Histological Analysis of Benign Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Categories 4c and 5 Breast Lesions in Imaging Study

Purpose

The objective of this study was to analyze the histology of breast lesions categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4c or 5 breast lesions during the imaging evaluation, but diagnosed as benign during the histological evaluation.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 71 breast lesions categorized as BI-RADS 4c or 5 during imaging study, but diagnosed as benign upon histological evaluation.

Results

Breast lesions were classified into six groups upon histological analysis: intraductal papilloma (18 cases), inflammatory group (15 cases), fibroepithelial tumor (14 cases), clustered microcalcification (10 cases), minimal histological alteration (10 cases), and adenosis (4 cases). Sclerosis and architectural complexity were associated with most of the biopsies that were morphologically similar to malignancy.

Conclusion

Among 71 cases categorized as 4c or 5 during the imaging study, but diagnosed as benign upon histological examination, intraductal papilloma was the most frequently identified histological lesion. These 71 cases exhibited histological characteristics of sclerosis and/or complex/complicated features that should be histologically differentiated from malignancy during evaluation.     

甲状腺影像报告和数据系统的发展及临床应用

高分辨力超声是一种简单实用且非侵入性的诊断甲状腺结节的方法,目前在临床工作中得到了广泛应用。近些年来,国内外学者通过参考借鉴乳腺肿块的影像报告和数据系统,根据甲状腺结节不同的超声征象,建立了类似BI-RADS分类的甲状腺影像报告和数据系统。超声医生可以根据甲状腺结节所包含的恶性声像图特征,以TI-RADS分类评估结节可能存在的恶性风险,用一种规范简洁的方式来实现了超声医生之间以及超声医生与临床医生之间的有效沟通。本文旨在研究超声TI-RADS分类系统的发展及临床应用,分析它在评估甲状腺结节诊断准确性方面的应用价值。     

Evaluation of an Automated Information Extraction Tool for Imaging Data Elements to Populate a Breast Cancer Screening Registry

Breast cancer screening is central to early breast cancer detection. Identifying and monitoring process measures for screening is a focus of the National Cancer Institute’s Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens (PROSPR) initiative, which requires participating centers to report structured data across the cancer screening continuum. We evaluate the accuracy of automated information extraction of imaging findings from radiology reports, which are available as unstructured text. We present prevalence estimates of imaging findings for breast imaging received by women who obtained care in a primary care network participating in PROSPR (n = 139,953 radiology reports) and compared automatically extracted data elements to a “gold standard” based on manual review for a validation sample of 941 randomly selected radiology reports, including mammograms, digital breast tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The prevalence of imaging findings vary by data element and modality (e.g., suspicious calcification noted in 2.6 % of screening mammograms, 12.1 % of diagnostic mammograms, and 9.4 % of tomosynthesis exams). In the validation sample, the accuracy of identifying imaging findings, including suspicious calcifications, masses, and architectural distortion (on mammogram and tomosynthesis); masses, cysts, non-mass enhancement, and enhancing foci (on MRI); and masses and cysts (on ultrasound), range from 0.8 to1.0 for recall, precision, and F-measure. Information extraction tools can be used for accurate documentation of imaging findings as structured data elements from text reports for a variety of breast imaging modalities. These data can be used to populate screening registries to help elucidate more effective breast cancer screening processes.     

Computer-Aided Segmentation System for Breast MRI Tumour using Modified Automatic Seeded Region Growing (BMRI-MASRG)

In this paper, an automatic computer-aided detection system for breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumour segmentation will be presented. The study is focused on tumour segmentation using the modified automatic seeded region growing algorithm with a variation of the automated initial seed and threshold selection methodologies. Prior to that, some pre-processing methodologies are involved. Breast skin is detected and deleted using the integration of two algorithms, namely the level set active contour and morphological thinning. The system is applied and tested on 40 test images from the RIDER breast MRI dataset, the results are evaluated and presented in comparison to the ground truths of the dataset. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test shows that there is a statistically significance in the performance compared to the previous segmentation approaches that have been tested on the same dataset where ANOVA p values for the evaluation measures’ results are less than 0.05, such as: relative overlap (p = 0.0002), misclassification rate (p = 0.045), true negative fraction (p = 0.0001) and sum of true volume fraction (p = 0.0001).     

