比较不同种类骨移植在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形植骨融合术中的应用效果。方法:2004年1月至2007年1月107例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者接受经后路脊柱侧凸矫形植骨融合手术。根据植骨材料不同分为A组(同种异体松质骨植骨,57例)和B组(同种异体皮质骨植骨,50例),比较两组患者随访第6、9、12、18、24、36个月的植骨融合情况、术后Cobb角变化情况及并发症等。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、主弯Cobb角、融合节段数及植骨量均无明显差异。平均随访时间为39.8个月。所有病例畸形明显矫正,术后1周总体矫正率为74.2%,最终随访总体矫正率72.1%。术后1周Cobb角及畸形矫形率,最终随访Cobb角、畸形矫形率及矫形度数丢失方面,两组相比均无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。所有病例最终达到植骨骨性融合,A组平均融合时间15.0个月(6～36个月),B组平均融合时间15.9个月(6～36个月)。术后第6、9、12、18、24、36个月,两组骨性融合率均无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组均未发生螺钉松动、断裂、断棒、假关节等并发症。术后A组4例(7.0%)、B组3例(6.0%)患者出现脑脊液漏,A组1例(1.8%)患者出现切口局部愈合障碍,均得到合理处理。结论:同种异体松质骨或皮质骨骨移植是脊柱侧凸后路矫形植骨融合术中较为理想的植骨方法之一,尤其是后者更是具有来源广泛、骨量大的优点。但在使用时,需根据同种异体骨骨愈合机制来制定术后治疗和康复计划,确保发挥复合骨移植在脊柱矫形术中的优势。     

In vivo study on the healing of bone defects treated with bone marrow stromal cells, platelet-rich plasma, and freeze-dried bone allografts, alone and in combination.

The repair of confined trabecular bone defects in rabbits treated by autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), freeze-dried bone allografts (FDBA) alone and in combination (BMSC + PRP; FDBA + BMSC; FDBA + PRP; FDBA + PRP + BMSC) was compared. A critical size defect was created in the distal part of the femurs of 48 adult rabbits. Histology and histomorphometry were used in the evaluation of healing at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery. The healing rate (%) was calculated by measuring the residual bone defect area. Architecture of the newly formed bone was compared with that of bone at the same distal femur area of healthy rabbits. The defect healing rate was higher in PRP + BMSC, FDBA + PRP, FDBA + BMSC, and FDBA + PRP + BMSC treatments, while lower values were achieved with PRP treatment at all experimental times. The highest bone-healing rate at 2 weeks was achieved with FDBA + PRP + BMSC treatment, which resulted significantly different from PRP (p < 0.05) and BMSC (p < 0.05) treatments. At 4 weeks, the bone-healing rate increased except for PRP treatment. Finally, the bone-healing rate of FDBA + PRP, FDBA + BMSC, and FDBA + PRP + BMSC was significantly higher than that of PRP at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, significant differences still existed between PRP, BMSC, and FDBA groups and normal bone (p < 0.05). These results showed that the combination of FDBA, BMSC and PRP permitted an acceleration in bone healing and bone remodeling processes.     

同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨联合不同类型假体在严重髋臼骨缺损翻修中的应用

目的探讨对严重髋臼骨缺损患者采用同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨联合骨水泥型或非骨水泥型假体翻修的早中期疗效。方法回顾分析2011年2月-2018年5月采用同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨联合假体翻修治疗的42例(44髋)严重髋臼骨缺损患者临床资料,其中采用骨水泥型臼杯24例(24髋)、非骨水泥型臼杯18例(20髋)。男17例,女25例;年龄22~84岁,平均62.8岁。初次人工全髋关节置换术距该次翻修术时间为2.5~12.0年,平均8.3年。翻修原因:假体无菌性松动31例(32髋),假体周围感染11例(12髋)。按照髋臼骨缺损Paprosky分型标准:ⅢA型28例(29髋),ⅢB型14例(15髋)。术前髋关节Harris评分为(22.25±10.31)分。髋关节旋转中心高度为(3.67±0.63)cm,双下肢长度差值为(3.41±0.64)cm。结果手术时间为130~245 min,平均186 min。术中出血量600~2400 mL,平均840 mL。术后引流量250~1450 mL,平均556 mL。术后1例出现切口浅表感染,其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间6~87个月,平均48.6个月。末次随访时Harris评分为(85.85±9.31)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.563,P=0.000)。影像学复查显示同种异体骨与宿主骨逐步融合,未见明显骨吸收。末次随访时,髋关节旋转中心高度为(1.01±0.21)cm,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=17.549,P=0.000);双下肢长度差值为(0.62±0.51)cm,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.211,P=0.000)。与术前相比,末次随访骨水泥组、非骨水泥组Harris评分明显提高,髋关节旋转中心高度下降且均在Ranawat三角内,双下肢长度差值亦减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组髋关节旋转中心高度比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.095,P=0.042),Harris评分及双下肢长度差值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于PaproskyⅢ型髋臼骨缺损患者,根据缺损程度选择同种异体颗粒骨打压植骨联合骨水泥型或非骨水泥型假体翻修,均可有效重建髋关节,并获得较好的早中期疗效。     

