The heterodigital reversed flow neurovascular island flap for fingertip injuries.

We report the results of pulp reconstruction with a new heterodigital reverse flow island flap. A dorsolateral flap from the middle phalanx, based on the digital artery is raised from the adjacent uninjured finger. The common digital artery, between the injured finger and the donor finger, is ligated and transected just before its bifurcation. The two converging branches of the digital arteries can be entirely mobilized as a continuous vascular pedicle for the flap. Thus the vascularization is now supplied by reverse flow through the proximal transverse digital palmar arch of the injured finger. To provide sensation the dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve from the donor finger can be included in the flap. Six reverse heterodigital island flaps were used in patients. In five patients the flap was used for pulp reconstruction and in one case for covering a dorsal digital defect. In one case mild venous congestion occurred. Good skin coverage with supple and well-vascularized skin was obtained in each patient. The static two-point discrimination over the flap was between 6 and 15 mm. This new procedure is indicated for extensive pulp defects in fingers in which reconstruction cannot be done using other flaps and as an alternative to microsurgical reconstruction.     

游离指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的 报告应用指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣游离移植修复指腹缺损的手术方法和临床效果.方法 对6例6指指腹缺损的患者,采用指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣游离移植修复,皮瓣切取面积为1.0cm×1.0cm～2.0 6m×2.5 cm,供区为患指或邻指的近节桡背或尺背侧,供区全部采用全厚皮片植皮.结果 术后6例皮瓣全部存活,随访时间6～18个月,平均12个月,皮瓣质地、外形满意,手指功能恢复优良,远指间关节活动度为0°～60°,皮瓣两点分辨觉为6～11mm.皮瓣供区创面Ⅰ期愈合,远期随访植皮区耐磨,无破溃发生,供区指体活动未受影响.结论 应用游离指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣修复指腹缺损,手术操作相对简单,修复后指腹饱满、外形逼真并具有感觉,是一种理想的手术方法.     

逆行桡侧小鱼际皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损

目的 探讨逆行桡侧小鱼际皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损的方法 及疗效.方法 2006年3月至2010年3月,收治13例14指软组织缺损,缺损范围1.9 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm×2.0 cm,均采用以小指尺掌侧固有动脉为血管蒂的逆行小鱼际皮瓣修复,皮瓣大小为2.0 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm ×2.0 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,供、受区切口均一期愈合.12例13指,获1～3年随访,皮瓣外观与健侧指相似,无明显色素沉着,其中1例因患掌腱膜挛缩症而出现手指瘢痕挛缩.皮瓣两点辨别觉为3.2～5.3 mm.参照关节总主动活动度/被动活动度评定标准,优12指,良1指.供区无明显不适主诉,术后2个月均重返工作岗位.结论 带感觉神经的逆行桡侧小鱼际瓣修复手指软组织缺损,效果良好,并且具有不牺牲指固有神经,供区损伤少的优点.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of reverse radial hypothenar flap for finger soft tissue defect. Methods From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 13 cases (14fingers) with finger soft tissue defects were treated with reverse radial hypothenar flaps pedicled with ulnar palmar digital artery of little finger. The defects were 1.9 cm× 1. 5cm -4. 0 cm× 2. 0 cm in size. The flap size ranged from 1.5cm× 2.0 cm to 4. 0 cm × 2. 0 cm. Results All the flaps survived completely with primary healing both in donor and recipient area. 12 cases(13 fingers)were followed up for 1-3 years. The flaps color was similar to the unaffected fingers. Cicatricial contracture happened in one case due to contracture of palmar fascia.The two-point discrimination distance on flap was 3.2-5. 3mm. The active and passive movement of finger joints was evaluated as excellent in 12 fingers, good in one finger. There was no complaint about the feeling at the donor site. Two months after operation, all patients could go back to work. Conclusions The reverse radial hypothenar flap is very suitable for finger soft tissue defect with less morbidity to donor site.     

Reverse digital artery flap from radial and ulnar borders of palm

Reconstructing skin defects of the volar aspect of fingers can be a challenging task due to a lack of local expendable tissue. The reverse digital artery flap is a versatile and reliable technique that can be used to manage such disabling injuries. Various authors have used this flap effectively, but most have used the digit itself as the donor site. This limits the size of the flap and also necessitates skin grafting to cover the donor site. Large reverse digital artery flaps can be raised from the radial and ulnar borders of the palm facilitating coverage of significant digital defects and primary closure of the donor site, resulting in minimal donor-site morbidity. We describe 3 illustrative cases to highlight the flaps versatility.     

