高频超声评价恒河猴颈动脉内-中膜厚度及血管弹性功能

目的探讨高频超声对恒河猴颈动脉内-中膜厚度和血管弹性功能的评价价值。方法对28只恒河猴行双侧颈动脉超声检查（共56根总动脉）,其中13只为青幼年及成年组,15只为老年组。检测内容包括颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）,有无斑块及狭窄,血流阻力指数（RI）,收缩期最大管径（Dd）、舒张期最小管径（Ds）,并据此及动脉血压计算出颈动脉顺应性（AC）、弹性系数（Eρ）、硬度系数（β）。结果青幼年及成年组恒河猴颈动脉AC为（0.173±0.055）mm2/kPa,Eρ为（64.939±46.003）kPa,β为4.455±2.489,颈总动脉IMT为（0.242±0.578）mm,RI为0.761±0.039,无颈动脉检出硬化斑;老年组恒河猴AC为（0.089＋0.051）mm2/kPa,Eρ为（157.855±84.617）kPa,β为10.047±4.022,IMT为（0.333＋0.071）mm,RI为0.837±0.041,5根颈动脉检出硬化斑;青幼年及成年组与老年组恒河猴AC、Eρ及β均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,颈总动脉IMT及RI无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论恒河猴随年龄增长颈动脉血管弹性、顺应性下降,硬度增加,且逐渐出现动脉壁硬化斑;本组研究中恒河猴的内-中膜厚度（IMT）及血流阻力指数随年龄增加并未出现具统计学意义的增高。高频超声能准确检测出颈动脉内-中膜厚度及弹性随年龄的变化情况,为评价动脉壁结构及功能提供全面、客观的依据。     

彩色多普勒超声观察异丙酚和依托咪酯麻醉诱导前后颈总动脉及椎动脉血流动力学改变

目的 探讨异丙酚和依托咪酯麻醉诱导前后颈总动脉及椎动脉血流动力学改变。方法 选择全麻手术患者60例,随机分为异丙酚组、依托咪酯组,每组30例。应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈总动脉及椎动脉,测量收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、血流量(BF)、平均血流速度(Vm)、舒张期内径(Dd)、收缩期内径(Ds)等。结果 异丙酚诱导后血压、心率、颈总动脉及椎动脉Dd、Ds、BF降低(P<0.05),而PSV、EDV、Vm无明显变化(P>0.05)。依托咪酯诱导前后各指标除心率外均无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论 异丙酚较依托咪酯诱导前后颈总动脉及椎动脉BF明显降低、血流动力学改变显著。依托咪酯在稳定血流动力学方面更具优势。     

超声检查对二叶式主动脉瓣患者升主动脉及颈动脉弹性的研究

目的评估无瓣膜功能障碍的二叶式主动脉瓣(BAV)患者升主动脉及颈动脉僵硬度(β)、扩张性(Eρ)和内径。方法经超声心动图诊断为BAV患者40例(BAV组),另选取体检健康者且为三叶式主动脉瓣40例为对照组,超声测量升主动脉及颈动脉收缩期内径(Ds)和舒张期内径(Dd),同时用袖带血压计测量肱动脉收缩期血压(SBP)和舒张期血压(DBP),计算升主动脉及颈动脉Eρ和β。结果与对照组比较,BAV组升主动脉Ds、Dd升高,Eρ增大,β下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。两组颈动脉IMT、Eρ和β差异无统计学意义。BAV组升主动脉Eρ、β均与升主动脉内径无相关性。结论无血流动力学障碍的BAV患者升主动脉内径增宽,弹性下降,而颈动脉内径及弹性均无明显异常。     

超声评估职业慢性苯中毒患者颈动脉及椎动脉血流动力学改变的应用价值

目的：探讨超声检测职业慢性苯中毒患者颈动脉及椎动脉的血流动力学变化。方法：选取2021年9月—2023年3月于东莞市第六人民医院确诊为职业慢性苯中毒的70例患者作为观察组,选择同期在我院体检健康者70名为对照组。均采用超声诊断仪对颈动脉和椎动脉进行检查,观察并记录两组动脉内径、颈动脉在收缩期峰值血流速度（peak velocity of systolic blood flow,Vs）、颈动脉血管舒张末期流速（end diastolic velocity,Vd）、颈动脉血管阻力指数（resistance index,RI）等相关超声参数。结果：两组两侧颈总动脉内径、颈内动脉内径对比差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;观察组两侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉RI值均高于对照组（P <0.05）;两组两侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉的Vs值差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;观察组两侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉Vd值均低于对照组（P <0.05）。两组椎动脉内径、Vs值差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）;观察组椎动脉RI值显著高于对照组,Vd值显著低于对照组（P <0.01）。结论：超...     

血管回声跟踪技术定量评价脑梗塞患者颈动脉弹性相关性研究

目的 探讨高分辨力超声结合血管回声跟踪技术定量评价脑梗塞患者颈总动脉弹性参数的临床价值.方法 选用脑梗塞患者160例和正常对照组40例,应用高频线阵探头采用血管回声跟踪技术测量颈总动脉,获取颈总动脉的弹性系数(Ep)、僵硬度(β)、顺应性(AC)、脉搏波放大指数(AI)、单点脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)、收缩期血管内径(Ds)及舒张期血管内径(Dd)等指标,分析这些指标与性别、年龄及心率的关系.结果 脑梗塞患者与正常人颈动脉弹性相比较,压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬度指数(β)、AI及PWVβ较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05);AC较正常对照组明显减低.性别差异对脑梗塞患者颈动脉弹性参数无影响.脑梗塞患者的β、Ep、AC、AI、PWVβ、Ds、Dd与年龄呈正相关;脑梗塞患者心率与AC、AI、Ds、Dd呈正相关;心率与β、Ep、PWVβ呈负相关.结论 应用血管回声跟踪技术能够准确定量评价脑梗塞患者颈总动脉弹性.     

