舍曲林胶囊和片剂的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究舍曲林胶囊和片剂的药动学和相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者 18名随机分3组,按三周期三交叉口服舍曲林试验胶囊和片剂与舍曲林参比制剂,剂量分别为100 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中舍曲林的浓度。计算相对生物利用度并评价试验制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性。结果:口服舍曲林胶囊、片剂和参比制剂后血浆中的舍曲林的c_(max)分别为(48±s 8),(44±8)和(46±8)μg·L-1; t_(max)分别为(4．7±1．3),(5．2±1．0)和(5．0±1．3)h;AUC_(0-120)分别为(1 372±426),(1 338±216)和(1 450± 370)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(1 486±441),(1 462±216)和(1 573±391)μg·h·L~(-1)。胶囊制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(95 ±18)％,片剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(96±18)％。结论:舍曲林胶囊和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

氧氟沙星缓释胶囊家犬体内药动学及相对生物利用度

目的:检测氧氟沙星缓释胶囊T1,T2(受试制剂)与泰利必妥片(参比制剂)在家犬体内的生物利用度。方法:采用RP-HPLC法检测狗血浆中氧氟沙星浓度。样品处理采用乙腈沉淀蛋白。绘制出血药浓度-时间曲线,并计算主要药动学参数。结果:受试制剂T1,T2及参比制剂的Cmax分别为(12．66±2．50),(7．84±2．42)和(35．22±2．49)mg·L-1;Tmax为(8．00±1．26),(10．17±1．60)和(2．50±0．55)h;MRT为(11．46±0．42),(12．23±1．00)和(6．57±0．61)h。T1和参比片剂的AUC无显著性差异,相对生物利用度为(95．91±11．38)％。T2和参比片剂的AUC有显著性差异,相对生物利用度为(59．37±20．80％)。结论:经统计学检验,受试制剂T1具有明显的缓释特征,和参比片剂具有生物等效性,氧氟沙星缓释胶囊体内吸收百分数与体外累积释放百分数相关性分析结果表明:两者具有显著的相关性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究两厂家产奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊在正常人体的药代动力学与生物等效性。方法:将18名健康男性志愿受试者随机交叉口服 40mg奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂后,采用高效液相色谱法,以卡马西平为内标,测定奥美拉唑的血浆药物浓度。结果:受试和参比制剂均符合一级吸收开放性一室模型,主要药代动力学参数0-12 h药-时曲线下面积(AUC0→12)分别为(2 719．9±1 551．7),(2 820．8± 1 668．1)ng·h/mL,峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(820．1±420．1),(760．0±415．4)ng/mL,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为(2．4±0．6),(2．5±0．6)h,血浆半衰期(t1/2)分别为(2．2±0．8),(2．4±0．9)h。相对生物利用度为(99．69±13．51)％。结论:两种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊为生物等效制剂。     

氯沙坦钾胶囊与片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价氯沙坦钾胶囊与片剂(抗高血压药)在健康人体的生物等效性。方法用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者分别单剂口服氯沙坦钾受试制剂和参比制剂50mg,测定其血药浓度并进行生物等效性的检验。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的Cmax分别为(317.42±217.05),(295.57±132.16)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.17±0.67),(1.27±0.73)h;AUC0-t分别为(637.63±379.83),(591.05±300.77)ng·h·mL-1,2制剂比较无显著性差异。结论氯沙坦钾胶囊与氯沙坦钾片为生物等效性制剂。     

三种替米沙坦制剂在中国健康人体的药动学及生物等效性

目的:评价健康受试者单剂量口服受试替米沙坦胶囊,片剂以及参比替米沙坦片剂的人体药动学与生物等效性。方法:采用3种制剂3周期随机交叉试验设计,LC-MS-MS法测定18例男性健康受试者单剂量口服80 mg国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片和进口替米沙坦片后替米沙坦的血药浓度。采用非室模型计算药动学参数。AUC,Cmax对数转换后进行方差分析并计算90％置信区间。结果:国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片剂,进口替米沙坦片剂的主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax=(1 016．3±571．7),(869．7±623．8)和(905．7±583．4)ng·mL-1, Tmax=(1．5±1．0),(1．5±0．6)和(1．6±1．1)h,AUC0-t=(7 372±3 955),(7 373±4 347)和(6 774±3 758)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞=(8 432±4 946),(8 623±5 687)和(7 502±4 663)ng·h·mL-1,t1/2=(24．9±9．2),(24．5±11．9)和(23．0±6．5)h。结论:国产替米沙坦胶囊、替米沙坦片与进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:21名健康志愿者采用拉丁方设计,分为A、B、C3组,分别交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素胶囊受试制剂1(规格:每粒0.25g)、受试制剂2(规格:每粒0.125g)及参比制剂(规格:每粒0.25g)后,用微生物法测定血药浓度,计算药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂1、受试制剂2、参比制剂的Cmax分别为(1.06±0.41)、(0.99±0.54)、(1.07±0.53)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.38±0.86)、(1.86±0.85)、(2.52±1.40)h,AUC0～144分别为(11.00±6.15)、(10.65±5.17)、(10.49±5.17)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(12.48±7.27)、(11.65±5.64)、(11.57±5.87)μg·h·mL-1;阿奇霉素胶囊受试制剂1、2的相对生物利用度分别为(102.73±15.63)%、(103.17±13.64)%。结论:2种规格的阿奇霉素胶囊与参比胶囊均具有生物等效性。     