游离桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损的方法及临床疗效。方法2015年6月-2019年8月,采用桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损11例,皮瓣切取范围为2.5 cm×5.5 cm^3.0 cm×7.5 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。术后随访3~26个月,观察皮瓣的质地、外观、感觉及手指功能情况。结果11例皮瓣全部顺利成活,伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后9例获得随访,随访时间3~26个月,平均18个月。皮瓣质地好,未见明显臃肿,皮色与受区相近,两点辨别觉8~12 mm,平均10 mm。供区只留线性瘢痕。结论采用桡动脉联体穿支皮瓣修复手指较大皮肤软组织缺损,增加了皮瓣的切取范围,不损伤主干血管,切取简便,成活率高,色泽和质地与受区相近,手指功能良好,供区可直接缝合,是修复手指较大皮肤缺损的一种理想方法。     

改良第二掌背动脉皮瓣修复示中指中末节套脱伤

目的 探讨应用第二掌背动脉(second dorsal metacarpal artery,SDMA)逆行岛状皮瓣修复示、中指中末节皮肤套状撕脱伤的方法及疗效.方法 2004年5月至2010年1月,收治17例示指或中指中末节皮肤套状撕脱伤患者.采用SDMA岛状皮瓣进行修复,并缝合指背神经.皮瓣切取面积为2.5 cm×5.6 cm～5.0cm×6.5 cm,供区创面行游离植皮.结果 术后2例皮瓣远端出现张力性水泡,表皮结痂,经换药后愈合;其余皮瓣顺利存活.皮瓣及供区植皮切口均Ⅰ期愈合.术后17例获得4～27个月的随访,平均15.3个月.皮瓣质地柔软,外观饱满无臃肿.两点分辨觉为7～11 mm,平均8.6 mm.手功能按手指总主动活动度(total active movement,TAM)法评定:优8指,良7指,可2指;优良率为88.2%.结论 缝合指背神经的改良SDMA逆行岛状皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积足够覆盖示、中指中末节套状撕脱伤皮肤缺损创面,皮瓣血运可靠,手术安全,是一种较好的手术方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the operative procedure and the clinical results of the modified reversed island flap based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery (SDMA) for repairing index or long finger degloving defects.Methods From May 2004 to January 2010, circumferential soft tissue defect in the middle and distal phalanx of the index or long fingers in 17 patients were repaired by the modified reversed island flaps based on SDMA.The dorsal digital nerve in the flap was coapted to the severed proper digital nerve.The area of the flaps ranged from 2.5 cm × 5.6 cm to 5.0 cm × 6.5 cm.The donor sites were closed by skin graft.Results Postoperatively blister and necrosis of the distal flap occurred in 2 cases which was cured by dressing change.All the other flaps survived uneventfully.Primary healing of the flaps and donor sites was achieved.All 17 patients were follow-up for 4 to 27 months with an average of 15.3 months.The flaps were pliable, full but not bulky.Two-point discrimination was 7 to 11 mm (mean 8.6 mm).Hand function as judged by the total active range of motion of the fingers was excellent in 8 fingers, good in 7 fingers and fair in 2 fingers.The satisfactory rate was 88.2%.Conclusion Modified SDMA reversed island flap transfer with dorsal digital nerve coaptation is an ideal procedure to repair index or long finger degloving injuries.The area of the harvested flap is large enough to cover the circumferential soft tissue defect in the middle and distal phalanx.The surgery is safe due to the reliable flap circulation.     

