构建正常胎儿超声心动图动脉导管Z评分模型

目的 构建针对正常胎儿动脉导管（DA）内径及血流参数的Z评分模型。方法 纳入1 042胎孕20~40周单胎胎儿,以超声心动图所测胎儿DA内径及血流参数为因变量,胎儿生物学参数双顶径（BPD）、股骨长（FL）及孕周（GA）为自变量,采用回归分析获得DA内径及血流参数预测值及标准差的最佳拟合方程,并根据公式计算Z评分。结果 胎儿DA内径及血流参数均与胎儿生物学参数呈显著正相关（P均<0.05）。胎儿DA相关参数与生物学参数的最佳拟合方程均为直线回归方程。成功构建了胎儿DA内径及血流参数预测值及其标准差预测值的回归方程,并可根据方程计算胎儿DA内径及血流参数的Z评分。结论 基于胎儿生物学参数BPD、FL及GA构建的胎儿DA内径及血流参数Z评分模型可为定量评估胎儿DA内径及血流参数提供更有价值的参考。     

Z评分评价正常中晚孕期胎儿主动脉和肺动脉内径增长

目的 探讨Z评分对评价正常中晚孕期胎儿主动脉（AO）、肺动脉（PA）内径增长的应用价值。方法 通过前后2次产前超声心动图测量332胎正常胎儿的AO内径及PA内径。以AO内径、PA内径为应变量,胎儿双顶径（BPD）、胎儿股骨长径（FL）、孕周（GA）为自变量,建立回归方程,基于此计算AO、PA的Z评分。比较前后2次超声心动图检查Z评分的差异。结果 首次胎儿超声心动图检查时GA为（25.82±2.27）周（18~35周）,第2次检查时GA为（30.61±2.28）周（23~39周）。前后2次胎儿超声心动图检查所测胎儿AO内径、PA内径差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。2次超声心动图检查的AO内径及PA内径均随GA、BPD及FL的增长而增长。同一孕妇胎儿AO及PA的Z评分随GA、BPD及FL的增长而相对稳定。前后2次产前超声心动图检查胎儿AO、PA的Z评分的差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 正常胎儿AO和PA内径的增长与生物学参数的增长呈正相关,但Z-评分在中晚孕期相对保持恒定。     

构建正常胎儿心胸比Z评分模型

目的 构建正常胎儿心胸比（CTR）Z评分模型,包括横径比（CTR1）、周长比（CTR2）和面积比（CTR3）。方法 对954胎孕11~40⁺⁶周正常胎儿行产前超声检查,于标准切面测量CTR作为因变量,以胎体大小参数,包括孕周（GA）、双顶径（BPD）及股骨长度（FL）为自变量,行回归分析,获得CTR均数回归方程;并分析CTR残差,以确定CTR标准差的最佳回归方程;根据公式计算CTR Z评分。结果 正常胎儿CTR与GA、BPD及FL均呈正相关（r=0.74~0.86,P均<0.05）;胎儿CTR参数与胎体大小参数的最佳拟合方程均为直线回归方程。成功构建了基于胎体大小参数CTR均数的拟合回归方程;CTR残差分析结果提示CTR标准差不随胎体大小变化而改变,均为恒定值标准差;根据方程可计算正常胎儿CTR Z评分。结论 基于GA、BPD及FL建立的正常胎儿CTR Z评分模型可为产前评估胎儿发育提供参考。     

时间-空间关联成像技术评估圆锥动脉干畸形胎儿心功能

目的 应用时间-空间关联成像（STIC）技术评价圆锥动脉干畸形（CTD）胎儿心功能。方法 选取经胎儿超声心动图诊断的39胎CTD胎儿（CTD组）和39胎正常胎儿（对照组）。采用STIC技术评估2组胎儿的心功能,包括肺动脉（PA）内径、左心室舒张末期内径（LVDD）和右心室舒张末期内径（RVDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVDS）、右心室收缩末期内径（RVDS）、缩短分数（FS）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、右心室收缩末期容积（RVESV）、每搏输出量（SV）和射血分数（EF）等指标,并比较2组间的差异。结果 与对照组比较,CTD组胎儿PA内径及PA/AO均减小（P均<0.001）,LVDD、LVDS、RVDD、RVDS、LVEDV、LVESV、RVEDV及RVESV差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）,左、右心室FS、EF及SV均降低（P均<0.05）,LVDD／RVDD明显升高（P均<0.01）。CTD组中,RVEDV高于LVEDV（P < 0.05）,左心室SV及EF均低于右心室（P均<0.05）。结论 CTD在产前即可对胎儿心功能造成影响,右心室功能有代偿性增强表现,而右心扩大不明显。     

