肺切除并肺减容术治疗肺癌及重度肺气肿

目的　总结 3例早、中期非小细胞肺癌合并重度肺气肿病人施行一侧肺切除并对侧肺减容术的治疗经验。方法　 3例男病人 ,年龄 6 0～ 6 4岁。鳞癌 2例 ,腺癌 1例。 2例癌肿位于右上肺叶 ,1例在左下肺叶。分期Ib 期 2例 ,IIa期 1例。术前气急分级 :2级 1例 ,3级 2例 ,第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)平均 0 90L(36 3%预计值 )。动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )平均 73 5mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa)。 6min行走平均 2 87 7m。肺癌行肺叶切除 2例、肺楔形切除 1例 ;同期切除对侧肺组织 (靶区 ) 2 0 %～ 30 %。结果　 3例病人术后恢复顺利。术后近期病人自觉症状如胸闷、气急等改善 ,气急指数均比原先上升 1级。随访 1～ 6个月FEV1较术前上升 0 40L ,PaO2 增加 2 0 5mmHg,6min行走增加增加 46 7% (平均 42 1m)。结论　对有选择的早中期肺癌合并重度肺气肿病例 ,同期施行肿瘤一侧肺切除及对侧肺减容术是适宜的治疗方法 ,从而扩大了肺癌的手术适应证。     

Thoracoscopic lung volume reduction surgery for pulmonary emphysema patients with severe hypercapnia

OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether hypercapnia patients with an extremely high level of PaCO2 > or = 60 mmHg were suitable candidates for lung volume reduction in the treatment of severe pulmonary emphysema. METHODS: Of 65 patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery between May 1993 and August 1997, 6 (9.23%) who had a preoperative rest room air blood gas level of PaCO2 > or = 60 mmHg were selected for study. All patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Of the 6 with severe hypercapnia, 5 underwent the unilateral procedure and 1 the bilateral procedure. RESULTS: All severe hypercapnia patients showed significant clinical improvement. When assessed at 3 to 6 months after lung volume reduction surgery, significant improvements were seen in mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (preop: 0.44 +/- 0.04 L; postop: 0.74 +/- 0.20 L; p < 0.01), for a magnitude improvement of 69.8%, and in trapped gas volume (preop: 3.28 +/- 1.11 L; postop: 1.61 +/- 1.02 L; p < 0.05). Arterial blood gas analysis showed significant improvement in PaO2 from 51.1 +/- 6.68 mmHg to 69.8 +/- 7.87 mmHg (p < 0.001) with a decrease in PaCO2 from 70.4 +/- 9.41 mmHg to 46.9 +/- 3.44 mmHg (p < 0.01). Postoperative follow-up averaged 55 months (43-69 months). All but 1 patient remain alive and well. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe pulmonary emphysema accompanied by hypercapnia can gain relief and a better quality of life through volume reduction surgery and should not be excluded from surgical treatment simply based on this condition. Selection should involve a comprehensive view of the patient's condition that includes criteria such as the results of radiographic diagnosis and detailed pulmonary function tests.     

电视胸腔镜下肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿6例

目的 评价电视胸腔镜下肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的疗效。方法 对6例重度肺气肿进行胸腔镜肺减容术,其中同期双侧2例,单侧4例。切除一侧肺容积约25％-30％。结果 无手术死亡,随访3-17个月,FEV1和PaO2增加24.6％和8.3％。RV、TLC和气道阻力分别下降24．6％、20．3％、47．1％。结论 严重肺气肿患经肺减容术后呼吸困难缓解,生活质量改善。     

电视胸腔镜与传统开胸行肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效观察

目的探讨电视胸腔镜与传统开胸行肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效。方法比较2002年6月至2012年6月68例电视胸腔镜辅助行肺减容术（胸腔镜组）与22例常规开胸行肺减容术（开胸组）手术疗效及术后并发症。结果手术时间两组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）;术后住院时间的比较胸腔镜组明显短于开胸组（P〈0．05）;术后并发症的比较：术后漏气比较两组无显著差异（P〉0．05）,其余5种并发症：术中出血量、术后第1天引流量、术后疼痛程度、患侧上肢活动是否受限、拔管时间长短等方面明显优于传统开胸手术（P〈0．05）;监测指标：术后1秒钟用力呼气容积（FEV1）、肺总量（TLC）、残气量（RV）、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、6MWT与术前比较,两组均明显较术前明显改善（P〈0．05）,但组问比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论电视胸腔镜辅助行肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿,其安全性与可靠性与开胸手术比较,具有手术出血少、术后引流量少、术后疼痛轻、上肢活动不受限及术后胸管引流时间短等优点。     