指固有动脉不同节段背侧皮支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复同指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨以指固有动脉不同节段背侧皮支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复同指皮肤及软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2005年6月至2008年6月,对45例52指手指皮肤缺损的患者,采用以指固有动脉背侧皮支为蒂的岛状皮瓣转移修复.结果 45例中除4指皮瓣远端部分坏死外,其余皮瓣全部成活,经4～8个月随访,功能及外观良好.吻合神经皮瓣的两点辨别觉为6.0～9.0 mm,平均7.4 mm.未吻合神经的皮瓣的两点辨别觉为8～10 mm,平均9 mm.植皮区无明显凹陷,5指轻度色素沉着,4指出现植皮边缘瘢痕挛缩,其中1指远侧指间关节约10°伸直受限,经理疗后未见缓解.2指出现供区瘢痕触痛,经理疗后部分缓解.在常温下和冰水中均未出现苍白、发凉.供指指腹感觉均为S_4.手功能按ATM法,优42指,良7指,可3指,优良率达92%.结论 该术式不损伤手指的主要动脉,是治疗手指皮肤缺损的一种可行的手术方法.     

The reverse heterodigital neurovascular island flap for digital pulp reconstruction

A heterodigital neurovascular reverse-flow flap island flap for extensive pulp defects is described. A dorsolateral flap from the middle phalanx, based on the digital artery, is harvested from the adjacent uninjured finger. The common digital artery between the injured finger and the donor finger is ligated and transected just before its bifurcation. At this point the 2 converging branches of the digital arteries can be entirely mobilized as a continuous vascular pedicle for the flap. The vascularization is now supplied by reverse flow through the proximal transverse digital palmar arch of the injured finger; to provide sensation, the dorsal branch of the digital nerve from the donor finger must be included in the flap. This technique is indicated for large pulp defects with bone exposure of index and middle finger pulps, which are important for sensation.     

Foucher first dorsal metacarpal artery flap versus littler heterodigital neurovascular flap in resurfacing thumb pulp loss defects

Our study aims to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of Foucher's first dorsal metacarpal artery flap and Littler's heterodigital neurovascular flap in thumb pulp reconstruction, by assessing wound healing of donor and recipient sites, sensibility, and functional outcome of the reconstructed thumb. Fourteen male patients were reconstructed either with Foucher (n = 8) or Littler flap (n = 6). Dissection of Foucher's flap was faster than that of Littler's flap. All Littler flaps survived completely, but we experienced 1 partial Foucher flap necrosis. Thumb motility and stability was optimal in all patients. Wound healing of donor sites was achieved in both groups. Two patients reconstructed with Littler flap developed scar contractures and presented a reduced range of motion of donor finger and first webspace, respectively. Although Littler flap resulted in better sensibility and tactile gnosis of the reconstructed thumb-pulp, Foucher flap ensured negligible donor site morbidity, complete cortical reorientation, and better overall hand function.     

桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣在手指创面修复中的应用

目的:总结桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣在手指创面修复中的应用方法及疗效。方法:2012年11月~2013年5月,收治9例手指创面患者,其中男5例,女4例;年龄13~68岁,平均42.5岁。致伤原因:机器挤压伤4例,压砸伤4例,热压伤1例。致伤部位:均为手指,其中拇指1例,示指4例,中指3例,环指1例,小指2例,指掌侧创面5例,指背侧创面4例,创面范围1.5cm×3cm~3.0cm×7cm,单纯皮肤软组织缺损1例,其余均伴指骨骨折、肌腱损伤、血管神经等损伤,急诊一期手术5例,延迟手术4例;然后采用大小为2.0cm×3.5cm~3.5cm×7.5cm的桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣游离移植修复缺损;供区直接缝合。结果:术后皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;供区切口Ⅰ期愈合。术后患者均获随访,随访时间6~12个月,平均8.5月。皮瓣不臃肿,颜色及质地与周围正常皮肤相似,手指外形满意。手指恢复部分浅感觉,术后6月,按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准中拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定,获优7例,良1例,中1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹游离皮瓣具有术后功能、外观良好的优点,是修复手指创面的理想方法之一。     

