Do anxiety patients with or without frequent panic attacks differ in their respnse to stress?

To evaluate different responses in norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), heart rate (HR), electrodermal activity (EDA) and subjective ratings to a ‘neutral’ and a ‘patient-specific’ stressor we compared nine anxiety patients with three or more panic attacks during the past week, 10 patients with no panic attacks during the past week and 10 controls, at baseline as well as during two stressors: a videotape containing horror scenes and a tape showing a patient having a panic attack. Both patient groups exhibited higher base levels of panicky feelings, anxiety, nervousness, NE and EDA. The panic attack tape proved a stressor that induced significantly more pronounced increases in subjective bodily symptoms, NE, E and EDA in the patients with three or more panic attacks. Our data suggest that patients with frequent panic attacks show higher reactivity to a stimulus that recalls previous experiences of panic attacks.     

氟比洛芬酯静脉镇痛对应激反应的影响及镇痛效果评价

目的观察氟比洛芬酯单独或联合应用舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛对应激反应和镇痛效果的影响。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行鼻内窥镜手术患者,随机均分为四组:氟比洛芬酯组(A组)、舒芬太尼组(B组)、氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼组(C组)和无静脉镇痛组(D组)。测定四组患者麻醉前、拔管后即刻和镇痛后24 h抽取静脉测定血清皮质醇(Cor)和血糖(Glu)浓度并观察术后镇痛的效果。结果与麻醉前比较,四组患者拔管后Cor浓度均降低(P<0.05);镇痛后24 h A、B、C组患者Cor和Glu浓度均低于麻醉前、拔管后即刻和D组(P<0.05);镇痛后各时点A、B、C组患者VAS评分差异无统计学意义,镇痛后3、18和24 h均低于D组(P<0.05);B组患者镇痛期间头晕、恶心和呕吐发生率高于其他三组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯单独或联合应用舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛均能抑制鼻内窥镜术后患者的应激反应,镇痛效果良好,不良反应少。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术对肾结石患者术后应激反应影响

目的 探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗肾结石对机体应激反应的影响。方法 回顾分析2004年2月～2008年10月收治的肾结石患者中取微创经皮肾取石术46例（微创组）,肾切开取石术36例（开腹组）患者资料。手术当日晨及术后3h和24h采集患者外周静脉血测定皮质醇、白介素-6(IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和血糖水平。结果 术后3 h,两组患者术后皮质醇、IL-6、CRP及血糖水平明显高于术前(P均<0.05);3h和24h,开腹组患者的皮质醇、IL-6、CRP及血糖水平明显高于微创组(P均<0.05)。结论 微创经皮肾取石术治疗肾结石患者术后应激反应小于开腹手术,这有利于手术患者的术后恢复。     

不同麻醉方式对老年开胸手术患者术后早期苏醒质量及应激反应的影响

目的 探讨不同麻醉方式对老年开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期苏醒质量及应激状态的影响.方法 开胸单肺通气条件下行食管癌切除术,患者60例,65～75岁,随机分为全凭静脉麻醉组(T组)、吸入麻醉组(I组)和硬膜外复合全身麻醉组(C组),每组20例.分别于术前、术后30 min、术后6 h采用运动活动评分(MAAS)评估镇静程度,并在相应时间点采静脉血样检测血糖(Glu)、皮质醇(Cor)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E).结果 C组患者术后30 min MAAS评分明显低于T组和I组(P＜0.05),T组和I组术后30 min、术后6 h Cor、Glu、NE、E明显高于术前及C组(P＜0.05).结论 硬膜外复合全身麻醉有助于提高患者苏醒质量并减轻应激反应,适用于老年开胸手术患者.     