胎儿动脉导管异常的超声心动图检查及分析

目的 胎儿动脉导管（DA）异常的超声心动图检查及分析。方法 回顾性分析产前诊断DA异常的70胎资料。二维超声结合彩色多普勒扫查胎儿四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管切面及三血管-气管切面等横断面,扫查腔静脉长轴切面、主动脉弓切面及动脉导管弓切面等矢状面。观察DA的走行及与其他大血管的空间位置关系。结果 胎儿DA异常主要由DA缺如、DA功能异常及DA形态异常3类。70胎DA异常中,9胎DA缺如,8胎DA早闭,11胎DA即将闭合,9胎DA逆行灌注血流,33胎DA走行纡曲伴扩张。结论 产前诊断胎儿DA缺如及DA功能性改变意义重大。三血管-气管切面及动脉导管弓切面结合CDFI扫查可明确诊断。     

功能性单心室合并大动脉梗阻胎儿的脑血流改变

目的 探讨功能性单心室（FSV）合并大动脉梗阻胎儿的脑血流改变。方法 收集经超声心动图诊断为FSV的胎儿40胎（病例组）,正常胎儿65胎（对照组）。采用脉冲多普勒超声检测胎儿大脑中动脉（MCA）和脐动脉（UA）,计算MCA搏动指数（MCA-PI）、UA搏动指数（UA-PI）和脑/脐血管阻力指数比（CPR）。先将MCA-PI与UA-PI进行Z分数换算,再进行统计学分析。结果 病例组40胎FSV中,23胎FSV合并主动脉梗阻（FSV合并主动脉梗阻亚组）,17胎FSV合并肺动脉梗阻（FSV合并肺动脉梗阻亚组）。病例组与对照组MCA-PI Z分数、UA-PI Z分数、CPR差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。FSV合并主动脉梗阻亚组MCA-PI Z分数值低于对照组及FSV合并肺动脉梗阻亚组（P<0.05）。FSV合并肺动脉梗阻亚组MCA-PI Z分数值高于对照组（P<0.05）。3组UA-PI Z分数值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。FSV合并主动脉梗阻亚组CPR值低于对照组及FSV合并肺动脉梗阻亚组（P<0.05）,FSV合并肺动脉梗阻亚组CPR值与对照组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 FSV合并主动脉梗阻和FSV合并肺动脉梗阻的胎儿脑血流改变不同,且存在不同程度的脑循环代偿反应。     

产前MRI量化评价先天性心脏病胎儿脑二维径线

目的 观察产前MRI量化评价先天性心脏病胎儿脑二维径线的价值。方法 150名孕龄（GA）21~39周孕妇（150胎）接受产前胎儿MR检查，其中50胎先天性心脏病（CHD）胎儿（CHD组），GA平均（28.05±4.50）周，包括27胎<28周、23胎≥28周；100胎脑发育正常（对照组），GA平均（27.85±4.40）周，包括48胎<28周、52胎≥28周。行单次激发自旋回波（SSTSE）序列扫描，测量胎儿脑双顶径（BBD）、脑额枕径（BFOL）、骨双顶径（SBD）、骨枕额径（SOD）及头围（HC），并以快速平衡稳态梯度回波（B-FFE）序列显示胎儿心血管结构。对胎儿颅脑主要二维径线指标与GA进行相关性分析，得到拟合直线，分析2组胎儿相关指标的差异。结果 2组胎儿BBD、BFOL、SBD、SOD、HC与GA均呈高度线性相关（CHD组r=0.96、0.89、0.94、0.90、0.93，P均<0.01；对照组r=0.97、0.96、0.94、0.95、0.95，P均<0.01）。<28周胎儿组间径线指标差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；≥28周胎儿中，CHD组BBD、BFOL、SOD和HC均小于对照组（P均<0.05），SBD差异无统计学意义（P=0.10）。结论 MRI量化评价胎儿颅脑生物学指标可为宫内评估胎儿大脑生长发育情况提供参考。CHD在宫内即可影响胎儿脑发育；中晚孕期CHD胎儿BBD、BFOL、SOD和HC均相对减小。     