Fourteen cases of free thenar flap: a rare indication in digital reconstruction

BACKGROUND: The thenar area was first used for a free vascularized transfer by Tsai who, in 1991, resurfaced and vascularized a traumatized index finger basing the dissection on the radial digital artery of the thumb. Later, Kamei and Omokawa described a similar flap in finger reconstruction, which was supplied either by the radial artery or its volar branch. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2005 14 free thenar flaps were performed at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital for thumb (3 cases) and digital reconstruction (11 cases). In 6 cases, the pulp was involved whereas in the remaining 8 cases, the lesion was either in the volar (6 cases) or in the dorsal surface (2 cases) of the fingers. In 7 patients, a perforating branch rising about 3 cm proximal to the wrist crease was the main vascular source of the flap. In 8 cases, the volar radial artery provided adequate blood supply to the flap. No sensory nerve was included in the flap dissection. RESULTS: Two patients underwent reexploration for arterial thrombosis and venous congestion, respectively, which resulted in complete survival in this series. Donor site morbidity was inconspicuous and, in all cases, the thenar flap provided a well-padded tissue with glabrous skin. In the 7 patients who came back for a final evaluation, 2PD showed poor recover. CONCLUSION: The free thenar flap offers a thick skin of similar glabrous texture to that of the digits. This flap is especially indicated in those cases of multiple digital injuries or wide skin defects where homodigital or heterodigital island flaps are unsuitable.     

Free dorsal middle phalangeal finger flap

Three patients underwent finger reconstruction using free dorsal middle phalangeal finger flaps (DMF flaps). All flaps survived. The free DMF flap relies on blood flow from the dorsal branches of the digital artery and is harvested from the skin on the dorsum of the middle phalanx. The digital artery gives rise to four dorsal branches; two in the middle and two in the proximal phalangeal regions. The flap is based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery that passes near the center of the phalanx. The characteristic feature of the free DMF flap is that the dorsal cutaneous veins are used as drainage vessels. Unlike island flaps, blood congestion does not occur after free DMF flap surgery. Sensibility of the free flap may be obtained by inclusion of the dorsal branches of the digital nerves in the flap pedicle. Loss of the digital artery at the donor site can be circumvented with venous grafting. Surgery under brachial plexus block is an advantage of this flap. The free DMF flap is a useful technique for skin and soft-tissue defects.     

改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法 以指总动脉作为邻、患指指掌侧固有动脉逆行供血通道，在患指近侧指间关节近侧平面为旋转点，设计邻指指动脉岛状皮瓣逆行翻转，修复10例手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损，同时将皮瓣上的感觉神经与患指远端指神经缝合。结果 10例皮瓣全部成活，术后随访6～15个月。手指外观饱满，皮瓣颜色与正常手指相似，皮瓣质软，两点分辨觉为4mm。供区手指功能无影响。结论 改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣适用于修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损创面的覆盖，术后疗效满意。     

动脉化静脉皮瓣急诊修复手指软组织缺损

目的总结逆静脉瓣供血、顺静脉瓣回流的动脉化静脉皮瓣急诊修复手指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2002年10月-2007年3月，采用动脉化静脉皮瓣修复手指皮肤软组织缺损7例，男6例，女1例；年龄17～46岁。受伤原因：挤压伤6例，车床切削伤1例。受伤至手术时间2～7h。缺损范围3．0cm×2．0cm～6．0cm×3．5cm。均采用同侧前臂游离动脉化静脉皮瓣修复创面，皮瓣内静脉近心端分别与手指动、静脉吻合。切取皮瓣范围3．0cm×2．5cm～7．0cm×4．0cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果术后6例皮瓣完全成活，1例出现部分表皮坏死，脱痂后愈合。供区创面I期愈合。术后随访3个月～4年，皮肤质地、厚薄均满意，仅1例表皮坏死者出现部分色素沉着。皮瓣均无硬化、挛缩和影响关节活动的现象。按中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定标准：优3指，良4指。结论逆静脉瓣供血、顺静脉瓣回流的动脉化静脉皮瓣是目前修复手指软组织缺损的一种较理想方法。     

Simultaneous coverage of two separate dorsal digital defects with a syndactylizing venous free flap

We report a case of a 58-year-old patient who sustained multiple finger injuries on the right hand. After thorough debridement, two dorsal defects of the middle and ring fingers were covered simultaneously with a single arterialized venous free flap from the right forearm. The flap was used to create a dorsally syndactylized digit which survived completely and was subsequently divided longitudinally. With early flap division, excellent functional and cosmetic result was achieved. We consider the syndactylized venous free flap with early division as a useful option for simultaneous coverage of separate dorsal digital defects.     