帕瑞昔布钠联合镇痛对乳腺癌患者术后炎症及应激反应的影响

目的探讨帕瑞昔布钠联合镇痛对乳腺癌患者术后炎症和应激反应的影响。方法择期在全麻下行乳腺癌根治术患者60例,随机分为帕瑞昔布钠联合镇痛组(P组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。两组术后均采用布托啡诺行自控静脉镇痛。分别于术毕即刻、术后12、24、36h静注帕瑞昔布钠40mg(P组)和生理盐水5ml(C组)。用放免法测定血浆前列腺素E2(PGE2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6及肾素、血管紧张素-Ⅱ(ANG-Ⅱ)、醛固酮(ALD)、皮质醇(Cor)浓度。结果术后12～48h,P组血浆PGE2、TNF-α、IL-6及肾素、ANG-Ⅱ、ALD、Cor浓度无明显变化,但在术后12、24h明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论帕瑞昔布钠联合布托啡诺镇痛可减轻乳腺癌根治术患者术后的炎症反应和应激反应,有一定的免疫保护作用。     

Different stress responses to mental and physical stressors in healthy volunteers

To evaluate the proportion of individual- (ISR) and stimulus-specific response stereotypy (SSR), 63 healthy volunteers were exposed to different structured situations: (1) cold pressor test (CP); (2) noise; (3) mental arithmetic task (MA); (4) active relaxation (AR). Physiological parameters were quantified on-line in 10-sec periods. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured during rest and 2 min after the onset of each task. Subjective evaluation showed that CP, MA and noise were rated as similarly unpleasant. CP induced vasoconstriction, paralleled by an increase in NE and E secretion. Noise induced only a non-specific increase in electrodermal activity. In contrast, MA led to a highly significant increase in heart rate and pulse wave velocity. Estimation of the variance components showed that the concepts of ISR and SSR coexist. Thus, our data show that the distinction between non-specific and specific stress response is arbitrary and that ISR as well as SSR stereotypy plays an important role in autonomous responses to stressful stimuli.     

七氟醚与丙泊酚麻醉对心内直视手术患者应激反应的影响

目的比较七氟醚吸入麻醉与丙泊酚静脉麻醉对心内直视手术患者CPB期间应激反应的影响。方法择期行心脏直视手术患者40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚组(P组)。记录诱导前(T0)、气管插管后5min(T1)、CPB后30min(T2)、CPB结束(T3)、术毕(T4)MAP、HR、BIS及血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和皮质醇(Cor)含量。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组MAP、BIS、ACTH、Cor均降低(P<0.05),T2～T4时ACTH、Cor均明显升高(P<0.01)。T2、T3时P组MAP、BIS、ACTH、Cor显著高于S组(P<0.05)。结论心内直视手术CPB期间七氟醚吸入麻醉较之丙泊酚静脉麻醉可显著降低机体应激反应。     

欧普乐喉罩对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全麻患者应激反应的影响

目的评价全麻欧普乐喉罩(OPLAC-LMA)通气对患者应激反应的影响。方法选择40例全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机均分为全麻欧普乐喉罩组(Ⅰ组)和气管插管组(Ⅱ组)。监测BP、HR、ECG、SpO2、PETCO2,并于诱导前(T0)和诱导后3min(T1)、6min(T2)、10min(T3)抽血查血浆肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度。结果Ⅱ组T1、T2时的HR、SBP、DBP及血浆E、NE水平明显高于T0时和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论全麻欧普乐喉罩通气用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,应激反应明显轻于气管插管。     

麻醉前肌注咪唑安定对颈丛神经阻滞时应激反应的影响

目的研究颈丛神经阻滞前肌注咪唑安定对应激反应的影响。方法 60例颈丛神经阻滞女性患者均分为两组:A组于入室后肌注咪唑安定0.08mg/kg,B组不用任何药物。两组于入室后20min均行一针法双侧颈浅丛和单侧颈深丛神经阻滞,局麻药用1%利多卡因加0.25%罗哌卡因混合液20ml。观察两组入室前(T0)、颈丛神经阻滞前(T1)、颈丛神经阻滞后5min(T2)、15min(T3)、25min(T4)SBP、DBP、HR、SBP与HR的乘积(RPP),并检测血糖(Glu)、皮质醇(Cor)及血管紧张素Ⅱ(AT-Ⅱ)。结果 B组T1～T4时各项检测指标均明显高于T0时(P0.05),A组T1～T4时各项检测指标均明显低于B组(P0.05)。结论颈丛神经阻滞前肌注咪唑安定有利于抑制颈丛神经阻滞麻醉后的应激反应。     

