超声断层显像技术诊断胎儿畸形

目的 探讨超声断层显像技术(tomographic ultrasound imaging,TUI)在胎儿畸形诊断中的应用价值.方法 对760例妊娠14～40周胎儿进行TUI检查.利用实时三维容积探头获取容积数据,观察胎儿头颅、颜面部、心脏、胸腹腔等解剖结构,实时显示三维图像或在检查结束后脱机分析.结果 760例胎儿中共检出胎儿畸形23例,其中唇裂畸形7例(2例合并腭裂),脑积水2例,脊柱裂1例,心脏畸形3例(2例室缺,1例右室双出口),心脏外翻1例(合并单心房单心室),腹裂2例(肠膨出),多囊肾1例,肾积水3例,胸、腹水3例.结论 TUI技术能较直观显示胎儿各个方向上的断层图像,便于识别胎儿畸形,是胎儿畸形产前筛查快捷有效的方法.     

实时三维超声在产前胎儿超声检查中的初步应用

目的探讨实时三维超声在产前胎儿超声成像中应用的临床价值。方法对26例孕龄16～41周的正常适龄胎儿进行实时三维超声检查。观察胎儿的心脏、颜面部、头颅、胸腹部各重要解剖结构。实时显示三维图像,或者在检查结束后脱机分析图像。结果26例胎儿均获得满意的实时三维图像,包括心脏、颜面部、头颅、胸腹部结构。其中26例观察了心脏,14例观察了颜面部,12例观察了头颅,6例观察了胸腹部。结论实时三维超声能够实时直观地显示胎儿各部位解剖结构的三维立体图像,比传统的二维超声提供更直观的图像信息,其在胎儿先天性畸形显像及筛查中具有重要的应用价值。     

断层超声显像技术联合时间空间相关成像技术在胎儿心脏筛查中的初步应用

目的 探讨断层超声显像(TUI)技术和时间空间相关成像技术在胎儿心脏筛查中的应用价值.方法 采用时间空间相关成像技术采集60例孕龄19～34周正常胎儿心脏容积图像,再应用断层超声显像技术脱机进行分析,再现四腔心、左室流出道、右室流出道和三血管气管切面.结果 所有60例胎儿均获得了满意的TUI图像,其中51例可直接获得上述4个筛查切面,9例需沿Y轴稍微旋转图像.结论 断层超声显像和时间空间相关成像技术可应用于胎儿心脏筛查,可降低胎儿心脏筛查的难度.     

初学者应用超声断层成像技术显示胎儿心脏结构的探索

目的探索超声断层成像（TUI）技术能否提高初学产科超声操作医师对胎儿心脏结构的显示率,了解该技术在胎儿心脏检查中的临床应用价值。方法先由一名熟练的产科超声医师（a）应用二维超声对200例正常中孕期胎儿的心脏进行检查并存储图像;再由一名初学产科超声的医师（b）应用时空关联成像（STIC）技术获取胎儿心脏的容积数据,然后应用TUI程序获得心脏检查各切面并保存;最后由一名超声医师（c）将同一胎儿心脏的二维图像与TUI重现的心脏各切面进行对比并根据切面图像的质量及诊断价值进行评分。结果200例正常胎儿心脏超声检查中,185例获得满意的容积数据。应用TUI技术能够获得胎儿心脏检查所需的切面,获取四腔心、左心室流出道、右心室流出道、三血管及胃泡切面的显示率分别为100．O％、92．2％、87．8％、98．9％及100．0％。TUI法获取各切面与常规二维切面的显示率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,符合产前超声检查的质量要求。结论TUI技术是一种简单易学的胎儿心脏结构超声显示方法,初学者应用该技术能够显示胎儿心脏超声检查的常用切面,该技术降低了培训超声医师检查胎儿心脏的难度,有利于超声检查胎儿心脏的推广应用。     

产前三维超声TUI技术对胎儿胼胝体发育不全的诊断价值

目的 分析三维断层超声显像技术(tomographic ultrasound imaging,TUI)在胎儿胼胝体发育不全(agenesis of the corpus callosum,ACC)中的图像特征,评价TUI诊断胎儿胼胝体发育不全的价值.方法 应用TUI对34例二维可疑ACC的三维容积数据进行后处理分析,获得显示胼胝体最好的胎头正中矢状切面,并将结果与二维超声结果进行比较.结果 TUI技术对ACC的显示率为97.0％ (33/34);二维超声对ACC的显示率为52.9％ (18/34),二者的显示率差别有统计意义(P＜0.05).结论 三维超声TUI技术在胎儿ACC的产前诊断上具有较高的应用价值.     

