不稳定性心绞痛患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-2、基质金属蛋白酶-9水平测定

目的:测定不稳定性心绞痛(UA)患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平,探讨MMP-2、MMP-9对UA的预测判断价值.方法:连续选取住院患者UA组26例,稳定性心绞痛(SA)组21例,均于入院第2天清晨空腹采取肘静脉血5ml,双抗体夹心酶联免疫(ELISA)法测定MMP-2、MMP-9.结果:UA组血清MMP-2、MMP-9水平明显高于SA组和对照组(P＜0.01).SA组血清MMP-2、MMP-9水平亦高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论: MMP-2、MMP-9对冠脉斑块的不稳定或破裂起重要作用,可能对不稳定心绞痛的发生具有一定的预测判定价值.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其抑制物与冠状动脉斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨血浆基质金属蛋白酶（MMP9）及其抑制物的表达水平与冠状动脉斑块稳定性之间是否相关。方法收集急性冠脉综合征（ACS）、稳定性心绞痛（SAP）和冠脉造影正常的健康人的股动脉血标本，采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测标本中MMP-9和TIMI-1水平。结果3组患者基本资料特征比较无差异性；与对照组和SAP组相比，ACS组血浆MMP-9、TIMP-1和MMP-9／TIMP-1水平均明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而SAP组与对照组相比无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论MMP-9在急性冠状动脉综合征患者中显著升高，它的水平可能成为预测冠状动脉斑块稳定性的指标，可帮助寻找具有不稳定斑块的易损人群。     

乳腺癌患者手术前后外周血基质金属蛋白酶和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂的动态监测

目的研究乳腺癌患者手术前后外周血中基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-9）和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂（TIMP-1）含量与肿瘤进展的关系及其意义。方法采用ELISA法测定乳腺癌患者手术前和手术后2周、1个月、6个月血浆MMP-9及TIMP-的浓度，并与健康对照组比较。结果乳腺癌患者术前外周血MMP-9和TIMP-1浓度显著高于健康对照组（P〈0．05），其浓度与肿瘤TNM分期呈正相关（P〈0．05）；手术后2周、1个月、6个月血浆MMP-9、MMP-9／TIMP-1比值较手术前明显下降（P〈0．05）。结论乳腺癌患者外周血中MMP-9和TIMP-1浓度与肿瘤的进展密切相关。动态监测血浆中MMP-9和TIMP-1浓度变化，对于乳腺癌患者的病情监控可提供一定的参考。     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9和C反应蛋白与急性冠脉综合征的相关性

目的 研究血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和C反应蛋白（CRP）与急性冠脉综合征（ACS）的关系。方法选择42例ACS患者、27例SAP患者及25例健康对照,用ELISA法检测血清MMP-9浓度,免疫散射比浊法测定CRP浓度。结果ACS组MMP-9、CRP浓度为（50．64±7．68）ng／ml和（10．24±3．47）mg／L,明显高于SAP组和正常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而SAP组与正常组MMP-9、CRP浓度相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急性冠脉综合征患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和C反应蛋白（CRP）明显升高。     

辛伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制因子-1的影响

目的观察辛伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）的影响。方法选择ACS患者4JD例（ACS组）、稳定性心绞痛（SAP）患者34例（SAP组）、健康体检者25例（对照组）,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定其血清可溶性TIMP-1及MMP-9水平,辛伐他汀治疗后复查TIMP-1及MMP-9水平变化。结果ACS组血清MMP-9水平（930±127）μg/L高于SAP组的（619±114）μg／L及对照组的（417±105）μg／L（均P〈0．05）,而TIMP-1水平（73±14）μg／L显著低于SAP组的（121±17）μg/L及对照组的（151±24）μg／L（均P〈0．05）;辛伐他汀治疗4周后ACS组血清MMPO水平为（641±123）μg／L、TIMP-1水平为（114±18）μg/L,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,SAP组治疗后MMP-9水平为（546±122）μg/L,与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而TIMP-1水平无明显改变（P〉0．05）。结论MMP-9及TIMP-1可能与ACS发病密切相关,监测其血清水平对ACS的治疗有重要的指导意义。     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9与冠状动脉病变程度的关系

