2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的：通过对80例45～75岁住院2型糖尿病（ T2DM）患者进行认知功能评估,探讨患者轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素。方法应用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（ MoCA量表）测评受试者的认知功能,并以26分为界将研究对象分为轻度认知功能障碍组（ MCI组,47例）、认知功能正常组（ NMCI组,33例）,运用t检验或卡方检验、Spearman相关分析以及二分类Logistic逐步回归分析方法探讨T2DM患者轻度认知功能障碍的危险因素。结果相关分析显示,MCI组MoCA量表评分与胰岛素抵抗指数、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）呈负相关（分别为r＝－0．60,P＜0．001;r＝－0．59,P＜0．001）,与文化程度、胰岛功能指数、维生素D水平呈正相关（r＝0．31,P＝0．02;r＝0．58,P＜0．001;r＝0．72,P＜0．001）;二分类Logistic逐步回归分析,HbA1C是T2DM患者轻度认知功能障碍的危险因素,而血清维生素D是其保护因素。结论 T2DM患者轻度认知功能障碍受多重因素影响,控制血糖及补充维生素D可能预防患者发展为轻度认知功能障碍。     

TNF-α基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍的相关性

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)-308A/G基因多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的相关性,及T2DM合并MCI的相关危险因素.方法:选择T2DM合并MCI患者40例,T2DM非MCI患者80例,应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测TNF-α-308A/G的基因多态性,依据病程、血糖、血脂、体质量指数等临床资料,进行非条件Logistic回归分析T2DM合并MCI的危险因素.结果:TNF-α2等位基因的频率在T2DM MCI组高于非MCI组,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01).T2DM合并MCI组与非MCI组差别有统计学意义的指标为年龄、病程、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、体质量指数、糖尿病家族史、高血压、糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病周围神经病变、TNF-α基因,其中TNF-α基因型、糖尿病周围神经病变、视网膜病变、年龄和餐后2 h血糖为T2DM合并MCI的危险因素.结论:TNF-α2等位基因与T2DM合并MCI有关,糖尿病患者的年龄、血糖控制和微血管并发症均与认知功能有关.     

2 型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍相关危险因素研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）相关危险因素,为早期诊断、早期干预提供依据。方法选用蒙特利尔认知评估（MoCA）北京版量表作为认知功能的测评工具,选择T2DM并发MCI患者54例（MCI组）和无MCI的T2DM患者66例（NC组）。采集患者一般资料,检测空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、C肽、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）,超声探查颈动脉双侧内膜中层厚度（IMT）,其中IMT较大一侧的数值定义为最大IMT值。采用成组t检验和多重线性逐步回归进行统计分析。结果MCI组患者FPG、HbA1c、C肽水平、高血压病程、糖尿病痛程、SBP、最大IMT值与NC组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而两组患者年龄、性别构成、高血压病史、体质量指数、腰臀比、DBP、TG、TC、LDL．C、HDL．C比较。差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者的高血压病程、糖尿病病程、最大IMT、SBP、FPG、HbA1c与MoCA量表评分呈负相关（P〈0．05）;C肽水平与MoCA量表评分呈正相关（r=0．353,P=0．000）。多因素回归分析显示,最大IMT（B=-2．878,P=0．001）、HbA1c（B=-0．410,P=0．001）、C肽水平（B=1．281,P=0．001）是MoCA量表评分的独立危险因素（P〈0．01）。结论FPG、HbA1c、C肽水平、SBP、高血压病程、糖尿病病程、最大IMT可能是T2DM患者发生MCI的危险因素,临床应采取早期干预措施。     

2型糖尿病患者发生下肢动脉粥样硬化的影响因素

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化白蛋白(GA)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及GA/HbA1c水平与发生下肢动脉粥样硬化疾病(lower extremity atherosclerotic disease, LEAD)风险的关系。方法 选取2019年1月至2022年3月就诊的2型糖尿病患者566例,根据是否合并LEAD分为2型糖尿病组(T2DM组)288例,2型糖尿病合并LEAD组(T2DM+LEAD组)278例。比较2组生化指标、GA、HbA1c、GA/HbA1c比值水平,进一步分析T2DM合并LEAD危险因素。结果 GA与空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c之间存在正相关(r=0.302、0.572、0.611,P=0.000)。Logistic回归分析发现高龄、有吸烟史、病程、总胆固醇、餐后2 h血糖、GA、GA/HbA1c比值是2型糖尿病LEAD的危险因素。结论 GA和GA/HbA1c比值是T2DM患者LEAD发生的危险因素。     

2型糖尿病大血管病变的独立危险因素调查

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并大血管病变（MA）的独立危险因素。方法将107例T2DM患者临床数据进行大血管病变的单因素Logistic回归分析,对有统计学意义的危险因素再进行多因素非条件的Logistic回归分析。结果年龄（age）、病程、体重指数（BMI）、糖化血红白蛋白（GHbA1c）、高血压（HT）及微血管并发症（MI）在单因素Logistic回归分析中为大血管病变的危险因素（P〈0.05）;多因素非条件的Logistic回归分析结果显示HT是T2DM合并MA的独立危险因素（P〈0.01）;合并HT的T2DM患MA的几率为非HT的T2DM的11.038倍。结论HT是T2DM合并MA的独立危险因素,积极控制血压对糖尿病病人预防MA有重要意义。     