Influence of the ratio of particulate autogenous bone graft/platelet‐rich plasma on bone healing in critical‐size defects: A histologic and histometric study in rat calvaria

The purpose of this study was to analyze histomorphometrically the influence of the ratio of particulate autogenous bone (AB) graft/platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) on bone healing in surgically created critical‐size defects (CSD) in rat calvaria. Fifty rats were divided into five groups: Group C (control), Group AB, Group AB/PRP‐50, Group AB/PRP‐100, and Group AB/PRP‐150. A 5‐mm diameter critical‐size defect was created in the calvarium of each animal. In Group C, the defect was filled by blood clot only. In Group AB, the defect was filled with 0.01 mL of AB graft. In Groups AB/PRP‐50, AB/PRP‐100, and AB/PRP‐150, the defects were filled with 0.01 mL of AB graft combined with 50, 100, and 150 µL of PRP, respectively. All animals were euthanized at 30 days postoperative. Histomorphometry, using image analysis software, and histology analyses were performed. New Bone Area (NBA) and the remaining bone graft particles area (RPA) were calculated as a percentage of the total area of the original defect. Percentage data were transformed into arccosine for analysis. No defect completely regenerated with bone. Group AB/PRP‐50 (41.78 ± 13.48%) had a significantly greater NBA than Groups C (19.29 ± 5.11%), AB (27.43 ± 10.90%) or AB/PRP‐150 (19.17 ± 8.45%) (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups AB/PRP‐50 and AB/PRP‐100 or among groups AB, AB/PRP‐100, and AB/PRP‐150 with regard to NBA (p > 0.05). Group AB/PRP‐150 (31.59 ± 3.22%) had a significantly greater RPA than Groups AB (19.09 ± 5.21%), AB/PRP‐50 (17.33 ± 4.43%), and AB/PRP‐100 (19.72 ± 3.62%) (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed among groups AB, AB/PRP‐50, and AB/PRP‐100 with regard to RPA (p > 0.05). The ratio AB graft/PRP influences bone healing in surgically created CSD in rat calvaria. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:468–473, 2010     

Effects of raloxifene,hormone replacement therapy,and placebo on bone turnover in postmenopausal women

Raloxifene, a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), increases bone mineral density (BMD), decreases biochemical markers of bone turnover, and prevents incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women, while sparing the breast and endometrium from the undesirable stimulation caused by estrogen. How the long-term beneficial effects of raloxifene on bone turnover, as assessed by bone histomorphometry, compare with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and placebo are not known. We studied 66 healthy postmenopausal women (age 55 to 75 years, mean 63 years) who were randomized to either raloxifene 150 mg/day, HRT (Premarin 0.625 mg/day, and Provera 2.5 mg/day), or placebo for 1 year. All women received 1–1.5 g of calcium/day. Following double tetracycline labeling, transiliac bone biopsies were obtained at baseline and 1 year and analyzed for changes in histologic indexes of bone remodeling on the cancellous surface as well as at the endocortical subdivision of the endosteal envelope, the location of the greatest fraction of postmenopausal bone loss. BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover were also determined at baseline and 1 year. Four paired biopsies were obtained in the HRT group, six in the raloxifene group, and five in the placebo group. The frequency of remodeling events on cancellous bone and rate of bone formation in both cancellous and endocortical bone increased in the placebo group, while these measurements decreased in both drug treatment groups. Using analysis of mean percentage changes, when compared with the placebo group, these changes were significantly different for both raloxifene and HRT treatment groups (p<0.02). In all subjects, the bone was lamellar with discrete tetracycline labels and there was no evidence of marrow fibrosis or abnormal bone cells. BMD increased from baseline at the lumbar spine (p<0.05 in the HRT group) and in the total body (p<0.05 for both raloxifene and HRT). Compared with that of the raloxifene group, the increase in BMD was greater in the HRT group at the lumbar spine but not in the total body. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, and urine C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen significantly decreased (p<0.05) in both active treatment groups, changes significantly different from those seen with placebo. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that raloxifene preserves bone mass by reducing the elevated bone turnover found in postmenopausal women receiving placebo, by mechanisms similar to those operative in postmenopausal women receiving HRT.     