A prospective analysis of the inter-relationship between lung volume reduction surgery and body mass index

Objectives: LVRS is thought to result in significant improvements in BMI. Patients with a higher BMI at the time of diagnosis of COPD are known to have better survival, and those with a low BMI prior to LVRS have significantly worse perioperative morbidity. We aimed to assess the influence of BMI on the outcome of LVRS in our own experience. Methods: Complete preoperative BMI data was available in 114 of 131 consecutive patients who have undergone LVRS since 1995. These patients were arbitrarily classified into three categories: underweight (BMI ≤ 19 kg/m²), normal (BMI 20–25 kg/m²) and overweight (BMI > 26 kg/m²). The in-hospital course and perioperative change in BMI at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months were prospectively recorded for each category and compared. Results: There were no significant differences in preoperative variables except BMI. There were significantly more postoperative ITU admissions among the lowest two BMI groups (12/29, 18/58 and 3/27 patients, respectively, p = 0.02), and significantly shorter hospital stay in overweight patients [16 days (5–79) vs 18 days (6–111) vs 13 days (6–25), respectively, p = 0.005, expressed as median (range)]. However, there was no difference in survival between the three groups (p = 0.21). Postoperative physiological improvements in the first year were related to preoperative BMI for both FEV₁ (r = 0.29, p = 0.02) and DLCO (r = 0.33, p = 0.02). Postoperative BMI significantly increased in the underweight yet significantly decreased in the overweight at all time points. Conclusions: The perioperative course of LVRS and its physiological benefits are influenced by preoperative BMI. Whilst the treatment of the underweight is more complicated, LVRS may be the only way of increasing their BMI. Future work is needed to explore the roles of changing energy requirements and body composition following LVRS.     

肺减容手术治疗重度肺气肿的临床研究

目的评价肺减容手术对重度肺气肿患者的疗效。方法36例重度肺气肿患者行肺减容手术,双侧8例,单侧28例。术前、术后3、6个月分别测量动脉血气(PaO2,PaCO2)、肺功能(FEV1、RV、TLC)、6分钟运动试验(6-MWD),并对其结果进行比较分析。结果本组无手术死亡,均痊愈出院;术后动脉血氧分压比术前明显提高(P<0.05),二氧化碳分压比术前明显降低(P<0.05);术后3、6个月的FEV1、6-MWD较术前有明显提高(P<0.05),RV、TLC较术前有明显降低(P<0.05);呼吸困难指数再分级,26例术前Ⅲ级中10例转为Ⅰ级,16例转为Ⅱ级;10例Ⅳ级中3例转为Ⅰ级,5例转为Ⅱ级,2例转为Ⅲ级。结论重度肺气肿患者选择性手术,能改善患者肺功能,提高生活质量。     

Risk analysis for thoracoscopic lung volume reduction: a multi-institutional experience

Objective: Most reports of thoracoscopic lung volume reduction (TLVR) are relatively small and early experiences from a single institution, factors which limit both the statistical validity and the applicability to the population at large. In order to address these shortcomings we undertook an analysis of the TLVR experience at five separate institutions to assess operative morbidity and identify predictors of mortality. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to four groups of surgical investigators at five institutions actively performing TLVR. Data was requested regarding preoperative, operative and postoperative parameters. Twenty-five potential predictors of mortality were analyzed and seven proved to be at least marginally significant (P<0.10). These parameters were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors. Results: The 682 patients (415 males, 267 females, mean age 64.0 years) underwent unilateral (410) or bilateral (272) TLVRs. Overall, operative mortality was 6% with half of the deaths resulting from respiratory causes. The remaining patients were discharged to home (88%), a rehabilitation facility (4%) or a ventilator facility (2%). There were 25 perioperative factors chosen representing clinically important indices such as spirometry, oxygenation, functional status, clinical and demographic variables. Univariate analysis identified seven variables as predictors of mortality (P<0.10) and these were entered into a stepwise logistic regression analysis. Only age, 6-min walk, gender (male 8%, female 3% mortality) and the procedure performed (unilateral 4.6%, bilateral 8%) were independent predictors while preoperative steroid therapy, preoperative oxygen administration, and time since smoking cessation dropped out of the model. The specific institution, learning curve (early vs. late experience), type of lung disease, spirometric indices and predicted maximum VO₂ were not significant predictors. Conclusion: This experience suggests that unilateral and bilateral lung volume reduction procedure can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Although age, gender, exercise capacity and the procedure performed are all independent predictors of mortality, the risk of operative death did not appear excessive in this fragile patient subset.     