Skin conductance correlates with perioperative stress

BACKGROUND: Skin conductance (SC) as a measure of emotional state or arousal may be a tool for monitoring surgical stress in anaesthesia. When an outgoing sympathetic nervous burst occurs to the skin, the palmar and plantar sweat glands are filled up, and the SC increases before the sweat is removed and the SC decreases. This creates a SC fluctuation. The purpose of this study was to measure SC during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with propofol and remifentanil anesthaesia and to evaluate whether number and amplitude of SC fluctuations correlate with perioperative stress monitoring. METHODS: Eleven patients were studied nine times before, during and after anaesthesia. SC was compared to changes in stress measures such as blood pressure, heart rate, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels. SC was also compared to changes in Bispectral index (BIS). RESULTS: The blood pressure, epinephrine levels and norepinephrine levels were positively correlated with both the number (P < 0.001) and amplitude (P < 0.01) of the SC fluctuations. Moreover, the BIS was positively correlated with the number (P < 0.001) and amplitude (P < 0.001) of the SC fluctuations. Furthermore, during tracheal intubation, the mean levels of the number of SC fluctuations from the 11 patients had the same stress response as measured in changes of the mean levels of norepinephrine. The mean BIS did not show any stress response during tracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: Number of SC fluctuations may be a useful method for monitoring the perioperative stress.     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术后羟考酮镇痛对糖尿病患者应激反应的影响

目的探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)后应用羟考酮镇痛对糖尿病患者应激反应的影响。方法选择择期行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者80例,男53例,女27例,年龄28~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组,每组40例。手术结束前15min,O组静脉注射羟考酮0.07mg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼0.7μg/kg。分别在术晨(T_1)、术后1h(T_2)、3h(T_3)抽取静脉血3ml,采用电化学发光法检测血清皮质醇(Cor)、胰岛素(Ins)和C肽(C-P)浓度。结果与T_1时比较,T_2、T_3时O组Cor浓度明显降低,C-P浓度明显升高(P0.05),F组Cor浓度明显升高,C-P明显降低(P0.05),且F组Cor浓度明显高于O组,C-P浓度明显低于O组(P0.05);T_2、T_3时F组Ins浓度明显降低,且明显低于O组(P0.05)。结论糖尿病患者UPPP术后羟考酮0.07mg/kg镇痛明显抑制了应激反应。     

经皮穴位电刺激对气管插管应激反应的影响

目的观察经皮电刺激内关穴和曲池穴对全麻气管插管患者应激反应的影响。方法选取择期行腰椎手术患者90例,男36例,女54例,年龄40～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,将患者随机分为三组:经皮穴位电刺激组(A组)、经皮非穴位电刺激组(NA组)和非电刺激组(NS组),每组30例。三组患者全麻方案相同,A组术前经皮电刺激内关穴和曲池穴30min;NA组术前在非穴位经皮电刺激30 min;NS组不做任何处理,实施标准全麻方案。记录插管前、插管时和插管后3 min SBP、DBP和HR。同时于以上时点经桡动脉采血,测定血浆肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度。结果插管前三组SBP、DBP、HR及血浆E和NE浓度差异无统计学意义。与插管前比较,插管时和插管后3min三组SBP、DBP及血浆E和NE浓度明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。与A组比较,插管时NA组和NS组SBP、DBP及血浆E和NE浓度明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。结论经皮电刺激内关穴和曲池穴对全麻气管插管引起的心血管反应表现出很好的减轻作用。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对腹腔镜下胃肠手术老年患者围术期应激反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对腹腔镜下胃肠手术老年患者围术期应激反应的影响。方法择期行腹腔镜下胃肠手术老年患者80例,性别不限,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为四组,每组20例。所有患者均采用全凭静脉麻醉。D1、D2组和D3组麻醉诱导前10min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,插管后分别静脉泵注右美托咪定0.2、0.5、0.8μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)至术毕前30min;C组麻醉诱导前10min静脉泵注7ml生理盐水,插管后静脉泵注生理盐水10ml/h至术毕前30min。记录术中麻醉药物用量,记录给药前(T_0)、气管插管后即刻(T_1)、气腹后5min(T_2)、气腹后60min(T_3)、拔管后即刻(T_4)和拔管后10min(T_5)的HR、SBP、DBP,分别于T_0、T_1、T_3、T_5时抽取桡动脉血,测定Glu、Cor、E和NE浓度。结果 D1组、D2组和D3组术中瑞芬太尼的用量明显少于C组,且D2组和D3组明显少于D1组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_1~T_5时C组HR明显增快(P0.05)。T_2~T_5时,D2组和D3组的HR明显慢于C组和D1组,SBP明显低于C组(P0.05);T_1时D2组和D3组Cor和NE浓度也明显低于C组(P0.05)。T_3和T_5时,D2组和D3组Glu、Cor、E和NE浓度明显低于C组,D2组和D3组Cor和NE浓度明显低于D1组(P0.05)。结论与0.2和0.8μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)右美托咪定静脉泵注维持比较,0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)能更有效抑制腹腔镜下胃肠手术老年患者围术期应激反应。     