目的探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与冠状动脉(冠脉)病变程度的关系。方法冠心病(CHD)组60例,其中不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)30例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)30例。正常对照组50例。采用夹心酶免疫分析技术测定血清MMP-9水平,冠心病患者均行冠脉造影检查。以冠脉病变支数分为单支和多支病变,按病变处斑块形态分为1型、2型和3型斑块,分析各组之间以及CHD组中冠状动脉病变支数与相应血清MMP-9浓度的关系。结果血清MMP-9水平在稳定型心绞痛组、不稳定型心绞痛组较对照组依次增高,具有显著性差异。多支冠脉病变组血清MMP-9水平高于单支冠脉病变组,2、3型斑块组MMP-9水平高于1型斑块组。结论血清MMP-9水平增高与冠状动脉病变程度密切相关,可作为判断粥样斑块不稳定性及冠状动脉病变程度的血清学指标。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9测定的临床意义

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）与急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）的关系。方法分别利用酶联免疫吸附法对32例急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）组,30例稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组,22例非冠心病者（正常对照组）外周血清MMP-9水平进行测定。结果ACS组的血清MMP-9水平明显高于SAP组和正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义。结论血清MMP-9水平可反映斑块稳定性,可作为检测ACS的血清学指标。     

普伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清组织抑制因子-1及基质金属蛋白酶-9水平的影响

目的观察普伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及组织抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）水平的影响。方法选择ACS患者30例，稳定性心绞痛（SAP）患者30例，正常健康体检者28例，采用ELISA法测定其血清可溶性TIMP-1及MMP-9浓度，经普伐他汀治疗后复查TIMP-1及MMP-9的变化。结果ACS组血清MMP-9显著高于SAP组及对照组（均P〈0．05），而TIMP-1显著低于SAP组及对照组（均P〈0．05）．SAP组MMP-9显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），SAP组TIMP-1与对照组之间无差异（P〉0．05）；普伐他汀治疗4周后ACS患者血清MMP-9水平下降，TIMP-1水平上升，与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），SAP组MMP-9与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而TIMP-1无明显改变（P〉0．05）。结论ACS患者MMP-9升高及TIMP-1下降，可能与其发病机制相关．普伐他汀能降低ACS患者MMP-9并升高TIMP-1，对于ACS的临床治疗有着重要的意义。     

阿托伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制因子-1的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制因子1（TIMP-1）表达的影响.方法 ACS患者124例按治疗方法不同分组：常规治疗为对照组,在常规治疗基础上加用阿托伐他汀为治疗组.观察两组治疗前后MMP-9、TIMP-1的变化.结果 治疗3周后治疗组血清MMP-9水平与对照组治疗后相比明显下降,血清TIMP-1水平明显升高,MMP-9/TIMP-1值明显降低（均P〈0.05）.结论 阿托伐他汀可明显降低MMP-9/TIMP-1值,从而减少炎性反应,稳定斑块,改善预后,值得临床推广使用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制物-1与子宫内膜异位症的相关性研究

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制物-1（TIMP-1）是否与子宫内膜异位症（EMs）有关。方法将11例EMs轻度和32例重度患者分别作为观察组1和2,41例卵巢畸胎瘤患者作为对照组。通过ELISA法测定腹水中MMP-9及TIMP-1值,比较各组两者及其比值的差异。结果与对照组比较,EMs轻度组MMP-9、TIMP-1差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,EMs重度组MMP-9、TIMP-1差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;3组的MMP-9/TIMP-1差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;EMs轻度组与重度组相比较,MMP-9差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,TIMP-1差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论随着疾病的加重,MMP-9升高、TIMP-1降低、MMP-9/TIMP-1比值升高,MMP-9、TIMP-1与子宫内膜异位症发生、发展有相关性,特别是两者的比值,具有重要诊断价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.