Video-assisted lobectomy for a lung cancer patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objectives: This retrospective study was conducted to see whether a video-assisted lobectomy is beneficial in lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease regarding preservation of pulmonary function compared to lobectomy by standard thoracotomy.Subjects and Methods: Between 1982 and 2002, 67 patients who underwent lobectomy for primary lung cancer showed 55% or less of preoperative forced expiratory, volume in one second/vital capacity. Among them, 25 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The remaining 42 patients were excluded because of no presence of a postoperative pulmonary function test. Nine of 25 patients underwent a video-assisted lobectomy between 1994 and 2002 and the remaining 16 patients who underwent a lobectomy by standard thoractomy between 1982 and 1994 were employed as a historical control. Perioperative conditions and changes in pulmonary function were compared between two groups.Results: A parameter of chest wall damage was minor in video-assisted lobectomy compared to that in lobectomy by standard thoracotomy. Changes between pre- and postoperative percent of vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and maximal ventilatory volume showed significantly minor deterioration or even improvement in video-assisted lobectomy patients. Predicted postoperative pulmonary function tended to be underestimated for postoperative values in video-assisted lobectomy patientsConclusions: Video-assisted lobectomy seemed to be profitable in preservation of pulmonary function in lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Prediction of postoperative pulmonary function should be revised due to the underestimation for postoperative values in video-assisted lobectomy, which could offer profitable surgical treatment for lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Correlation of unilateral thoracoscopic lung volume reduction with improvement in lung function and exercise performance in patients with severe pulmonary emphysema

1 ), forced vital capacity, static compliance, and maximal oxygen uptake. The functional residual capacity as measured by the gas dilution method (FRC_gas), was unchanged; however, it was found to be decreased significantly when measured by body plethysmograph (FRC_box). Positive correlations existed between the reduction in FRC_box and the increase in FEV₁ (r = 0.586, P = 0.0042) and maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.550, P = 0.018). Pulmonary ventilation and exercise ability in patients with pulmonary emphysema were improved in a volume-dependent manner by thoracoscopic lung volume reduction. These findings indicate that patients with a preoperative trapped gas volume level exceeding 1 l would be ideal candidates for thoracoscopic lung volume reduction. (Received for publication on Mar. 4, 1998; accepted on Jan. 7, 1999)     

肺容积减少术治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(附7例报告)

为探讨肺容积减少术治疗晚期慢性阻塞性肺病的疗效。１９９６年７月至１９９７年１０月期间为７例慢性阻塞性肺病病人施行肺容积减少术，其中同期双侧３例，单侧４例。为控制肺切面漏气，采用钳闭器并衬以牛心包片。切除一侧肺容积约２０％～３０％。结果：无手术死亡。２例术后并发急性呼吸衰竭，治愈。随访４～１６个月，平均９．９个月。ＦＥＶ１和ＭＶＶ分别增加了７６．４％和２５．４％，ＲＶ和ＴＬＣ明显下降（２．７％和１７．１％），ＰａＯ２增加了１．４４ｋＰａ，病人气急好转，活动能力及生活质量提高。本组随访期较短，但结果证明肺容积减少术对有适应证的慢性阻塞性肺病者疗效明显     

电视胸腔镜辅助小切口在肺容积减少术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效分析

目的评估电视胸腔镜辅助小切口在肺容积减少术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿(COPD)的临床疗效。方法对28例COPD患者采用胸腔镜下辅助小切口行肺容积减少术,其中单侧20例,双侧同期8例。根据术前胸部CT确定的靶区位置,切除过度充气的肺组织。比较COPD患者术前及术后6个月的肺功能、血气分析指标和活动能力的变化。结果 28例患者均于术后6³3 d康复出院,术后2例并发急性呼吸衰竭,1例死亡。3例并发肺部感染,4例并发持续漏气(时间最长达25 d)。术后3个月呼吸困难指数从Ⅲ33 d康复出院,术后2例并发急性呼吸衰竭,1例死亡。3例并发肺部感染,4例并发持续漏气(时间最长达25 d)。术后3个月呼吸困难指数从Ⅲ^Ⅳ级转为IⅣ级转为I^Ⅱ级,肺总量(TLC)及功能残气量(RV)较术前改善(P<0.05)。第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、PaO2、PaCO2和6 min步行距离等明显改善(P<0.01)。结论对重度COPD患者行电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺容积减少术具有独特的优势,能显著改善其呼吸功能、缓解临床症状、改善生活质量,效果肯定,安全可靠,是一种有效的治疗方法,有良好的临床应用价值。     

