应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理及耳支架外露的防治

目的:探讨应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理。方法:手术分两期进行,第Ⅰ期行残耳整形和耳后乳突区皮肤扩张器埋置术;第Ⅱ期取出皮肤扩张器,置入MEDPOR支架,再造耳廓。结果:应用MEDPOR支架治疗6例先天性小耳畸形。3例Ⅰ期愈合,外形良好,另3例发生支架外露,且1例外露部位伴有感染,经采用局部皮瓣修复后,都保留了支架,并获得痊愈,外形亦佳。结论:术后需要特别注意容易出现支架外露部位的护理,术后1月内应对再造耳进行严密的观察,出现支架外露后因地制宜地采用合适的方法进行修复,可以很好地预防并处理再造耳支架的外露。     

枕动脉岛状筋膜瓣修复再造耳支架外露

目的：介绍一种修复再造耳支架外露的有效方法。方法：2000年12月至2001年12月，采用枕动脉岛状筋膜瓣＋游离皮片移植修复再造耳支架外露6例7耳。结果：6例7耳枕动脉岛状筋膜瓣全部成活，无一例发生坏死及支架再露，再造耳支架外露修复外形满意。结论：枕动脉岛状筋膜瓣＋游离皮片移植是修复再造耳支架外露的一种有效方法。     

颞顶筋膜瓣在修复外耳再造术后支架外露的应用

目的：探讨应用颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣在外耳再造术后支架外露后进行修复的效果。方法：根据软骨支架外露形状,设计颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣旋转包裹外露支架,加游离移植中厚皮、抗感染治疗。结果：8例患者术后再造耳支架外露修复效果良好,再造耳外形无明显改变。结论：外耳再造术后如发生再造耳皮瓣破溃、软骨支架外露的并发症,选择颞顶筋膜瓣旋转包裹外露支架,加游离移植中厚皮、抗感染治疗的治疗方法,可获得较满意的修复效果。     

额部扩张皮瓣联合耳软骨支架鼻再造术

目的:探讨应用额部扩张皮瓣复合耳软骨支架植入鼻再造术的效果。方法:对7例鼻缺损患者Ⅰ期行额部斜行扩张器埋置术,Ⅱ期行扩张皮瓣修复鼻尖、鼻翼及鼻小柱的同时,于残鼻内植入耳软骨支架,形成支撑结构。结果:7例术后均无感染,无软骨外露,再造鼻外观坚挺,色泽与邻近组织相似,形态逼真,效果满意。结论:额部扩张皮瓣复合耳软骨支架植入鼻再造术增加了鼻尖及鼻小柱的支撑、塑形,是较理想的鼻再造方法。     

MEDPOR支架耳廓再造术及支架外露的处理

目的 探讨应用MEDPOR(多孔高密度聚乙烯)支架再造耳廓治疗先天性小耳畸形的优缺点，以及支架外露后的处理办法。方法 手术分两期进行，第1期行残耳整形和耳后乳突区皮肤扩张器埋置术；第Ⅱ期取出皮肤扩张器，置入MEDPOR支架，再造耳廓。结果 从1999年至今，应用MED—POR支架治疗7例先天性小耳畸形。3例Ⅰ期愈合，外形良好，另4例发生支架外露，且1例外露部位伴有感染，经采用局部皮瓣或颞浅筋膜岛状瓣修复后，都保留了支架，并获得痊愈，外形亦佳。结论 MEDPOR耳廓支架具有良好的组织相容性，血管可以长入其中，即使外露亦不需取出。具有操作简便，手术时间短，创伤小的优点。虽然支架外露的发生率较高，但仍不失为是自体肋软骨支架再造耳廓的一种较好的替代材料。     

扩张皮瓣联合Medpor耳支架全耳再造的临床研究(附8例报告)