MRI定量评估胎儿脑体积

目的 观察MRI定量脑体积评估胎儿大脑发育的价值。方法 对60例排除胎儿中枢神经系统异常或发育不良、孕周（GA）21~37周的单胎妊娠孕妇行胎儿MR检查，采用单次激发快速自旋回波（SSTSE）序列采集胎儿MRI，经后处理后手动分割大脑，测量胎儿三维脑体积指标颅腔内体积（ICV）、脑总容积（TBV）和脑脊液容积（CFV），计算大脑二维径线指标，包括大脑双顶径（BPD）、骨性双顶径（SBD）、枕额径（SOD）及头围（HC）。分析二维径线指标及三维脑体积指标与GA的相关性，并进行回归分析；观察三维脑体积指标与二维径线指标间的关系。结果 TBV（r=0.98）、ICV（r=0.97）、CFV（r=0.89）、BPD（r=0.96）、SBD（r=0.94）、SOD（r=0.96）、HC（r=0.96）均与GA呈高度正相关（P均<0.01）。TBV及ICV与二维径线各指标间均高度正相关（P均<0.01），HC与CFV间亦呈高度相关（P<0.01）。结论 MRI三维定量脑体积可较好评估GA 21~37周胎儿颅脑生长发育，有望为产前诊断胎儿脑疾病及研究其发病机制提供新的影像学手段。     

超声评价子痫前期患者胎儿主动脉峡部血流指数

目的 通过测量峡部血流指数（IFI）定量分析子痫前期（PE）患者胎儿主动脉峡部（AOI）血流变化特点与规律。方法 纳入38例PE患者（PE组）和孕周相匹配的38名正常单胎妊娠孕妇（对照组）。采集胎儿AOI、脐动脉（UA）、静脉导管（DV）的多普勒频谱,计算IFI,并分为Ⅰ~Ⅲ型,计算PE组胎儿AOI、UA舒张期血流及心房收缩波（DA-a）消失或反向率。结果 对照组胎儿IFI均为Ⅰ型,IFI值为1.40±0.09,AOI舒张期血流均为前向;PE组胎儿IFI Ⅰ型21胎,Ⅱ型10胎,Ⅲ型7胎,IFI值为0.81±0.80;2组IFI差异有统计学意义（t=4.439,P<0.001）。PE组胎儿AOI、UA舒张期血流和DV-a波消失或反向率分别为44.74%（17/38）、13.16%（5/38）和0,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=25.796,P<0.001）。结论 PE患者胎儿IFI降低。检测胎儿AOI多普勒频谱可于胎儿循环缺氧早期检测其血流动力学变化。     

Tei指数评价三尖瓣反流胎儿左心室功能

目的 采用Tei指数评估三尖瓣反流（TR）胎儿左心室功能,观察其预测不良妊娠结局的价值。方法 纳入78胎TR胎儿,根据反流程度分为轻度组（n=54）及中度组（n=24）;同期纳入60胎正常胎儿作为对照组。比较组间左心室等容收缩时间（ICT）、等容舒张时间（IRT）及射血时间（ET）,计算Tei指数。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,评价Tei指数预测不良妊娠结局的效能。结果 轻度组各参数与对照组差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;中度组左心室Tei指数、ICT+IRT明显高于对照组（P均<0.05）。轻、中度组胎儿出生孕周均小于对照组（P均<0.05）,不良妊娠结局发生率均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。左心室Tei指数预测轻度组及中度组不良结局的AUC分别为0.52及0.65,敏感度分别为36.80%及58.30%,特异度分别为75.00%及83.30%。结论 Tei指数可用于评价单纯性TR胎儿左心室功能,进而预测TR胎儿不良结局,为临床干预提供重要依据。     

Fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm: a longitudinal study from 32 weeks of gestation to term.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the echocardiographic characteristics of isolated fetal ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA) and the factors influencing its development. METHODS: Fetal echocardiograms for 509 low-risk singleton pregnancies were performed longitudinally from 32 weeks of gestation. The ventricular outflow tracts and great vessels were visualized, focusing on changes in the ductus arteriosus (DA), and fetuses with DAA or ductus arteriosus dilatation (DAD) were identified. Prenatal and perinatal findings were compared between those infants diagnosed postnatally with and those without neonatal DAA. RESULTS: Forty-one of the 509 fetuses (8.1%) studied had neonatal DAA; 2.2% (11/509) had DAA and 5.9% (30/509) DAD before delivery. The mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis of fetal DAA/DAD was 36.9 +/- 1.7 weeks. The mean maximal internal diameter of DAA/DAD was 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm at initial diagnosis, increasing to 10.8 +/- 1.6 mm before delivery. All cases originated from the aortic end of the DA. Compared with fetuses without neonatal DAA, the affected cases had a markedly more curved DA prior to diagnosis, and higher peak velocities at the aortic end of the DA (P < 0.05). Newborns with fetal DAA/DAD had a larger placental weight to birth body weight (BBW) ratio and were less likely to have a BBW appropriate for gestational age (P < 0.05). All cases of fetal DAA/DAD regressed spontaneously. CONCLUSION: Isolated neonatal DAA is a continuity of fetal DAA/DAD. The development of fetal DAA/DAD is likely to be related to the higher peak velocities in the more markedly curved DA occurring in the latter part of the third trimester. Fetal DAA/DAD usually initiates at the aortic end of the DA, followed by progression towards the pulmonary end.     

胎儿超声心动图检查定量11~17周正常胎儿主动脉和肺动脉内径Z-评分的初步研究

目的探讨早孕期（11^＋0周~13^＋6周）和中孕早期（14^＋0周~17^＋6周）胎儿主动脉内径（AO）与肺动脉内径（PA）与胎儿生物学生长参数的相关性,初步建立早孕期和中孕早期胎儿AO与PA的正常参考值范围及Z-评分方程,并评价方程的有效性。 方法随机选取孕周（GA）为（11^＋0周~17^＋6周）正常单胎胎儿270例,将成功显示左、右心室流出道切面的245例胎儿纳入研究,获得胎儿顶臀径（CRL）、双顶径（BPD）、股骨长径（FL）、孕周（GA）等生物学生长参数。在胎儿左、右心室流出道切面测量收缩末期AO及PA,以GA、BPD和FL作为独立自变量,AO及PA作为因变量,建立AO、PA的正常参考值范围,并对每个参数的绝对残差（SD）进行加权回归,建立Z-评分方程。 结果采用简单的线性回归模型,可以很好地描述AO和PA与非心脏生物特征参数（BPD、FL、GA）的关系。AO、PA与GA、BPD、FL均呈显著线性相关（GA与AO：r=0.9276,GA与PA：r=0.9271,BPD与AO：r=0.9551,BPD与PA：r=0.9558,FL与AO：r=0.9462,FL与PA：r=0.9483,均<0.001）,其中与BPD的相关性最强。 结论正常早孕期及中孕早期胎儿的AO、PA随着孕周的增加而增长,本研究初步建立了正常胎儿早孕期及中孕早期AO、PA的参考范围及其Z-评分方程。为早孕期及中孕早期评估胎儿大血管生长提供精确的参考标准,在早期筛查或诊断胎儿先天性心脏畸形方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Development of Z-scores for fetal cardiac dimensions from echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: Z-scores for cardiac dimensions are well established in postnatal life, but have yet to be developed for fetal cardiac dimensions. These would be of real advantage to the clinician in accurately quantifying size and growth of cardiac dimensions and to the researcher by allowing mathematical comparison of growth in differing subgroups of a disease. The purpose of this observational study, conducted at tertiary fetal medicine and cardiology units, was to produce formulae and nomograms allowing computation of Z-scores for fetal cardiac dimensions from knowledge of femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD) or gestational age (GA) using fetal echocardiography. METHODS: Seventeen fetal cardiac dimensions were measured in 130 pregnant women with singleton fetuses of gestational age 15-39 weeks. Regression equations were derived relating all dimensions to FL, BPD and GA. From the calculations, formulae were then developed allowing fetal cardiac Z-score computation. RESULTS: The relationships between cardiac dimensions and FL, BPD or GA were described following natural log transformation. From this analysis, FL (taken as an expression of fetal size) had the highest correlation to fetal cardiac dimensions. From the developed nomograms, Z-scores of specific fetal cardiac structures could be estimated from knowledge of the FL, BPD or GA and echocardiographically derived measurements. CONCLUSIONS: This study allowed computation of Z-scores in fetal life for 17 cardiac dimensions from FL, BPD or GA. Previous studies of normal data allowed qualitative assessment of where abnormal cardiac dimensions lay with regard to the normal range. Z-scores from this study allow quantitative analysis of where such dimensions lie relative to the mean. This permits exact assessment of growth of fetal cardiac structures in normal hearts and particularly in congenitally abnormal hearts where quantitative assessment of the growth of cardiac structures is important in analyzing and planning treatment strategies.     

Diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus aneurysm: importance of the three-vessel view.

OBJECTIVE: To present four cases of ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA) detected by fetal echocardiography and highlight the value of the three-vessel view in the diagnosis of DAA. METHODS: In addition to the standard fetal echocardiographic views, we examined the three-vessel view in four cases of DAA. The three-vessel view was achieved by sliding the transducer cranially from the four-chamber plane toward the fetal upper mediastinum to demonstrate cross-sections of the main pulmonary artery, the ascending aorta and superior vena cava arranged in a straight line from the left anterior to the right posterior aspect of the mediastinum. DAA was diagnosed when there was a tortuous ductus arteriosus with a dilation that protruded leftward of the aortic arch. CASE SERIES: In the first case, an insulin-dependent diabetic woman underwent fetal ultrasound examination at 36 weeks' gestation showing right-to-left cardiac disproportion and bidirectional flow in the aorta and main pulmonary artery (PA). The three-vessel view showed a dilated ductus arteriosus (DA) which was stenosed at its distal end. In the second case, a woman had fetal ultrasound scans at 38 and 39 weeks' gestation for suspected intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios. The scans identified an abnormal aortic arch and the three-vessel view showed an elongated vascular structure at the distal end of the PA, which was the DAA. In the third case, a woman with a high-risk obstetric history had multiple scans showing an abnormal PA to aorta relationship, with an apparent 'kink' in the PA. The three-vessel view clarified that this was the DAA. In the fourth case, a woman was scanned because of a 3-kg weight gain in 1 week. The fetal ultrasound scan showed moderate polyhydramnios with normal fetal growth and normal intracardiac anatomy and flow, and the three-vessel view demonstrated a large DA. In each of these cases, the DAA appeared to have occurred in isolation with non-specific clinical findings. CONCLUSION: We advocate the use of the three-vessel view, in conjunction with the standard echocardiography views currently employed, to assist in the diagnosis of DAA.     

Prediction of ductus arteriosus closure by neonatal screening echocardiography

AIMS: We reported the incidence, clinical manifestations and outcome of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in full-term infants by screening echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total 1230 infants received echocardiographic screening and periodic follow-up. On the third day of life, there were 109 infants with isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA), those with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus (DA) in 26. The DA closed within 48 h in 828 infants, and persisted beyond 48 h in 180. The incidence of PDA in full-term infants was 0.91, 0.83 and 0.66% at 1, 4 and 6 months follow-up, and 0.82, 0.73 and 0.64% if infants with DAA were excluded. Infants with PDA had lower birth body weight (BBW) than those with closed DA (p = 0.02). The DA width on the third day of life ranged from 0.23 to 0.43 cm (0.32 +/- 0.08 cm) and 0.08 to 0.44 cm (0.16 +/- 0.06 cm) in infants with or without PDA, respectively, which was significantly different (p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values were 87.5, 92.5, 36.8 and 99% respectively for the cuff-off point at 0.25 cm of DA width. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors in infants with PDA included lower BBW and larger measured DA width at the third day of life. We predicted the arterial duct would close if DA width <0.25 cm, and suggested follow up earlier if >0.25 cm on the third day of life.