对女性盆腔囊性和囊实性包块的彩色多普勒超声和MSCT诊断的临床研究

目的总结对比彩色多普勒超声与多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对女性盆腔囊性和囊实性包块诊断的影像学特点,提高彩色多普勒超声和MSCT对盆腔囊性和囊实性包块的诊断准确率。方法 39例新疆女性盆腔囊性和囊实性包块患者,年龄27～62岁,平均年龄39.5岁。术前分别行彩色多普勒超声和MSCT检查,进行影像学诊断,术后经手术和病理全部证实,并回顾性对比分析彩色多普勒超声和MSCT的影像学诊断和定位准确率。结果 39例患者中5例为女性盆腔包虫（2例单囊型,3例多囊型,且1例伴包虫囊肿破裂）,MSCT诊断正确率为80%（4例）,定位准确率为100%（5例）,彩色多普勒超声诊断正确率为60%（3例）,定位准确率为40%（2例）;25例为囊实性卵巢囊腺瘤（7例为单囊型,18例为多囊型）,MSCT诊断正确率为88%（22例）,定位正确率为84%（21例）,彩色多普勒超声诊断正确率60%（15例）,定位正确率为52%（13例）;4例为较大子宫肌瘤囊性变,MSCT和彩色多普勒超声均100%正确诊断,MSCT定位正确率75%（3例）,彩色多普勒超声定位准确率50%（2例因肌瘤较大,位置特殊而定位失败）;5例为卵巢囊腺癌,MSCT诊断正确率为80%（4例）,定位准确率为80%（4例）,彩色多普勒超声诊断正确率为60%（3例）,定位准确率为60%（3例）。结论彩色多普勒超声和MSCT对女性盆腔囊性和囊实性包块的定性诊断具有较高的价值,但MSCT定位较彩色多普勒超声更为准确。     

Breast cancer risk stratification using genetic and non-genetic risk assessment tools for 246,142 women in the UK Biobank

PurposeThe benefit of using individual risk prediction tools to identify high-risk individuals for breast cancer (BC) screening is uncertain, despite the personalized approach of risk-based screening.MethodsWe studied the overlap of predicted high-risk individuals among 246,142 women enrolled in the UK Biobank. Risk predictors assessed include the Gail model (Gail), BC family history (FH, binary), BC polygenic risk score (PRS), and presence of loss-of-function (LoF) variants in BC predisposition genes. Youden J-index was used to select optimal thresholds for defining high-risk.ResultsIn total, 147,399 were considered at high risk for developing BC within the next 2 years by at least 1 of the 4 risk prediction tools examined (Gail_2-year > 0.5%: 47%, PRS_2-yea r > 0.7%: 30%, FH: 6%, and LoF: 1%); 92,851 (38%) were flagged by only 1 risk predictor. The overlap between individuals flagged as high-risk because of genetic (PRS) and Gail model risk factors was 30%. The best-performing combinatorial model comprises a union of high-risk women identified by PRS, FH, and, LoF (AUC_2-year [95% CI]: 62.2 [60.8 to 63.6]). Assigning individual weights to each risk prediction tool increased discriminatory ability.ConclusionRisk-based BC screening may require a multipronged approach that includes PRS, predisposition genes, FH, and other recognized risk factors.     

Bio-Image Warehouse System: Concept and Implementation of a Diagnosis-Based Data Warehouse for Advanced Imaging Modalities in Neuroradiology

Advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), chemical shift spectroscopy imaging (CSI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) create novel challenges in terms of data storage and management: huge amounts of raw data are generated, the results of analysis may depend on the software and settings that have been used, and most often intermediate files are inherently not compliant with the current DICOM (digital imaging and communication in medicine) standard, as they contain multidimensional complex and tensor arrays and various other types of data structures. A software architecture, referred to as Bio-Image Warehouse System (BIWS), which can be used alongside a radiology information system/picture archiving and communication system (RIS/PACS) system to store neuroimaging data for research purposes, is presented. The system architecture is conceived with the purpose of enabling to query by diagnosis according to a predefined two-layered classification taxonomy. The operational impact of the system and the time needed to get acquainted with the web-based interface and with the taxonomy are found to be limited. The development of modules enabling automated creation of statistical templates is proposed.     