老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术后应激反应及疲劳综合征的临床观察

目的：探讨老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的应激反应及疲劳综合征的表现。方法：回顾分析2008年10月至2012年10月为160例老年患者行LC的临床资料,根据患者病情决定手术方式,并将其分为腹腔镜组与开腹组,每组80例,分别于术前及术后第1天、第2天、第3天测定两组患者皮质醇、C反应蛋白（C reactive protein,CRP）、中性粒细胞、白细胞（white blood cell,WBC）、白介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）及IL-10水平,并对比分析两组患者手术情况及术后疲劳评分。结果：两组手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组术中出血量、术后住院时间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。与术前相比,两组患者术后IL-6、IL-10及CRP水平差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后中性粒细胞、WBC两组患者均有所增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;皮质醇均较术前有所降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组间相比,腹腔镜组IL-6、CRP水平较开腹组低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;但IL-10水平较开腹组高（P〈0.05）;两组患者皮质醇增高程度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组术前疲劳评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,与术前相比,两组患者术后疲劳评分差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且两组间相比差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：老年患者脏器功能呈衰退表现,手术时容易出现明显的应激反应,LC患者创伤小,可显著减轻创伤所致的应激反应,同时患者术后疲劳综合征减轻,康复快。     

Autonomic response to stress in interstitial cystitis

PURPOSE: Previous studies have documented elevations in indices of sympathetic activity in cats and humans with interstitial cystitis (IC). To examine potential autonomic dysregulation in IC we examined the effects of a laboratory mental stress challenge on blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in patients with IC and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14 female patients with IC and 14 age matched controls participated in a laboratory session, including a 25-minute mental stress challenge. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HR were measured at intervals before, during and following the stressor. The level of chronic stress, symptom severity and pain at voiding were assessed. RESULTS: Mean age was 49 years (range 32 to 66). The resting HR of patients with IC (82.02 bpm) was significantly higher than that of controls (63.31 bpm, p = 0.0001). There was also suggested evidence of elevated resting DBP in patients with IC (p = 0.07) but no significant difference in mean resting SBP. Autonomic arousal elicited by the laboratory stressor did not differ between the groups and subjects in each group perceived the task as equally stressful. Patients with IC had significantly elevated HR at each time point compared with controls (p <0.0001) with an average mean difference +/- SD between the groups of 19.5 +/- 4.0 (main effect for group p <0.0001). Although consistent increases in SBP and DBP were observed in patients after baseline, these differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IC had an increased HR at baseline and throughout a laboratory mental stress challenge compared to healthy age matched women. No differences in HR or blood pressure reactivity were observed between the 2 groups.     

