选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗痉挛型脑瘫82例随访观察

[目的]探讨选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）治疗痉挛型脑瘫方法和临床疗效。[方法]自1999年采用SPR手术治疗82例脑瘫患者，其中男53例，女29例；年龄3～19岁，平均8岁。根据术前判断下肢痉挛的范围并参考痉挛所造成的下肢主要畸形，施行SPR手术。[结果]通过6～60个月的随访观察，所有病例肌张力均较术前下降Ⅰ～Ⅲ级，下肢痉挛均有不同程度的缓解或消失。[结论]选择性脊神经后根切断术能有效地解除肢体痉挛，改善肢体功能。     

脑瘫SPR术后遗留髋内收畸形的个体化手术治疗

目的评价痉挛型脑瘫患者腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）后遗留髋内收畸形的手术方案选择及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月至2012年8月北京中医药大学东直门医院收治的126例脑瘫SPR术后遗留髋内收畸形患者的临床资料,根据肌肉挛缩的范围和畸形程度采取不同的手术方式,包括长收肌、短收肌、股薄肌、髂腰肌、闭孔神经前支切断术等。观察患者术后髋外展角度及畸形矫正情况。结果 126例患者随访14~38个月（平均22个月）。术后髋内收畸形均较术前有明显改善,其中术后髋外展角度≥30°118例、20°~30°8例,缓解率100%（126/126）,满意率93.6%（118/126）。未出现下肢感觉障碍、髋外展或外旋畸形。结论对于脑瘫SPR术后遗留的髋内收畸形,根据个体情况不同,采用肌肉切断松解、闭孔神经前支切断术等个体化治疗方案,可取到满意的临床疗效。     

双侧连续开窗式选择性脊神经后根切断治疗脑瘫下肢痉挛

选择性脊神经后根切断术 (selective posterior rhizotomy,SPR)治疗脑瘫 ,手术切除腰骶段棘突、韧带及全椎板切开硬膜术后部分病例出现腰椎滑脱、过伸畸形等并发症。为了尽量减少影响脊柱稳定性 ,我们采用双侧连续开窗式 SPR治疗脑瘫下肢痉挛 2 1例。全部患者双下肢均呈尖足交叉畸形 ,足尖着地 ,扶持下行走 15例 ,均呈剪刀步态。术前腰椎 X线检查未见异常。手术方法 :手术在全麻下进行 ,俯卧位自 L1 ～ S2 后正中部切口 ,不损伤棘上韧带、棘突 ,显露双侧椎板 ,行双侧 L1 ～L2 、L2～L3、L3～L4、L4～ L5 、L5 ～ S1 开窗并扩大棘突…     

选择性脊神经后根切断术联合足部矫形术治疗脑瘫足

目的：痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿伴足部畸形(脑瘫足)的几种手术矫形方法疗效与对比较。方法：本次67例痉挛型脑瘫患儿为观察组，采用腰骶部选择性脊神经后根切断术(Selective posterion Rhizotomy，SPR)辅以足部矫形术，既往2年59例分为对照1组(单独SPR手术)和对照2组(单独足部矫形)，疗效参照马若飞标准评定。结果：经90d治疗，半年总有效率分别为99％和96％，两组差异不显著；2年后随访综合评估分值对比有显著差异。结论：腰骶部SPR联合足部矫形对脑瘫足的疗效持久，较其他单一方法为优。     

SPR治疗痉挛型脑瘫及其诱发电位研究

作者于1993年12月～1995年8月采用诱发电位仪对160例行选择性脊神经后根切断(SPR)治疗的脑瘫患儿手术前后进行体感诱发电位(SEP)测定,其中30例术后流涎、斜视、语言障碍较术前明显好转,腰骶段手术患者术后上肢痉挛较术前明显缓解.现对这30例的手术效果、手术前后诱发电位结果进行分析,并据此对SPR手术缓解肌痉挛的机理进行探讨.     