Influence of weight and seasonal changes on radiogrammetry and bone densitometry

We studied the behavior of radiogrammetric and densitometric measurements in relation to season and body weight in a group of 30 healthy premenopausal women. Measurements were made at 6-month intervals, in summer/fall when bone density increases and in winter/spring when bone density declines. Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and regional bone mineral content (RBMC) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Metacarpal radiogrammetry was carried out with computed radiography. Weight and body mass index increased significantly in winter (P<0.05) and total body and RBMC decreased (P<0.001). The opposite occurred in summer: weight and body mass index decreased significantly (P<0.05) and total body and regional bone mineral content increased (P<0.001). Differences in TBBMC persisted when the measurement was corrected for weight (TBBMC/W) (P<0.001), but not for metacarpal cortical thickness corrected for weight. In the first measurement made there were significant relations between weight and both TBBMC (P<0.001) and metacarpal cortical thickness (P<0.005). The relation between weight and TBBMC remained significant in later measurements, but the relation between weight and metacarpal cortical thickness ceased to be significant in the second and fourth measurements. Our results show that there is an important seasonal variation in bone mass and that DXA is more sensitive than radiogrammetry in registering these changes.     

Ethylene Oxide in Dialyzer Rinsing Fluid: Effect of Rinsing Technique, Dialyzer Storage Time, and Potting Compound

Ethylene oxide (ETO) is recognized as one of the main causes of dialyzer-associated hypersensitivity reactions. We studied the amount of ETO in the rinsing fluid of ETO-sterilized hollow-fiber dialyzers as a function of rinsing technique, dialyzer storage time, and the amount of potting compound (known to be an ETO reservoir) in the dialyzer. The results suggested that the initial 500 ml of rinsing fluid removes much of the residual ETO in the dialyzer. Ethylene oxide extraction was enhanced substantially by rinsing at 37 degrees C versus 5 degrees C. However, considerable amounts of ETO remained in the dialyzer after an initial 500 ml rinse, some of which could be removed by rinsing with an additional 1,500 ml. High concentrations of ETO were measured in fluid that had been recirculated through the dialyzer for 10 min or longer and in fluid that had been allowed to remain in the dialyzer for 10 min under zero-flow conditions. The amount of ETO in the rinsing fluid decreased markedly as the dialyzer storage time was increased from 4 to 8 weeks and in dialyzers in which a portion of the potting compound had been replaced with a polycarbonate ring. Our results suggest that the dose of ETO administered to the patient at the outset of dialysis can be minimized by rinsing the dialyzer with 2 L of fluid at 37 degrees C and by avoiding administration of rinsing fluid that has been allowed to remain in contact with the dialyzer for more than several minutes. Use of a long storage interval and use of dialyzers containing reduced amounts of potting material will also reduce the ETO load.     

复合骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)的微小颗粒骨修复兔桡骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)修复节段性兔桡骨缺损的效果。方法将兔自体或同种异体骨研磨成微小颗粒，分别与BMP及Ⅰ型胶原复合，并采用兔桡骨干1．5cm缺损的动物模型，通过X线、组织学、骨密度、生物力学等检测手段，与自体微小颗粒骨复合胶原修复节段性骨缺损的疗效比较。结果自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合BMP胶原比自体微小颗粒骨复合胶原成骨效果优良，其中复合BMP组在8周即可使骨缺损修复，髓腔通畅，在骨缺损修复各时期，其成骨速度及成骨量均好于未复合BMP组。结论自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原BMP均可有效地修复节段性骨缺损，两种方法促进新骨形成无明显差异，异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原BMP是良好的骨缺损修复材料。