超声断层显像与常规二维超声进行胎儿心脏筛查的比较研究

目的 比较超声断层显像(TUI)技术与常规二维超声进行胎儿心脏筛查的图像显示合格率和图像质量,分析TUI进行胎儿心脏筛查的可行性.方法 110例中孕期正常胎儿,利用时空关联成像(STIC)技术,一次性扫描获得整个心脏的容积数据,然后脱机分析,采用TUI法,调整层距、中心层位置后,分别在灰阶模式下及彩色多普勒血流模式下,重现胎儿心脏筛查所需要的四腔心切面,左、右室流出道切面和三血管切面.按事先确定的评分标准,分别对TUI重现图像及常规二维超声所获得切面进行评分比较,并统计图像显示合格率.结果 纳入研究的110例正常胎儿心脏中,在胎位相同的条件下,TUI法重现的四腔心切面,左、右室流出道切面及三血管切面灰阶图的显示率分别为100%、88.9%、80.0%、84.4%,常规二维超声显示率分别为100%、86.2%、50.0%、100%.TUI法重现各切面(灰阶图和血流图)的显示率与常规二维超声各相应切面的显示率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).图像质量评分显示,仅在灰阶图中四腔心切面筛查图像评分低于TUI法,常规二维超声中右室流出道切面评分高于TUI法(P＜0.05),其余各切面比较差异均无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 TUI法重现的各切面基本能够达到与直接获得的二维切面相同的合格率和图像质量,可以满足中孕期胎儿心脏筛查离线分析的需要.     

超声血管增强技术联合断层超声显像技术在胎儿先天性心脏病诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声血管增强技术(VET)联合断层超声显像技术(TUI)在胎儿先天性心脏病诊断中的应用价值.方法应用VET-TUI技术对二维超声筛查诊断为先天性心脏病的17例孕22~30周中晚孕期胎儿进行检查,在获取满意的胎儿心脏容积数据后通过TUI模式,对胎儿心脏进行断层分析,并与产后临床检查结果进行对照分析.结果产前应用VET-TUI技术17例胎儿均获得满意的心脏容积数据及胎儿心脏断层成像图像,17例先天性心脏病胎儿中单一性先天性心脏病3例,复合性先天性心脏病14例.17例胎儿心脏畸形包括心内膜垫缺损5例、永存左位上腔静脉7例(其中1例下腔静脉离断合并异常连接)、右心室双出口4例(包括左侧心室解剖右心室双出口)、肺动脉狭窄6例、室间隔缺损8例、主动脉弓缩窄2例、大动脉转位1例、主动脉闭锁2例、右位主动脉弓3例、左心室发育不良2例、右心室发育不良1例、单心室1例、三房心1例、镜面右位心1例.产前超声诊断与引产后尸检结果相符合10例(10/17),与产后超声心动图复查结果相符合5例(5/17),误诊2例(1例超声诊断永存动脉干,尸检证实为升主动脉闭锁,1例超声诊断单心室,尸检证实为左心室发育不良).结论应用VET-TUI技术可增加超声图像的清晰度,使胎儿心脏与大血管容积图像清晰直观,易于辨别,较常规二维超声心动图能提供更多胎儿心脏细微解剖结构的诊断信息.     