胫神经肌支切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足

目的：评价胫神经肌支切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足的疗效。方法：52例痉挛型脑瘫SPR术后马蹄内翻足畸形患者,男33例（38足）,女19例（26足）;年龄6～10岁,平均7.8岁。Ashworsh分级：Ⅲ级34例,Ⅳ级18例;踝阵挛阳性者42例。采用胫神经肌支切断术治疗。结果：随访1～3年,平均2.6年,痉挛步态明显改善,畸形均无复发。根据足部畸形矫正程度及患者的满意程度进行综合判定：优32例,良14例,差6例。结论：胫神经肌支切断术治疗小儿脑瘫痉挛性马蹄内翻足是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗儿童脑瘫下肢痉挛

目的：本文报道SPR术治疗儿童痉挛性脑瘫下肢痉挛的临床经验。方法：1997年6月－1998年4月共收治脑瘫患儿11例,运用SPR手术治疗,术后追踪随访。结果：术后经过2－2．5年随访9例,均有不同程度的下肢痉挛缓解或消失。并发症：肌张力低下,足内翻转为足外翻。结论：SPR手术治疗痉挛性脑瘫可以缓解下肢肌痉挛,改善下肢步态,但必须严格掌握适应证。与Ⅱ期矫形手术结合可提高疗效。     

痉挛性脑瘫选择性脊神经后根切断术的10年回顾（附825例随访结果分析）

目的：以随访方式对选择性脊神经后果切断术（SPR）解除脑瘫痉挛,改善功能进行疗效观察。方法：自1990年5月始采用SPR治疗的825例得到2年以上随访的脑瘫患者。病理类型：痉挛型661例,僵直型52例,混合型112例。病因：绝大多数病例为早产,产后窒息,难产,持续黄疸等。痉挛程序：Ⅲ级-Ⅴ级。下肢实用能力等情况：独立行走129例,简单介助行走143例,介助站立并有行走动作275例,双下肢交替爬行122例,上肢助力式爬行或不能爬行156例。治疗方法及其技术改进：根据术前判断下戏挛的范围并参考痉挛和下肢主要畸变施行功能性SPR;混合性脑瘫SPR同时选择部分神经节段行SAR;上肢痉挛较重,是痉挛影响手的日常生活的基本动作的脑瘫行CSPR;保留L4椎板和LR－SRR技术;部分病例应用射频技术,术后术后的康复措施应用;SPR后功能训练3－6个月后,针对固定的畸形的矫形手术。治疗结果：术后肌张力情况,Ⅰ级672例,Ⅱ级102例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级10例。癫痫发作频率减少或癫痫控制药物服用量减少31例,流口水减轻或消失70例。眼外斜视减轻132例。发音改善72例。腰骶段SPR上肢痉程度减轻67例。行走功能改变：在介助行走418例病例中263例变为可独立行走,爬行278例病例中91例可独立行走,52例可借助站立或行走。结论：选择性脊神经后根切断术能够长期有效地解除肢体痉挛,改善肢体功能。     

选择性神经根切断治疗脑瘫临床总结

脑瘫四肢痉挛多采用四肢关节松解方法但收效甚微，尤其是远期效果较差，多数又回到原有状态。本院自2003年采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)方法对12例脑瘫四肢痉挛患者的手术治疗取得很好的效果。     

SPR治疗成人脑外伤后下肢痉挛的步态分析及诱发电位研究(附47例术后6年随访分析)

目的 :采用选择性脊神经后根切断术 (SPR )治疗成人脑外伤后下肢痉挛 16例 ,进行步态分析及诱发电位研究。方法 :手术前后进行步态分析及诱发电位测定 ,将痉挛下肢的L2 ～S1的脊神经后跟进行分束 ,将阈值较低神经束切断。结果 :痉挛解除率 90 % ,功能改善率 80 %。步态分析及诱发电位测定均有显著差异P <0 .0 1。结论 :SPR能有效治疗成人脑外伤后肢体痉挛。 47例 6年随访疗效满意     

高选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫

于1995年11月～1997年1月,应用高选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗以双下肢痉挛为主的脑瘫56例,男38例,女18例,平均9.6岁(4～46岁),达3个月以上随访者36例,所有病例肌张力均较术前降低Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,9例在手术同时或Ⅱ期行传统骨科矫形手术,取得较满意的近期疗效。介绍了手术操作要点及应注意的技术问题,强调肌力、肌张力及关节畸形情况检查的重要性,后根切断比例范围应个体化。并对手术适应证、并发症等问题进行讨论。     

Selective posterior rhizotomy for painful spasticity in the lower limbs of hemiplegic patients after stroke: report of two cases

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) has been performed mainly in children with cerebral palsy. Seldom has the use of SPR been reported for reduction of spasticity after stroke. We describe two elderly patients with hemiplegia who underwent unilateral SPR for pain caused by spasticity after stroke. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The first patient was a 68-year-old woman who experienced spasticity and pain in her right leg during the chronic stage of a left cerebral infarction. The second patient was an 89-year-old man who had intolerable spastic pain in his left hemiplegic leg 3 months after a right cerebral infarction. INTERVENTION: Both patients underwent unilateral SPR on the spastic side to reduce the pain. After surgery, the patients' pain resolved. In the first patient, the ability to perform activities of daily living also improved. CONCLUSION: Antispastic medications are often sufficient for treatment of post-stroke spasticity. In selected cases, however, SPR can be beneficial for improving painful spasticity.     