星状神经节阻滞对老年患者全麻气管插管应激反应的影响

目的 观察星状神经节阻滞(SGB)对全麻气管插管应激反应的影响.方法 择期全麻手术患者(年龄≥65岁)45例,随机分为三组.左侧SGB组(LS组)、右侧SGB组(RS组)和对照组(C组),每组15例.记录各组麻醉前(T_0)、诱导后(T_1)、插管即刻(T_2)、插管后1 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)的SBP、DBP、HR的变化,并计算RPP;于T_0、T_1时点抽取患者上肢静脉血,检测促肾上腺素皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(Cor和血糖(BG).结果 与T_0时比较,三组SBP、DBP、MAP及RPP在T_1时均明显降低(P<0.01),C组MAP及RPP在T_2时明显升高(P<0.05),LS组HR及RPP在T2时明屁升高(P<0.05).与RS组比较,C组及LS组RPP在T2时明显升高(P<0.05).C组BG在T_4明显升高(P<0.05).围插管期ACTH和Cor未见明显改变.结论 右侧SGB可有效抑制老年患者全麻气管插管时的心血管反应. _0、T_1时点抽取患者上肢静脉血,检测促肾上腺素皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(Cor和血糖(BG).结果 与T_0时比较,三组SBP、DBP、MAP及 PP在T_1时均明显降低(P<0.01),C组MAP及RPP在T_2时明显升高(P<0.05),LS组HR及RPP在T2时明屁升高(P<0.05).与RS组比较,C组及LS组RPP在T2时明显升高(P<0.05).C组BG在T_4明显升高(P<0.05).围插管期ACTH     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚对腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者应激反应的抑制作用

目的观察雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉用于老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应激反应的抑制作用。方法择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者60例随机均分为两组。观察组用雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚,对照组用芬太尼复合丙泊酚。记录麻醉诱导前(T1)、插管前(T2)、插管后30min(T3)、气腹毕(T4)和术毕(T5)的MAP、HR。检测T1、T3及术后2h(T6)血糖、胰岛素及血清皮质醇。结果对照组在T2、T3时MAP较T1时下降、HR减慢(P<0.05),T3、T6时对照组血清皮质醇及血糖均高于T1时且高于观察组(P<0.05)。结论雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉能有效抑制老年腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者应激反应。     

心理支持疗法对机械通气患者应激反应的影响

目的 观察心理支持疗法(PST)对ICU患者机械通气应激反应的影响。方法 将34例连续机械通气时间在20h的清醒患者，随机分为采用标准的PST方法进行治疗的观察组和对照组，观察焦虑抑郁程度和应激反应改变情况。结果 对照组患者的焦虑抑郁程度明显高于观察组，部分应激反应激素水平升高幅度也明显大于观察组。结论 PST可通过缓解机械通气患者的焦虑抑郁等不良情绪状态减轻机械通气带来的各种心身应激反应，有利于提高机械通气治疗的有效性和安全性。     

Elimination of and heart rate response to atropine in the elderly are independent of sex

Sex-related changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (heart rate) of atropine were studied in female (n = 9) and male (n = 9) elderly patients after a single 0.02 mg/kg i.v. injection of the drug at the beginning of a combination anaesthesia. No significant differences were found between the sexes, which indicates that there are no sex-related alterations in the response to this anticholinergic agent.     

Consequences of Childhood Abuse Among Male Psychiatric Inpatients: Dual Roles as Victims and Perpetrators

The relationship between retrospective self-reports of childhood abuse and subsequent interpersonal violence was assessed among 354 consecutive male inpatient admissions. Three logistic regressions revealed that, controlling for sociodemographic and diagnostic variables, the association between childhood abuse and three mutually exclusive adult negative outcomes were as follows: (1) being a perpetrator of violence (Odds Ratio [OR] = ns), (2) being a victim of violence (OR = 2.5), and (3) being a perpetrator and victim (OR = 4.9). The results suggest that, among men with significant psychiatric impairments and childhood abuse, rates of adult victimization are high, and the most frequent negative outcome reflects involvement in dual roles of perpetrator and victim. The possible dynamics of this relationship are discussed.