二维超声及三维超声多种成像技术在胎儿唇腭裂畸形诊断中的联合应用

目的研究二维超声及三维超声多种成像技术在胎儿唇腭裂畸形诊断中的图像特征。 方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月在南京医科大学附属苏州医院产科接受中孕期结构畸形筛查发现唇腭部异常的胎儿均行三维超声表面成像、断层成像（TUI）及自由解剖成像（OmniView模式）多种成像技术联合检查,并随访至出生后或引产后。结合产前超声检查图像,研究唇腭裂胎儿颜面部三维超声图像特征。 结果产前超声筛查的19 168例中孕期胎儿中检出唇腭部结构畸形36例（0.19%）。36例唇腭裂胎儿超声征象：单纯唇裂（CL）8例,二维、TUI及OmniView模式均检出胎儿唇裂;三维表面成像漏诊1例唇红裂。二维及三维成像技术均显示胎儿上唇连续性中断,但三维成像显示更直观。唇裂合并上牙槽突裂（CLA）11例,二维超声显示8例,三维表面成像、TUI均诊断9例,漏诊2例,OmniView技术诊断10例,漏诊1例,联合检查诊断10例,漏诊1例。主要超声征像：上唇及上牙槽突连续性中断,二维超声对于牙槽突裂显示较困难,TUI及OmniView可从多角度显示牙槽突裂。唇裂合并腭裂（CLP）17例,二维超声（诊断10例）、三维超声表面成像模式（诊断13例）、TUI（诊断15例）、OmniView模式（诊断16例）均未全部检出;而17例CLP经联合检查全部检出。超声征象为上唇、原发腭及继发腭的连续中断,断层成像及OmniView可从多角度显示原发腭及继发腭,优于二维超声对于原发腭及继发腭的显示。 结论产前二维超声及三维超声能清晰显示胎儿唇裂,但对于腭裂,三维超声多种成像模式图像优于二维超声,产前超声筛查联合三维多成像技术能清晰显示胎儿颜面部异常,减少唇腭裂的漏诊。     

超声断层显像分析胎儿心脏大动脉的位置关系

目的 探讨超声断层显像(TUI)技术在分析胎儿心脏大动脉位置关系中的应用价值.方法 采用TUI法分析胎儿心脏的容积数据,在相邻的2个层面上分别显示肺动脉瓣和主动脉瓣,利用正交点标记肺动脉瓣的位置,分析主动脉瓣的相对方位.结果 12例大动脉转位中,7例合并"单心室",TUI显示其中5例主动脉瓣位于肺动脉瓣右前方,其余2例分别位于肺动脉瓣正前方和左前方;其余可显示四腔心切面的5例中,3例主动脉瓣位于右前,2例主动脉瓣分别前方合正上方.13名正常胎儿心脏,TUI均可显示主动脉瓣均位于肺动脉瓣右后方.结论 采用TUI法可以简便、准确地判断大动脉的位置关系.     

自动四维彩色容积超声在胎儿心脏检查中的应用

目的 探讨自动四维彩色容积超声在正常胎儿心脏检查中的应用价值.方法 对120例孕中期(18～23孕周)胎儿心脏进行四维容积扫查,在显示四腔心切面、启动彩色多普勒后采集胎儿胸部容积数据,利用超声自动多平面成像法自动获取3个诊断切面,分别为切面1(左心室流出道切面)、切面2(右心室流出道切面)及切面3(动脉导管弓切面),并采用超声断层显像法(TUI)显示所有切面的彩色血流图.对所有的容积数据进行分析并确定在每个容积数据中切面1～3是否正确显示.结果 通过自动四维彩色容积超声扫描,切面1～3的显示率分别为100%、96.67%、91.67%.切面1至少可在连续3个TUI图像上可靠显示,切面2和切面3均至少可在连续2个TUI图像上可靠显示.结论 自动四维彩色容积超声可自动获取胎儿心脏检查中所需的重要切面,显示率较高,并可观察相应切面的血流情况,显示效果良好.     

A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound is a versatile diagnostic modality used in a variety of medical fields. Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSUSOM) is one of the first medical schools in the United States to integrate an ultrasound curriculum through both basic science courses and clinical clerkships. METHODS: In 2006, 25 portable ultrasound units were donated to WSUSOM. First-year medical students were provided an ultrasound curriculum consisting of 6 organ-system sessions that addressed the basics of ultrasound techniques, anatomy, and procedural skills. After the last session, students were administered 2 anonymous and voluntary evaluations. The first assessed their overall experience with the ultrasound curriculum, and the second assessed their technical skills in applying ultrasound techniques. RESULTS: Eighty-three percent of students agreed or strongly agreed that their experience with ultrasound education was positive. On the summative evaluation, nearly 91% of students agreed or strongly agreed that they would benefit from continued ultrasound education throughout their 4 years of medical school. Student performance on the technical assessment was also very positive, with mean class performance of 87%. CONCLUSIONS: As residency programs adopt ultrasound training, medical school faculty should consider incorporating ultrasound education into their curriculum. Portable ultrasound has the potential to be used in many different settings, including rural practice sites and sporting events. The WSUSOM committee's pilot ultrasound curriculum will continue to use student feedback to enhance the ultrasound experience, helping students prepare for challenges that they will face in the future.     