Selective fasicular neurotomy for spastic equinovarus foot deformity in cerebral palsy children

Spasticity is usually treated by rehabilitation, orthosis, chemical denervations, orthopaedic surgery and neurosurgery. Selective fascicular neurotomy is a neurosurgical procedure consisting in partial section of selected motor nerves innervating spastic muscles. Neurotomy is indicated in cases of localised disabling spasticity without musculotendinous shortening, resistant to chemical denervation and for which a motor nerve block with anaesthetic has given a good functional result. Neurotomy includes division of the afferent Ia and Ib fibers, unable to recover, leading to permanent disappearance of the spasticity. Neurotomy also includes section of the motor efferent fibers with transient paresis as a result. In adults, neurotomy provides functional improvement in 81 to 97% of cases. In case of posterior tibial neurotomy, improved walking stability and a decrease in foot equinus and knee recurvatum is observed. In children, the risk of deformity recurrence seems higher because of motor axonal reinnervation: indications must therefore be carefully considered and rehabilitation provided after surgery.     

The management of the orthopaedic sequelae of meningococcal septicaemia: patients treated to skeletal maturity

Septicaemia resulting from meningococcal infection is a devastating illness affecting children. Those who survive can develop late orthopaedic sequelae from growth plate arrests, with resultant complex deformities. Our aim in this study was to review the case histories of a series of patients with late orthopaedic sequelae, all treated by the senior author (CFB). We also describe a treatment strategy to address the multiple deformities that may occur in these patients. Between 1997 and 2009, ten patients (seven girls and three boys) were treated for late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. All had involvement of the lower limbs, and one also had involvement of the upper limbs. Each patient had a median of three operations (one to nine). Methods of treatment included a combination of angular deformity correction, limb lengthening and epiphysiodesis. All patients were skeletally mature at the final follow-up. One patient with bilateral below-knee amputations had satisfactory correction of her right amputation stump deformity, and has complete ablation of both her proximal tibial growth plates. In eight patients length discrepancy in the lower limb was corrected to within 1 cm, with normalisation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Meningococcal septicaemia can lead to late orthopaedic sequelae due to growth plate arrests. Central growth plate arrests lead to limb-length discrepancy and the need for lengthening procedures, and peripheral growth plate arrests lead to angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies and ablation of the damaged physis. In addition, limb amputations may be necessary and there may be altered growth of the stump requiring further surgery. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to recognise and treat any recurrence of deformity.     

Selective posterior rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. A review

Selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) is a neurosurgical procedure designed to alleviate spasticity in cerebral palsy. SPR depends on intraoperative monitoring of the electromyogram in conjunction with a careful preoperative assessment prior to the division of certain posterior nerve rootlets within the spinal canal. SPR is important to orthopedists, who are frequently called on to evaluate spastic patients. An outline of the physiology and clinical background of SPR is essential for an understanding of present efforts to alleviate spasticity.     

Selective posterior rhizotomy at the posterior radiculomedullary junction in the treatment of hyperspasticity and pain in the lower limbs