目的:应用扩张皮瓣联合Medpor耳支架行全耳再造术,使耳再造成形逼真,立体感强,手术时间缩短,减少创伤,探讨如何防治Medpor耳支架外露。方法:先在耳缺损区埋置扩张器,定期注水,扩张两个月后,取出扩张器。将Medpor耳支架依照健侧耳廓为模型进行雕刻,塑形后,置入耳缺损区扩张皮瓣后面(耳后乳突区),耳支架后缘用颞浅筋膜瓣及耳后筋膜瓣包埋,植皮,全耳再造成功。结果:共完成此手术8例(男6例,女2例),耳成形良好,手术效果满意,扩张皮瓣覆盖组织与Medpor耳支架贴合紧密,且外形显现良好,耳廓形态逼真。其中仅1例耳支架后方绿豆大小外露,经局部修复痊愈。结论:扩张皮瓣联合Medpro耳支架全耳再造术,形态逼真,立体感强,耳廓形态稳定,远期不易变形,与使用肋软骨支架相比,无切取肋软骨之苦,且手术时间明显缩短。不足:MedPor耳支架价格昂贵,弹性较差,易外露。     

耳后扩张皮瓣联合自体肋软骨移植修复耳轮部分缺损

目的：探讨耳后扩张皮瓣联合自体肋软骨支架在修复耳轮部分缺损的应用。方法：对7例耳轮部分缺损的患者使用耳后扩张皮瓣联合自体肋软骨支架移植进行修复。结果：本组患者7例,男5例,女2例,均采用上述方法治疗,经过6个月～2年的随访,皮瓣全部成活,再造耳轮轮廓清晰,无卷曲变形,无支架外露。再造耳与健侧基本对称。结论：耳后扩张皮瓣联合自体软骨移植是修复耳轮部分缺损的一种简单有效的办法。     

Medpor外耳再造术皮肤覆盖方案的临床研究

目的:本文通过比较几种不同的支架外皮肤覆盖方案,探索一种手术效果稳定可靠的合成材料支架外耳再造方法。方法:48例先天性小耳畸形,应用Medpor支架行全外耳再造术,支架外软组织覆盖材料分别为单纯乳突区扩张皮肤1例、颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮25例、乳突区扩张皮瓣加颞顶筋膜瓣22例,观察比较应用不同覆盖材料耳再造后支架外露发生率、再造外耳外形轮廓、表面皮肤颜色质地。结果:临床应用48例,随访1至6年,应用单纯乳突区扩张皮瓣覆盖者1年内耳支架完全外露;应用颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮者再造耳廓外形及轮廓优良,但大部分病例再造耳廓皮瓣不同程度色素异常;应用乳突区扩张皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣联合覆盖者再造外耳形态及轮廓均优良,且表面皮瓣颜色质地与周围皮肤和对侧外耳皮肤一致,美容效果最佳。结论:应用乳突区扩张后皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣双层组织瓣的软组织覆盖方案可以满足Medpor再造外耳的外形、轮廓及皮色的需求,是一项安全稳定的手术方案,综合效果优于颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮方案,而单纯应用乳突区扩张皮瓣的方案不适用于Medpor外耳再造术。因此推荐在选用Medpor耳支架行全外耳再造治疗Ⅲ度先天性小耳畸形时,优先选用颞顶筋膜瓣联合乳突区扩张皮瓣的软组织覆盖方案。     

应用Medpor支架Ⅰ期全耳再造术

目的 探讨Medpor支架在Ⅰ期全耳再造术中的应用.方法 自2004年6月至2008年12月,收治先天性小耳畸形患者18例,外伤性外耳缺损2例.均应用Medpor支架行Ⅰ期全耳再造.术中根据健侧耳模型雕刻Medpor支架,游离颢浅筋膜瓣覆盖耳支架,形成颞区的超薄皮瓣覆盖外耳前方的颞筋膜瓣表面,残余创面采用对侧耳后全厚皮片移植修复,腹部皮片修复健侧耳的供皮区.结果 20例耳再造术切口均Ⅰ期愈合.随访3～36个月,17例再造耳外形佳;1例术后半年因外伤致耳支架外露,采用对侧颞浅筋膜瓣吻合血管游离移植修复成功;2例外形欠佳.结论 Ⅰ期Medpor支架全耳再造术一次成形,创伤小,采用健侧耳后全厚皮肤移植再造耳颜色匹配.耳精细轮廓显露好.不足之处是弹性较差,价格较昂贵,一旦支架外露须再次手术修复.     