逆行第一跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复(足母)趾腓侧游离皮瓣供区创面

目的应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾腓侧游离皮瓣的供区,为减少显微外科供区损伤提供新方法。方法2000年2月至2004年6月,对12例拇指及其他手指软组织缺损,采用趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复。根据第1跖背动脉和跖底动脉在跖趾关节处存在恒定的交通支的解剖学基础,切取逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣修复趾供区创面,足背供区直接缝合。结果12例趾腓侧游离皮瓣和逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣移植全部成活,平均随访10个月,皮瓣外观和功能恢复良好。趾腓侧游离皮瓣平均两点辨别觉为6mm,逆行第1跖背动脉皮瓣为10mm。结论在趾腓侧游离皮瓣移植修复拇指或其他手指软组织损伤的同时,应用逆行第1跖背动脉岛状皮瓣完善修复趾供区创面,达到了＂双赢＂的手术目的。     

游离静脉皮瓣修复断指伴皮肤和指动脉缺损的疗效分析

目的评价应用前臂或足背静脉皮瓣修复断指伴皮肤和指动脉缺损的疗效。方法对13例断指伴掌侧皮肤、动脉缺损的患者行前臂静脉皮瓣移植8例,足背浅静脉皮瓣移植5例,其中带肌腱重建屈指功能3例,均为一期修复。结果13例静脉皮瓣与再植手指全部成活,外形与功能良好。结论静脉皮瓣一期修复再植手指血管与皮肤缺损操作方法可行,对供区损伤小,成活率高,手指外形好,如伴肌腱缺损．可同时重建手指屈伸功能。     

皮瓣移植修复手指近中节软组织缺损的疗效观察

目的:探讨3种不同类型皮瓣移植修复手指近、中节软组织缺损的手术方法及疗效。方法:自2011年5月至2015年5月,应用3种不同类型皮瓣移植修复近中节手指软组织缺损102例115指,男59例70指,女43例45指;年龄19~62岁,平均45.6岁。其中游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复29例29指、游离尺动脉腕上穿支皮瓣35例37指、掌背动脉穿支逆行筋膜皮瓣修复38例49指。软组织缺损面积1.8 cm×4.0 cm~2.8 cm×5.4 cm。皮瓣切取面积2.0 cm×4.4 cm~3.1 cm×6.0 cm。术后从皮瓣成活率、手指功能及并发症等方面进行评价手术疗效。结果 :皮瓣全部存活,其中5例出现皮瓣远端表皮坏死,经创面换药治疗后愈合。供、受区未并发深部感染。其中有3例皮瓣供区出现植皮部分坏死,经换药治疗后延期愈合。所有患者获随访,时间6~28个月,平均10.6个月,皮瓣外形及质地良好,皮瓣感觉功能恢复良好,两点分辨觉为9~13 mm;供区无明显功能障碍。手指关节功能:优52例,良41,中9例。结论:对于手指近中节软组织缺损的修复,应根据患者性别和年龄差异、缺损创面情况、术者对手术方法的掌握程度以及医院技术条件等方面来选择合适的皮瓣。     

前臂背桡侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指软组织缺损

目的 报告前臂背桡侧穿支皮瓣的手术方法和临床疗效.方法 设计前臂背桡侧穿支皮瓣游离移植,修复手指皮肤软组织缺损,临床应用17例20指.结果 20块皮瓣全部存活.12例获得3～12个月的随访,5例失访.皮瓣外观不臃肿;修复指背者,皮瓣色泽接近受区,但修复指腹者皮瓣色泽与受区有差异.修复指腹并缝合指神经者9例10指.其中获得9～12个月随访者6例,皮瓣感觉恢复均达S3,两点分辨觉为8～12mm .所有供区创面均直接缝合,仅遗留线状瘢痕.结论 前臂背桡侧穿支皮瓣血管人皮点恒定,血管蒂口径能满足吻合的要求.修复手指外观满意,通过缝合指神经能恢复良好感觉.     

The proximal dorsal digital flap

In 9 patients, 10 flaps based on the dorsal branches of the digital artery from the dorsum of the proximal phalanx were used to cover tissue defects on the volar aspect of the fingers. Full-thickness skin grafts were applied to the donor defects. All flaps survived completely with no donor site morbidity. This flap appears to be an easy and reliable way of covering the flexor tendon, the digital nerve and the digital artery after contracture release or for skin defects on the volar surface of the proximal phalanx. Received: 15 December 1997 / Accepted: 31 March 1998