2003-2005年新生儿感染常见致病菌及耐药性的变迁

目的了解本地区新生儿2003至2005年感染常见致病菌的种类及耐药的现状，以指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法收集我院新生儿科2003年1月至2005年12月收治的613份体液培养阳性（痰液、血液、分泌物、胃液等标本）的患儿资料，对常见检出菌及其耐药性的变迁情况进行分析。结果共检出40种613株病原菌，以革兰阴性杆菌为主约占57．6％，而肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别位于前二位，其产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为78．1％和82．6％。药敏结果显示，常见致病菌对青霉素、第一、二代头胞类抗生素、红霉素类耐药性显著增加，但对第三代头胞类抗生素如头孢曲松、头孢噻肟（凯福隆）、头孢他啶（复达欣）及B内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂、碳青霉烯类、万古霉素等较敏感。产ESBLs菌仅对亚胺培南及B内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂敏感。结论革兰阴性杆菌特别是肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿感染主要病原菌，产ESBLs菌比例增加应引起高度重视。碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，可作为新生儿严重医院感染经验用药，应尽量根据药敏试验调整抗生素。     

新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症13例

为探讨新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症的临床特点与药物选择。研究对象为 13例经 2次血培养证实为大肠埃希菌败血症的新生儿 ,对其临床特点及药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果治愈 2例 ,好转 4例 ,自动出院 3例 ,死亡6例 ,均有严重合并症。社区获得性大肠埃希菌感染对多数头孢菌素、氨基糖甙类、碳青霉烯类 ,β内酰胺类抗生素 / β内酰胺酶抑制剂敏感。故认为治疗新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症首选菌必治或头孢噻肟 ,也可选用 β内酰胺类抗生素 / β内酰胺酶抑制剂、碳青霉烯类等。新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症13例$福建省泉州市儿童医院!362000@曾建军 $福建省泉州市第一医院产科!362000@李萍     

新生儿社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原学特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布和药敏情况。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年12月因新生儿肺炎住院且痰培养阳性新生儿的临床资料。结果在3 564例CAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物4 383株,其中细菌3 584株、病毒771、真菌7株及非典型病原体21株。细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,3 045株(85.0%),细菌中排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主,693株(89.9%)。在344例HAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物424株,其中细菌402株,真菌17株,呼吸道合胞病毒5株。细菌均为革兰阴性菌,未发现革兰阳性菌,排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。CAP与HAP新生儿中革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌分别为26.9%、46.8%,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。CAP、HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌均对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类高度敏感。HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05);HAP的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。此外,还发现耐碳青霉烯类的肠杆菌。结论新生儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中CAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,HAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主。HAP致病菌的产酶率和耐药性均普遍高于CAP,且有多重耐药趋势。     

NICU内早产儿院内感染病原菌监测及耐药性分析

目的 分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿院内感染病原菌及其耐药性变化,为防控早产儿院内感染提供依据.方法 按照统一标准采集2005年9月-2009年3月间103例早产儿院内感染者的痰、尿液、皮肤分泌物和(或)血标本,进行细菌培养、鉴定;分析致病菌及其对抗生素的耐药性.结果 检出病原菌165株,革兰阳性菌23株(13.9%),革兰阴性菌142株(86.1%).革兰阴性菌是早产儿肺部、泌尿系、血液院内感染的主要致病菌,革兰阳性菌是早产儿皮肤感染的主要致病菌.革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯杆菌常见,其次为大肠杆菌.革兰阴性杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率较高,显著高于添加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的抗生素、碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类(P＜0.05).肺炎克雷伯杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL+)菌株占65.6%(42/64);大肠杆菌产EBSL+菌株占47.1%(8/17).产EBSL菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药性显著高于碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类(P＜0.05).结论 革兰阴性杆菌是NICU早产儿院内感染主要病原菌;产EBSL肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠杆菌比例较高,且对大多数抗生素耐药率高,值得重视;早产儿应尽量根据药敏试验合理使用抗生素.     

181例患儿深部痰培养细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 了解我院儿童肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,指导早期经验性抗生素应用.方法 统计分析了2005年1月至2007年12月我院儿科181例住院患儿深部痰细菌培养结果.结果 符合条件的痰标本共分离细菌269株,其中革兰阴性菌占69.14%(186株),主要是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌,其对β内酰胺类抗生素有较高的耐药性,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希杆菌和肺炎克雷白杆菌的耐药性尤为突出,但对含β内酰胺酶抑制剂的头孢菌素和亚胺培南仍较敏感.革兰阳性菌占30.86%(83株),粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌占革兰阳性球菌的前三位,除对万古霉素仍敏感外,金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢菌素以及氨基苷类抗生素的耐药率很高.结论 儿童深部痰培养分离菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,其耐药性较强,特别是产ESBLs的菌株对β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性尤为突出.革兰阳性菌以葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主,其耐药率均较高.     