Three- and 4-dimensional ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology: proceedings of the american institute of ultrasound in medicine consensus conference.

The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine convened a panel of physicians and scientists with interest and expertise in 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology to discuss the current diagnostic benefits and technical limitations in obstetrics and gynecology and consider the utility and role of this type of imaging in clinical practice now and in the future. This conference was held in Orlando, Florida, June 16 and 17, 2005. Discussions considered state-of-the-art applications of 3D ultrasound, specific clinical situations in which it has been found to be helpful, the role of 3D volume acquisition for improving diagnostic efficiency and patient throughput, and recommendations for future investigations related to the utility of volume sonography in obstetrics and gynecology.     

Ultrasound Morphologic Features of Steatocystoma Multiplex With Clinical Correlation

The ultrasound features of 87 steatocytoma multiplex (SCM) lesions detected in 9 patients are reported. Steatocytoma multiplex is a hamartomatous condition derived from the pilosebaceous duct junction that generates multiple cutaneous cystic lesions. It appeared as clusters of well-defined hypoechoic nodules with mild posterior enhancement in 100% of cases, with both dermal and subcutaneous locations in 67%. No calcification foci were detected within or at the periphery of the lesions. Fifty-six percent of the cases showed signs of hypervascularity in the edge of the nodules, and 44% of the lesions were associated with another dermatologic condition, most frequent being hidradenitis suppurativa (75%), followed by vellus hair cysts (25%). Steatocytoma multiplex shows ultrasound features that allow discrimination from other common cutaneous entities.     

Sonography of Dermatologic Emergencies

Dermatologic conditions may be the subjects of potential emergency consultations, and the knowledge of their sonographic appearance can facilitate an early diagnosis and management. In this pictorial essay, the sonographic dermatologic anatomy, technique, and conditions that can be supported by a prompt sonographic diagnosis are reviewed. The sonographic signs that may help diagnose these entities are discussed with a practical approach.     

Ultrasound Transducer Selection in Clinical Imaging Practice

Many types of medical ultrasound transducers are used in clinical practice. They operate at different center frequencies, have different physical dimensions, footprints, and shapes, and provide different image formats. However, little information is available about which transducers are most appropriate for a given application, and the purpose of this article is to address this deficiency. Specifically, the relationship between the transducer, imaging format, and clinical applications is discussed, and systematic selection criteria that allow matching of transducers to specific clinical needs are presented. These criteria include access to and coverage of the region of interest, maximum scan depth, and coverage of essential diagnostic modes required to optimize a patient's diagnosis. Three comprehensive figures organize and summarize the imaging planes, scanning modes, and types of diagnostic transducers to facilitate their selection in clinical diagnosis.     

Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations

Applications of ultrasound in medicine for therapeutic purposes have been accepted and beneficial uses of ultrasonic biological effects for many years. Low-power ultrasound of about 1 MHz has been widely applied since the 1950s for physical therapy in conditions such as tendinitis and bursitis. In the 1980s, high-pressure-amplitude shock waves came into use for mechanically resolving kidney stones, and "lithotripsy" rapidly replaced surgery as the most frequent treatment choice. The use of ultrasonic energy for therapy continues to expand, and approved applications now include uterine fibroid ablation, cataract removal (phacoemulsification), surgical tissue cutting and hemostasis, transdermal drug delivery, and bone fracture healing, among others. Undesirable bioeffects can occur, including burns from thermal-based therapies and severe hemorrhage from mechanical-based therapies (eg, lithotripsy). In all of these therapeutic applications of ultrasound bioeffects, standardization, ultrasound dosimetry, benefits assurance, and side-effect risk minimization must be carefully considered to ensure an optimal benefit to risk ratio for the patient. Therapeutic ultrasound typically has well-defined benefits and risks and therefore presents a manageable safety problem to the clinician. However, safety information can be scattered, confusing, or subject to commercial conflicts of interest. Of paramount importance for managing this problem is the communication of practical safety information by authoritative groups, such as the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, to the medical ultrasound community. In this overview, the Bioeffects Committee of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine outlines the wide range of therapeutic ultrasound methods, which are in clinical use or under study, and provides general guidance for ensuring therapeutic ultrasound safety.     