The authors report a series of 53 bedridden patients having harmful spasticity in one (6) or both (47) lower limb(s) and treated with selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). This severe spasticity was associated with irreducible flexion contracture in 49 cases and hyperextension in 3 others. 37 of these patients also had painful manifestations. The method was introduced in 1972 on the basis of anatomical studies of the DREZ in humans which showed a topographical segregation of the afferent roots according to their anatomico-functional destinations. The technique consists of a 2 mm deep DREZ microsurgical cut directed at a 45 degree angle into the posterior lateral sulcus just ventral to DREZ and Lissauer's tract of the spinal cord. The procedure was carried out at each sensory rootlet considered to be responsible for the harmful spasticity and pain. SPR interrupts selectively the lateral nociceptive and central myotactic afferent fibers curving toward Lissauer's tract and the anterior spinal cord, while sparing most of the medial lemniscal fibers curving toward the dorsal columns, as well as the fibers of the inhibitory circuitry of Lissauer's tract and dorsal horn. The results were evaluated after a 1 to 14 year follow-up. Mild to severe complications occurred in 25 patients (47.1%) and were responsible for death in 5 (9.4%). Both spasticity and spasm were significantly decreased or completely eliminated in 75% and 88.2% respectively; when present, pain was relieved without a total suppression of sensation in 91.6%. These benefits-combined with complementary orthopedic surgery in 23 patients--resulted in either a complete resolution or marked reduction of the abnormal postures and articular limitations (85.2% complete and 96.75 marked reduction). Because of the extreme severity of the pre-operative neurological deficits in almost all the patients in this series, surgery improved voluntary movements with a significant functional benefit in only 5 cases and vesico-sphincter function in none. Thanks to its valuable effects on hyperspasticity and pain, SPR in the DREZ made it possible for these very disable patients to be more comfortable in bed and wheel-chair and it allowed effective nursing and kinesitherapy to be resumed.     

改良式选择性脊神经后根切断术十例报告

目的 探索选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）改进的方法,以期减少手术创伤和对脊柱后柱的破坏,减少术后远期并发症发生的危险。方法 利用磁共振定位,切除一个半椎板,在圆锥部马尾发出处鉴别分离出Ｌ２￣Ｓ１神经后根,根据电刺激阈值选择性切断部分神经小束,以缓解小儿痉挛性脑瘫人的痉挛状态。手术的关键在于对脊神经后根的节段鉴别。 结果 术后随访４￣６个月,单纯痉挛型９例病人肌张力均下降、交叉腿解除,关节活动度增     

Prevention of severe contractures might replace multilevel surgery in cerebral palsy: results of a population-based health care programme and new techniques to reduce spasticity

During the 1990s three new techniques to reduce spasticity and dystonia in children with cerebral palsy (CP) were introduced in southern Sweden: selective dorsal rhizotomy, continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion and botulinum toxin treatment. In 1994 a CP register and a health care programme, aimed to prevent hip dislocation and severe contractures, were initiated in the area. The total population of children with CP born 1990-1991, 1992-1993 and 1994-1995 was evaluated and compared at 8 years of age. In non-ambulant children the passive range of motion in hip, knee and ankle improved significantly from the first to the later age groups. Ambulant children had similar range of motion in the three age groups, with almost no severe contractures. The proportion of children treated with orthopaedic surgery for contracture or skeletal torsion deformity decreased from 40 to 15% (P = 0.0019). One-fifth of the children with spastic diplegia had been treated with selective dorsal rhizotomy. One-third of the children born 1994-1995 had been treated with botulinum toxin before 8 years of age. With early treatment of spasticity, early non-operative treatment of contracture and prevention of hip dislocation, the need for orthopaedic surgery for contracture or torsion deformity is reduced, and the need for multilevel procedures seems to be eliminated.     

选择性颈神经后根切断术治疗上肢痉挛性脑瘫

目的：介绍选择性颈神经后根切断术治疗上肢痉挛性脑瘫的适应证，切除比例和对软组织手术的看法。方法：采用颈后路切断颈神经后根和软组织矫形术治疗８例上肢痉挛性脑瘫。结果：随访８个月至３年，患者异常增高的上肢肌张力，明显缓解，功能改善满意。结论：选择性颈神经后根切断术和软组织矫形术能有效地治疗痉挛性脑瘫     

Isolated thoracolumbar and lumbar hyperlordosis in a patient with cerebral palsy

A severe isolated thoracolumbar and lumbar hyperlordosis spinal deformity occurring in a patient with cerebral palsy is rare and has not been reported before. The authors describe the presentation, operative considerations, and treatment of patients with this unusual hyperlordotic spinal deformity, particularly those with cerebral palsy. A multiple-stage surgical reconstruction was required to correct this complex spinal deformity. The patient underwent bilateral femoral extension osteotomies along with spinal extensor myotomies to ensure proper prone positioning for his anticipated spinal surgery. Then he had staged anterior releases and spinal fusion from T8 to the sacrum followed by 2 weeks of "90-90" femoral skeletal traction. Finally, a posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation from T2 to the pelvis definitively corrected his deformity. The patient responded well to surgical intervention without complications and continues to have stable correction of his hyperlordosis deformity 2 years after surgery. Severe lordotic sagittal plane spinal deformities can be treated with anterior and posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation with intervening traction in the properly selected and prepared patient who has cerebral palsy.