胸腔镜肺减容手术临床观察

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者应用胸腔镜行肺减容手术的方法及疗效。方法2004年10月至2007年6月,对23例重度COPD行胸腔镜肺减容手术。均为CT诊断非均质性COPD合并肺大疱患者,术前第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）占预计值百分比（55．6&#177;4．9）％,残气量占肺总量比值（RV／TLC）（49．4&#177;8．3）％。采用内镜切割缝合器（Endo—GIA）切除单侧肺容积20％～30％。结果手术时间（38．0&#177;4．3）min,术中出血少于100ml。术后复张性肺水肿3例,肺部感染4例,没有持续漏气,最长漏气达12d。胸液量150～400ml,胸管置留时间（6．3&#177;2．1）d,术后住院时间（13．8&#177;5．3）d。术后6个月FEV1％（61．8&#177;4．0）％,RV／TLC（36．6&#177;4．8）％,与术前比较P〈0．001,未见气胸复发。结论对非均质性COPD并肺大疱患者应用胸腔镜肺大疱切除术能较好改善患者症状,并发症少,疗效满意。     

Bilateral thoracoscopic stapled volume reduction for bullous vs diffuse emphysema

Background: We compared our results with bullous vs diffuse emphysema by performing a bilateral thoracoscopic stapled volume reduction technique in 15 patients (age 45–80, 10 males, five females). Methods: Eight patients demonstrated bullous emphysema and seven patients diffuse emphysema. Lung reduction was performed with a bilateral thoracoscopic stapled technique utilizing bovine pericardium in the supine position. Results: Comparison of the bullous versus diffuse groups revealed no significant differences in means for the following variables: length of air leak (7.5 vs 3.3 days); length of stay (8.1 vs 6.5 days); pre-op FEV₁ (23% vs 22%); pre-op dyspnea index (3.4 vs 3.6). At 3 months the bullous subset had a highly significant improvement (p < 0.007) in FEV₁ (88%) compared with the diffuse subset FEV₁ (59%). Conclusions: These early results suggest that patients with bullous emphysema are at no greater risk and demonstrate a significantly greater improvement in FEV₁ than patients with diffuse emphysema. Received: 14 May 1997/Accepted: 6 August 1997     

Right Ventricular Infarction During a Lung Lobectomy in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Report of a Case

A 63-year-old man with a low forced expiratory volume in 1s underwent a wedge resection for peripheral lung cancer; however, it relapsed in the residual lobe. We decided that a lobectomy was feasible after further examinations focusing on gas exchange. During the lobectomy right ventricle myocardial infarction occurred, possibly due to coronary spasm, and it was successfully treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping. The patient has been doing well without relapse for 7 years. Our findings indicate that some patients with low spirometry data may therefore be candidates for a lobectomy.     

肺减容手术(LVRS)治疗重度阻塞性肺气肿

目的探讨重度肺气肿采用肺减容术的适应症、围手术期准备及手术方法。方法对6例重度肺气肿患者施行肺容积减少术，其中间期双侧2例，单侧4例。为控制肺切面漏气，缝合时衬以牛心包片。本组切除一侧肺容积25％—30％。结果无手术死亡。术后2例并发急性呼吸衰竭，经积极抢救处理而治愈。术后随诊3—12个月，肺功能有明显改善，PaO2均有显著上升，PaCO2亦有所下降。结论肺减容术是治疗严重肺气肿的有价值的治疗方法之一。     

Assessment of pulmonary function after lobectomy for lung cancer — upper lobectomy might have the same effect as lung volume reduction surgery