Two‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional Ultrasound of Artificial Skin

Wound healing may be a difficult problem, and variable types of artificial skin prototypes have been developed for supporting this process. Using ultrasound, we studied 4 cellulose‐derived artificial skin prototypes and assessed their two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional morphology. These prototypes were identified on ultrasound both on in vitro and in vivo studies. They allowed the sonographic observation of deeper layers on different types of surfaces of the body with good definition on the in vivo examinations performed on healthy skin and cutaneous ulcers. The ultrasound detection of these artificial biomaterials may potentially support the noninvasive monitoring of wound healing.     

Pre-hospital assessment with ultrasound in emergencies: implementation in the field

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care ultrasound (US) is a proven diagnostic imaging tool in the emergency department (ED). Modern US devices are now more compact, affordable and portable, which has led to increased usage in austere environments. However, studies supporting the use of US in the prehospital setting are limited. The primary outcome of this pilot study was to determine if paramedics could perform cardiac ultrasound in the field and obtain images that were adequate for interpretation. A secondary outcome was whether paramedics could correctly identify cardiac activity or the lack thereof in cardiac arrest patients.METHODS: We performed a prospective educational study using a convenience sample of professional paramedics without ultrasound experience. Eligible paramedics participated in a 3-hour session on point-of-care US. The paramedics then used US during emergency calls and saved the scans for possible cardiac complaints including: chest pain, dyspnea, loss of consciousness, trauma, or cardiac arrest.RESULTS: Four paramedics from two distinct fire stations enrolled a total of 19 unique patients, of whom 17 were deemed adequate for clinical decision making (89%, 95%CI 67%-99%). Paramedics accurately recorded 17 cases of cardiac activity (100%, 95%CI 84%-100%) and 2 cases of cardiac standstill (100%, 95%CI 22%-100%).CONCLUSION: Our pilot study suggests that with minimal training, paramedics can use US to obtain cardiac images that are adequate for interpretation and diagnose cardiac standstill. Further large-scale clinical trials are needed to determine if prehospital US can be used to guide care for patients with cardiac complaints.     

Nonmedical fetal ultrasound: knowledge and opinions of Maine obstetricians and radiologists.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge and opinions regarding nonmedical fetal ultrasound (NMFU) in obstetricians (OB) and radiologists (R). METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all Maine fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practicing obstetrics and members of the Maine Society of Radiology in April 2005. RESULTS: Among OB, 52 (81.2%), 24 (37.5%), 45 (75.0%), and 56 (87.5%) did not know whether the American College of Radiology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, or US Food and Drug Administration held positions on NMFU. Among R, 11 (37.9%), 27 (93.1%), 19 (65.5%), and 24 (82.7%) did not know whether the organizations held positions. More R than OB agreed that women might forego medical ultrasound after NMFU (62.1% versus 49.2%; P = .05), whereas more OB than R believed fetal anomalies would go undetected during NMFU (79.4% versus 62.1%; P = .04). OB and R had concerns for false-positive NMFU diagnoses (41.9% and 31.0%), false reassurance by NMFU (76.2% and 62.1%), poor imaging causing anxiety (39.7% and 51.7%), and lack of physician availability to review suspected abnormalities on NMFU (73.0% and 65.5%). Sizable minorities of OB and R believed NMFU providers should be disciplined by licensing boards (33.9% and 44.8%), excluded from society memberships (22.9% and 37.9%), or reported to the Food and Drug Administration (21.3% and 31.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Most Maine OB and R are aware of their own but not each other's professional or regulatory NMFU positions yet practice within these guidelines. Most respondents do not favor sanctioning colleagues performing NMFU.