高Hcy血症对高龄2型糖尿病患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨高龄2型糖尿病患者合并高同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）血症与认知功能障碍（MCI）的关系。方法选择2010年5月—2012年10月在该院就诊的2型糖尿病患者128例,年龄≥70岁。检测入选病例Hcy水平、血脂、糖化血红蛋白、叶酸、维生素B12、血肌酐等指标;采用简易智能状态检查量表和日常生活能力量表对各组患者进行认知功能评定并比较。结果HbA1c、LDL-C、Hcy、FA、VitB12及收缩压均为糖尿病合并MCI的危险因素（P〈0.05）,2型糖尿病患者重度高Hcy血症组MCI发病率较中度及轻度高Hcy血症组明显升高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论血清Hcy升高是高龄2型糖尿病患者认知功能下降的一个重要危险因素,在高龄2型糖尿病患者中,合并高Hcy血症将会增加MCI的发病率。     

2型糖尿病并发肾病的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病并发肾病的相关危险因素,为制定糖尿病肾病防治策略提供理论依据.方法 采用病例对照的研究方法,选择98例2型糖尿病肾病患者作为观察组,选取同期收治98例2型糖尿病不伴有肾病的患者做为对照组,对两组的相关危险因素进行单因素和多因素非条件的Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分析结果显示糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程、合并高血压、合并糖尿病视网膜病变、BMI、冠心病、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、CRP等因素是2型糖尿病并发肾病的危险因素（均P ＜0.05）;多因素非条件的Logistic回归分析显示糖尿病病程、合并糖尿病视网膜病变、CRP、HbA1c、FPG是2型糖尿病并发肾病的独立危险因素（均P＜0.05）.结论 糖尿病病程、合并糖尿病视网膜病变、CRP、HbA1c、FPG是2型糖尿病并发肾病的独立危险因素.     

2型糖尿病并发自内障的危险因素分析

目的分析2型糖尿病（DM）并发白内障的危险因素。方法选取2型DM并发白内障患者92例作为研究组,同期单纯2型DM患者110例为对照组。记录患者性别、年龄、BMI、DM病程、收缩压（SBP）、空腹血糖（FPG）、总蛋白（TP）、清蛋白（ALP）、胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）和HbA1c检测结果,并比较两组患者相关参数的差异。结果研究组患者年龄、DM病程、BMI、SBP、FPG、HbA1c和TC显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;性别、TG、TP和ALP与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示：年龄、病程、BMI和SBP是2型DM并发白内障的主要危险因素。结论年龄、病程、BMI和SBP是2型DM并发白内障主要危险因素。     

血清残余胆固醇和HbA1c水平与2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死相关性分析

目的 探讨血清残余胆固醇(RC)和HbA1c水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并急性脑梗死(ACI)的相关性。方法 回顾性分析100例T2DM合并ACI患者(T2DM+ACI组)和100例T2DM未合并ACI患者(T2DM组)的临床资料。比较两组患者一般资料及生化检测结果。采用多因素logistic回归分析T2DM合并ACI的危险因素。将T2DM+ACI组分为轻度组[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分<5分，50例]、中度组(5分≤NIHSS评分≤15分，31例)和重度组(NIHSS评分>15分，19例)三个亚组，比较三组RC和HbA1c水平。绘制ROC曲线评估RC和HbA1c对T2DM合并ACI的诊断价值。结果 T2DM+ACI组患者年龄、高血压患者比例及HbA1c、TC、LDL-C、RC水平均高于T2DM组，而HDL-C水平低于T2DM组(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄越大、高RC水平和高HbA1c水平是T2DM患者合并ACI的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。重度组RC和HbA1c水平高于轻、中度组(P<0.05),中...     

糖化血清蛋白与糖尿病周围神经病变的关系及机制

目的探讨糖化血清蛋白(GSP)水平以及炎性反应对糖尿病(DM)患者周围神经病变的影响及潜在机制。方法 132例DM患者按神经自觉症状和肌电图检查分为单纯DM组(SDM组)和周围神经病变组(DPN),所有患者测血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、GSP、血脂、肌酐及血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,比较各组间所测指标的差异性,并分析GSP与各指标的相关性。结果 DPN组患者年龄、DM病程、HbA1c、GSP、hs-CRP水平均显著高于SDM组。单因素回归分析显示年龄、DM病程、GSP、hs-CRP、HbA1c水平与DPN相关;多因素logistic回归分析提示,在控制年龄、DM病程、血糖等因素后,GSP仍然为DPN的独立危险因素。Pearson相关分析提示,GSP与HbA1c、hs-CRP水平呈正相关。结论 GSP是DPN的独立危险因素,其机制可能与长期血糖控制不佳和其促进炎性反应、损伤血管内皮功能、加重神经损伤有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.