那格列奈胶囊和片剂的人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中那格列奈浓度的方法,研究那格列奈胶囊和片剂的药物动力学及生物等效性。方法以迪马C18(250 mm×1.5 mm,5μm)为分析柱,乙腈-0.02 mol.L-1乙酸胺缓冲液(40∶60)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,紫外检测波长为214 nm,柱温为40℃,瑞格列奈为内标,测定人血浆中那格列奈的浓度。结果在浓度0.187 5~12μg.mL-1,那格列奈和内标峰面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.995 47),最小检出浓度为0.093 75μg.mL-1。那格列奈的平均回收率为103%±7%,日内、日间RSD均≤6.8%,那格列奈体内过程符合二室模型,tmax、Cmax、t1/2β、AUC0~∞h分别为(1.36±0.40)h、(6.42±0.30)μg.mL-1、(1.36±2.26)h、(16.10±1.54)μg.h.mL-1。结论本方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于那格列奈血药浓度检测和药物动力学研究。经统计学分析,试验制剂(胶囊剂)和参比制剂(片剂)具有生物等效性。     

氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性

目的:评价氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性。方法:24例健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服40 mg受试制剂氟伐他汀片剂和参比制剂氟伐他汀胶囊,用液相色谱-质谱法测定氟伐他汀的体内血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2．6±s 1．5)和(2．9±0．8)h,cmax分别为(390±116)和(397±134)μg·L-1,tmax分别为(1．1±0．4)和(1．0±0．4)h, AUC0-12分别为(639±175)和(658±147)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(652±177)和(680±150)μg·h·L-1。经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为97．1％。结论:2种氟伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

吗替麦考酚酯胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究吗替麦考酚酯胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:24名受试者单剂量、交叉口服吗替麦考酚酯胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂1000mg后,采用高效液相色谱法,二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器串联检测霉酚酸(MPA)及霉酚酸葡糖醛酸酯(MPAG)的血药浓度,以DAS2.0.1程序计算药动学参数和生物等效性数据。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的MPA,其Cmax分别为(45.728±16.006)、(49.323±16.098)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(0.610±0.242)、(0.534±0.260)h,t1/2分别为(14.214±6.308)、(12.707±6.575)h,AUC0～60分别为(84.697±19.917)、(84.312±18.639)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(89.750±20.728)、(102.995±68.151)μg.h.mL-1;受试制剂与参比制剂的MPAG,其Cmax分别为(54.917±14.715)、(53.916±10.703)μg.mL-1,tmax分别为(1.521±0.454)、(1.396±0.294)h,t1/2分别为(13.542±6.685)、(11.885±3.130)h,AUC0～60分别为(486.686±145.059)、(446.812±100.383)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(524.357±127.385)、(471.725±101.297)μg.h.mL-1;MPA的相对生物利度为(100.39±16.9)%,MPAG的相对生物利度为(106.89±18.6)%。结论:吗替麦考酚酯胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

头孢克洛缓释胶囊的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究头孢克洛缓释胶囊的药动学及生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉-自身对照试验设计,20名健康志愿者单剂量(375mg)及多剂量(每日2次,连续5d)口服头孢克洛缓释胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂后,以高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定人血浆中头孢克洛的浓度,并以BAPP软件求算药动学参数,以方差分析法和双单侧t检验对主要药动学参数及两制剂生物等效性进行判定。结果:受试者单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.050±0.390)、(1.450±1.120)h,Cmax分别为(4.391±1.146)、(4.331±1.081)μg.mL-1,t1/2分别为(0.835±0.078)、(0.836±0.114)h,AUC0～12分别为(12.696±1.620)、(12.651±2.199)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(12.699±1.621)、(12.654±2.199)μg.h.mL-1;多剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后主要药动学参数:Cav分别为(1.353±0.214)、(1.398±0.344)μg.mL-1,AUCss0～τ分别为(16.240±2.567)、(16.780±4.129)μg.h.mL-1。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.