Comparison of the sensitivity of conventional cytology and the ThinPrep Imaging System for 1,083 biopsy confirmed high‐grade squamous lesions

Liquid‐based cytology continues to be utilized as an adjunct to conventional cytology in most Australian laboratories, even though a direct‐to‐vial ThinPrep protocol has been introduced in many countries with established cervical screening programs. Manual screening of ThinPrep slides has been widely practiced for more than 10 years and the recent introduction of the ThinPrep Imaging System (TPI) has been reported as being more sensitive than the conventional smear (CS) in the identification of high‐grade cervical disease. We report our experience with ThinPrep Imaging since its introduction into our routine gynecological cytology service. 87,284 split sample pairs reported using the Imaging System demonstrated a decrease in unsatisfactory reports (3.65% for CS and 0.87% for TPI) and an increase in possible high grade and definite high‐grade squamous reports (1.57% for CS and 1.62% for TPI). For 1,083 biopsy confirmed high‐grade lesions, the correct diagnosis of high grade or possible high‐grade squamous disease was made on the ThinPrep imaged slide in 61.0% (661/1,083) of cases and on the CS in 59.4% (643/1,083). This was not statistically significant. When all abnormalities identified on cytology were considered, including possible low grade and definite low‐grade abnormalities, the difference in sensitivity for Thinprep imaged slides of 96.0% (1,040/1,083) and CSs of 91.6% (992/1,083) was statistically significant. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Screening and identification of potential novel lipid biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Lung cancer is characterized by a high incidence rate and low survival rate. It is important to achieve early diagnosis of the disease. We applied ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to screen plasma lipid spectrum in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, healthy controls (HC), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients. Modeling employing orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis combined with t-test was used to screen the differential lipids. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish the diagnostic model, while the accuracy was verified by 10-fold cross-validation. The results showed that the abnormal metabolism of lipid in NSCLC mainly comprised fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and glyceride metabolism. Four potential biomarkers, including LPC (14:0/0:0), LPI (14:1/0:0), DG (14:0/18:2/0:0), and LPC (16:1/0:0), were fitted by the receiver operating characteristic curve model with the area under curve (AUC) value of 0.856, and the specificity and sensitivity were 87.0 and 78.0%, respectively. The results of cross validation showed that the AUC value of the model was 0.812, the sensitivity was 72.9%, and the specificity was 82.6%. The positive rate of four potential lipid biomarkers in this study (>60.0%) was higher than that of existing tumor biomarkers in the clinical application. We investigated the plasma lipid profile of NSCLC patients and identified lipid biomarkers with potential diagnostic values. From the lipidomics perspective, our study may lay a foundation for the biomarker-based early diagnosis of lung cancer.     

Comparison of two minimally invasive biopsy techniques – Breast Lesion Excision System and vacuum-assisted biopsy – for diagnosing and treating breast lesions

IntroductionThe vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) and the Breast Lesion Excision System (BLES) are minimally invasive biopsy techniques, both used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The aim of the study is to compare these two methods and assess them in the context of discomfort, early and late complications and their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.Material and methodsThe study involved 173 patients who underwent a VAB or a BLES breast biopsy in the period between 2009 and 2016. Approximately 3 months after the biopsy, the patients completed a questionnaire in which they assessed the procedure for discomfort associated with the procedure and the final cosmetic outcome. The cosmetic effect of the biopsy was also assessed by a surgeon.ResultsThe BLES and the VAB breast biopsies did not differ in terms of pain, duration, and discomfort of the procedure, breast bruising, breast tenderness about 24 h after the procedure or pain lasting over 3 months after the biopsy. Subsequently, the biopsies were evaluated in terms of the cosmetic effect assessed by the patient and by a surgeon and no differences were observed. There were no significant differences between the VAB and the BLES breast biopsies in the course of the procedure, early and late complications and cosmetic effect.ConclusionsSince the BLES breast biopsy makes it possible to evaluate the margins, it is a good alternative to the open breast biopsy.     

A simplified Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology using only four categories improves intra- and inter-observer diagnostic agreement and provides non-overlapping estimates of malignancy risks

Our previous study utilizing the 2008 NCI six-category system (also known as The Bethesda System) for reporting thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNA) identified considerable overlap in diagnosis and in assigned malignancy risk estimates for the "follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS)" and "follicular neoplasm (FN)" categories and for the "suspicious for malignancy (Susp)" and "malignant" categories. We proposed a simplified Bethesda System for reporting thyroid FNAs that provided four non-overlapping, statistically significant, and more clinically relevant diagnostic categories: unsatisfactory, benign, FLUS/FN, and Susp/malignant. In the current study, six cytopathologists participated in a blinded retrospective review of 60 thyroid FNAs and kappa statistics were utilized to compare the intra- and inter-observer diagnostic agreements obtained using the six-category and the simplified four-category schemes. Surgical follow-up was used to determine which scheme provided more discrete malignancy risk estimates. Use of the simplified four-category scheme significantly improved intra- and inter-observer diagnostic agreement levels, significantly increased the sensitivity of FNA for a diagnosis of carcinoma in the subsequently resected thyroid glands, and provided non-overlapping malignancy risk estimates for each diagnostic category.