血管回声跟踪技术定量评价早期高血压患者颈动脉与肱动脉扩张性

目的应用回声跟踪技术(e-tracking)定量分析早期高血压患者颈动脉及肱动脉的扩张性.方法研究对象为早期高血压组19例(平均年龄57.05±7.73岁),正常对照组22例(平均年龄54.29±9.67岁),采用高频线阵探头测量双侧颈总动脉及右侧肱动脉收缩期内径(Ds)、舒张期内径(Dd)、内中膜厚度(IMT)、内中膜厚度/收缩期内径比值(IMT/Ds)、阻力指数(RI),应用回声跟踪技术获取血管内径随心动周期的变化曲线,测量出弹性系数(Eρ)、僵硬度(β)及顺应性(AC),分析这些指标在早期高血压组及正常对照组中的差异性.结果两组间血管Ds、Dd、IMT、IMT/Ds、RI统计学无差异性.高血压组Eρ及β增高,AC减小,三支血管均有显著性差异.结论早期高血压患者动脉扩张性减低,应用回声跟踪技术能够准确获取颈总动脉及肱动脉性能参数,是一种有效的无创性评价动脉血管扩张性的新方法.     

三种超声技术检测颈动脉血流量的比较研究

目的探讨CDFI、能量多普勒成像(PDI)及B-flow三种技术在颈动脉血流量检测中的差异,推举三者中最佳的检查方案。方法使用CDFI、PDI及B-flow分别观测35例健康志愿者颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉内径、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)、时间平均血流速度(TAMEAN)及血流量,比较三者所测血流量的差异。结果 CDFI、PDI及B-flow检测颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉PSV、EDV、RI及TAMEAN之间的差异均无统计学意义;检测颈总动脉、颈内动脉及椎动脉内径和血流量之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),其中PDI检测数值最大,其次为CDFI,B-flow检测数值最小。结论颈动脉内径的检测对于准确检测血流量至关重要。三种超声技术在检测颈动脉内径及血流量中,PDI检测数值最大,其次为CDFI,B-flow无血流外溢,检测的内径及血流量应较为准确。     

血管回声追踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者颈动脉弹性研究

目的 探讨E-Tracking技术检测2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉弹性应的用价值.方法 根据颁动脉趟声的检查结果,将62例T2DM患者分为两组:A组(颈动脉内中膜增厚和/或斑块存在,32例),B组(颈动脉内中膜无增厚亦无斑块存在,30例).另选35例正常人作为对照组(C组).用E-Tracking技术自动跟踪颈总动脉壁的运动,检测收缩期颈总动脉管径(Ds)、舒张期颈总动脉管径(Dd)、压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬化参数(p)、及顺应性(AC)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVt3)和增大指数(AI).结果 A组和B组患者的Ep,β,PWVβ,AI较C组显著增加,AC较C组显著减低.与B组比较,A组的Ep,PWVβ3显著增高,AC显著减低.另外,A组和B组患者的Ds和Dd较C组显著增宽.结论 在颈动脉出现内中膜增厚或斑块之前,T2DM患者动脉弹性已经发生了变化.E-Tracking技术可用来检查动脉粥样硬化早期的动脉弹性改变.     

超声评价单侧颈内动脉闭塞者颈部动脉血流动力学改变

目的应用超声评价单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者颈部其他动脉血流动力学改变。方法 50例单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者(闭塞组)及50例体检健康者(对照组),超声检查其颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉及椎动脉的内径、收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、平均血流速度(MV)、搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI),并计算颈总动脉与同侧颈外动脉的PSV比值、PI比值及RI比值。结果①闭塞组患侧颈总动脉的PSV、EDV及MV较健侧及对照组降低,PI和RI增加(P﹤0.05);患侧及健侧颈外动脉的PSV及MV较对照组增加(P﹤0.05);患侧椎动脉的内径、EDV、MV较健侧及对照组增加(P﹤0.05);健侧颈内动脉的PSV及MV较对照组增加(P﹤0.05)。②与健侧及对照组相比,患侧颈总动脉与颈外动脉的PSV比值、EDV比值及MV比值减小(P﹤0.01),PI比值和RI比值增大(P﹤0.05)。结论超声不仅可直接诊断颈内动脉闭塞,也可评价单侧颈内动脉闭塞后颈部其他动脉的血流动力学改变。     

血管壁超声回声跟踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者早期颈动脉硬化的初步研究

目的 应用血管壁回声跟踪技术（E-Tracking技术）评价2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者颈动脉早期硬化。方法在E-Tracking模式下，采集30例T2DM患者和40例正常人双侧颈总动脉的二维超声图像，测量双侧颈总动脉内中膜厚度平均值（IMTm）、阻力指数（RI）、搏动指数（PI）及收缩期、舒张期比值（S／D）。应用E-Tracking技术实时跟踪描记颈总动脉管壁的运动轨迹，系统自动得出颈总动脉收缩末期内径（Ds）、舒张末期内径（Dd）、硬度指数（β）、压力应变弹性系数（Eρ）、顺应性（AC）、增大指数（AI）和脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）结果T2DM组颈总动脉IM Tm、Ds、Dd、RI、PI及S／D测值与正常组相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而β、Eρ、和PWVβ测值与正常组相比显著增高（P〈0．01或0．05），AC测值显著降低（P〈0．05），AI测值与正常组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论E-Tracking成像技术为T2DM患者颈动脉的早期硬化趋势提供了一种快速、无创、定量的评价方法。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.