儿童下呼吸道感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶病原菌检测分析

目的了解儿童下呼吸道感染病原菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)病原菌感染情况及耐药特征,指导临床合理治疗。方法采集2006年1月-2007年12月本院呼吸科下呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽分泌物2696份,培养分离大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌,对2种细菌采用双纸片法及纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测ESBLs;采用K-B法行药敏试验,检测2种细菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,结果采用耐药、中介、敏感表示,并对药敏试验结果进行χ2检验。结果共检测135株菌株,其中大肠埃希菌73株,产ESBLs54株(74.0%);肺炎克雷伯杆菌62株,产ESBLs33株(53.2%)。1～6个月婴儿2种细菌的检出率较其他年龄组高,分别为50株和41株(Pa<0.05)。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs株检出率在2a间及各年龄组间均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。2种细菌产ESBLs株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类及磺胺类抗生素的不敏感率均高于非产ESBLs株,且对大多数β-内酰胺酶类抗生素普遍耐药。无论产酶与否,2种细菌对阿米卡星、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南仍有较高的敏感性。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌检出率极高,且对多种抗生素耐药。应严格控制抗生素用药指征,重视产ESBLs菌的监测和药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素。     

昆明地区116例小儿尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 了解昆明地区近5年小儿尿路感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况.方法 对2003年1月 - 2007年12月收治的116例尿培养阳性患儿病原菌构成比及耐药性进行分析总结.结果 116株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占81.89%(95株),革兰阳性球菌占18.11%(21株).前三位致病菌分别为大肠埃希菌67.24%、屎肠球菌12.93%、肺炎克雷伯菌8.62%.产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况:大肠埃希菌产酶49株,产酶率62.82%,肺炎克雷伯氏菌产酶4株,产酶率40%.大肠埃希菌对抗生素的敏感性依次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶;对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松耐药性均在90%以上;对氨苄西林、哌拉西林100%耐药.屎肠球菌对青霉素、红霉素100%耐药,对万古霉素100%敏感.大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株较非产ESBLs株对大部分抗菌药的耐药性明显增高.亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌100%敏感,呋喃妥因敏感性在90%以上.结论 昆明地区小儿尿路感染病原菌以大肠杆菌为主,大肠杆菌耐药性明显.治疗前的尿培养值得临床重视.     

新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎临床特点及耐药性分析

目的了解新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点及耐药性情况。方法回顾性分析2004年6月—2014年6月收治的46例新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎的临床资料,46例新生儿分为社区感染组和院内感染组,以及2004年6月—2009年5月的早期组和2009年6月—2014年6月的晚期组,分别比较临床表现及产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率和药敏试验结果。结果患儿均以发热或体温不升,反应差,少吃或拒乳,呼吸、心率增快为临床表现。院内感染组ESBLs检出率明显高于社区感染组,晚期组ESBLs检出率明显高于早期组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05)。院内感染组对常用的头孢菌素类抗生素耐药性明显高于社区感染组,晚期组对常用的青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药性明显高于早期组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05)。结论新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎临床表现不典型,近年来大肠埃希菌对青霉素类及头孢菌素类抗生药物的耐药性显著上升,院内感染是获得ESBLs的高危因素。     

1~3月龄婴儿下呼吸道感染痰检病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 了解1~3月龄婴儿下呼吸道感染(LRTI)病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法 选取2013年1~12月本院收治的患LRTI的1~3月龄婴儿622例,取痰标本送细菌培养.采用琼脂扩散敏感试验行药敏试验.结果 622份痰标本中共分离到菌株379株,检出率为60.9%,其中革兰阴性菌325株(85.8%),革兰阳性菌50株(13.2%),真菌4株(1.1%).革兰阴性菌主要为大肠埃希菌(31.1%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(18.2%),产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌的检出率分别为48.3%和52.2%,且上述两种产ESBLs菌的平均耐药率为53%,对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟耐药率达100%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素均敏感.革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(10.0%),其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出比例较低(1.8%),但对β内酰胺类抗生素100%耐药.结论 1~3月龄婴儿LRTI的病原菌以革兰阴性菌:大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,产ESBLs菌检出率达48%以上,平均耐药率达53%以上,可指导临床首次经验性选药,以提高低龄婴儿的治疗有效率和生存率.     

下呼吸道感染患儿超产β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药及临床特征

目的探讨下呼吸道感染患儿超产β-内酰胺酶（EsBb）细菌耐药情况以及临床特征。方法对下呼吸道感染患儿痰标本中分离的34株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行耐药及临床分析。结果药敏试验显示产FNBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南无耐药性，而对哌拉西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟耐药率达100％。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌存在较严重的多重耐药及交叉耐药，临床应加强监测，依据药敏情况合理用药。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.