Objective: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in well-selected patients with severe emphysema results in postoperative improvement in symptoms and pulmonary function. Experience with LVRS suggests that predicted postoperative FEV_1.0 may be underestimated after lobectomy in patients with lung cancer and emphysema. As most of the patients with lung cancer have more or less emphysematous changes in the lungs, we assumed that lobectomy would achieve the same effect as LVRS even in patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the pulmonary function test. We assessed changes in pulmonary function in terms of ‘volume reduction effect’ after lobectomy for lung cancer. Methods: Forty-three patients underwent right upper lobectomy (RUL), 38 patients left upper lobectomy (LUL), 39 patients right lower lobectomy (RLL), and 38 patients left lower lobectomy (LLL). Pulmonary function tests were performed preoperatively and 6 months to 1 year after surgery. Results: Percent change in FEV_1.0 after lobectomy was −6.9 ± 16.1% in RUL group, −11.2 ± 16.9% in LUL group, −14.7 ± 9.8% in RLL group, and −12.8 ± 9.5% in LLL group. We evaluated the correlation between a preoperative FEV_1.0% of predicted and percentage change in FEV_1.0 after lobectomy. There were no significant relationships between these variables in RLL or LLL group. In contrast, there were significant negative relationships between these variables in RUL and LUL groups. Correlation coefficients were r = −0.667, p < 0.0001 for RUL and r = −0.712, p < 0.0001 for LUL. In RUL and LUL groups, patients with a higher preoperative FEV_1.0% of predicted had a more adverse percentage change in FEV_1.0 after surgery. In addition, all 13 patients with a preoperative FEV_1.0% of predicted <60% in RUL and LUL groups had an increase in FEV_1.0 postoperatively. Patients with a lower preoperative FEV_1.0% of predicted had a greater ‘volume reduction effect’ with an increase in FEV_1.0 after upper lobectomy. Conclusion: Upper lobectomy might have a volume reduction effect.     

Importance of tumour volume and histology in trimodality treatment of patients with Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer—results from a retrospective analysis

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESChemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been the backbone of guideline-recommended treatment for Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, in selected operable patients with a resectable tumour, good results have been achieved with trimodality treatment (TT). The objective of this bi-institutional analysis of outcomes in patients treated for Stage IIIA NSCLC was to identify particular factors supporting the role of surgery after CRT.METHODSIn a 2-centre retrospective cohort study, patients with Stage III NSCLC (seventh edition TNM) were identified and those patients with Stage IIIA who were treated with CRT or TT between January 2007 and December 2013 were selected. Patient characteristics as well as tumour parameters were evaluated in relation to outcome and whether or not these variables were predictive for the influence of treatment (TT or CRT) on outcome [overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS)]. Estimation of treatment effect on PFS and OS was performed using propensity-weighted cox regression analysis based on inverse probability weighting.RESULTSFrom a database of 725 Stage III NSCLC patients, 257 Stage IIIA NSCLC patients, treated with curative intent, were analysed; 186 (72%) with cIIIA-N2 and 71 (28%) with cT3N1/cT4N0 disease. One hundred and ninety-six (76.3%) patients were treated by CRT alone (high-dose radiation with daily low-dose cisplatin) and 61 (23.7%) by TT. The unweighted data showed that TT resulted in better PFS and OS. After weighting for factors predictive of treatment assignment, patients with a large gross tumour volume (>120 cc) had better PFS when treated with TT, and patients with an adenocarcinoma treated with TT had better OS, regardless of tumour volume.CONCLUSIONSPatients with Stage IIIA NSCLC and large tumour volume, as well as patients with adenocarcinoma, who were selected for TT, had favourable outcome compared to patients receiving CRT. This information can be used to assist multidisciplinary team decision-making and for stratifying patients in studies comparing TT and definitive CRT.     

Low bone mineral density in COPD patients related to worse lung function,low weight and decreased fat-free mass

Summary Low bone mineral density is frequently seen in COPD patients. Advanced COPD, low BMI and muscle depletion are risk factors for developing low bone mineral density (BMD). Low bone mineral density is seen in 75% of the GOLD stage IV patients. Introduction We set out to investigate the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as the predictors of abnormal bone mineral density. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate 115 subjects with COPD (GOLD stages II–IV). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using an ultrasound densitometer. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) was assessed and fat-free mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results The prevalence of a T-score < −1.0 SD and > −2.5 SD was 28.6% in GOLD stage II, 40.3% in GOLD stage III and 57.1% in GOLD stage IV. The prevalence of a T-score ≤−2.5 SD was 0% in GOLD stage II, 9.6% in GOLD stage III and 17.9% in GOLD stage IV. In a logistic model FFM, BMI and FEV₁ were significant predictors of abnormal bone mineral density. Patients in GOLD stage IV have a 7.6 times greater risk of abnormal bone mineral density than patients in GOLD stage II. Conclusions Low bone mineral density is frequently present in COPD patients. Low FFM, BMI and FEV₁ are risk factors for developing a low T-score. A low FFM or BMI in GOLD stage IV strongly suggests loss of BMD and warrants further examination. An erratum to this article can be found at