应用MEDPOR支架施行儿童全耳再造术中若干问题的探讨

目的:探讨以Medpor支架施行儿童全耳再造术中存在的若干问题,以利于改进该手术的整复效果.方法:回顾性分析应用该支架施行全耳再造术患儿的临床资料.2000～2004年,应用该支架施行全耳再造术20例,其中左侧6例,右侧14例.一期再造11例(Medpor 支架植入、颞浅筋膜瓣与残耳皮瓣转移加全厚皮片移植);二期再造9例(其中耳后皮瓣扩张法2例;一期残耳旷置、Medpor支架植入、颞浅筋膜瓣转移加全厚皮片移植,二期耳垂、耳屏成形7例).结果:该术式须注意如下问题:①颞浅筋膜瓣分离厚度与面积的标准;②支架的修整与颞浅筋膜瓣、皮瓣的适应及其固定;③扩张皮瓣、皮瓣或植皮的选择及其操作;④皮瓣坏死与支架外露.结论:该术式在儿童病例的操作中尤须做到:①保证颞浅筋膜瓣良好的血供与足够的面积;②应参照术前的设计,将支架重新塑形并修整光滑,使其稳妥固定;③颞浅筋膜瓣、皮瓣与皮片必须平整、紧贴并完全覆盖支架,各层缝合缘宜错开.适宜者可用扩张皮瓣.④皮瓣坏死与支架外露,经过换药或再次手术可以修复.属于组织排斥现象,则须取出支架.     

V-Y-S旋转皮瓣修复头皮缺损

目的：报告V-Y-S旋转皮瓣修复头皮缺损的临床结果。方法：应用V-Y-S旋转皮瓣技术修复5例头皮缺损,其中,男4例,女1例;年龄26～52岁,平均32岁。缺损范围：3cm×3.5cm～4cm×5cm。1例用单侧皮瓣修复,4例用双侧皮瓣修复。结果：所有的缺损均修复成功,皮瓣全部成活,术后随访10～42个月（平均28个月）,修复后的外形满意,皮瓣上头发生长正常,局部没有瘢痕形成,没有出现与切口有关的并发症。结论：用V-Y-S旋转皮瓣修复头皮缺损,不需行游离植皮,操作简单,手术时间短,成功率高。     

串联皮瓣修复大面积颅骨外露

目的:研究应用游离皮瓣修复合并颅骨外露的大面积头皮缺损的治疗方法.方法:2005年1月～2011年1月笔者应用串联的前臂皮瓣和股前外侧游离皮瓣,修复合并颅骨外露的大面积头皮缺损6例,采用游离前臂皮瓣近端与甲状腺上动脉和颈内静脉吻合,远端与股前外侧皮瓣血管吻合.两游离皮瓣串联吻合.无骨外露部分游离植皮.结果:6例手术皮瓣均存活良好;植皮愈合良好.头皮外观良好,质地柔软.结论:前臂和股前外侧游离皮瓣串联吻合,修复头皮缺损效果满意.     

Local flaps in the treatment of full thickness scalp defects secondary to advanced cutaneous malignancy. About 21 clinical cases

SUBJECT: The advanced tumors of the scalp can involve the calvarium, the dura and the cerebral tissue. The medium sized full thickness scalp defects secondary to the excision of such cutaneous malignancy can be successfully treated with local flaps coming from the remaining scalp if these flaps are large and including at least one major pedicle of the scalp. The cranioplasty can be done immediately or secondarily. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From May 2001 to July 2006, 21 patients aged between 52 and 78 years old, suffering from advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas with invasion of the calvarium in all cases, the dura in 1 case and the cerebral tissue in 2 cases have benefited from an excision of the scalp and calvarium with a margin between 1 and 3 cm. The secondary defects measured between 9 and 15 cm for the scalp and between 6 and 9 cm for the calvarium. In 1 case, the dura was resected and reconstructed with a fascia lata graft. The flaps used were: a single pedicled transposition flap based on one or two occipital pedicles in 10 cases--a bipedicled transposition flap based on the superficial temporal pedicles in 3 cases and on the frontal and occipital pedicles in 4 cases--a large rotation flap in 4 cases. These flaps were undermined under the galea without any galeotomies. Their donor sites were immediately grafted. The calvarium was reconstructed by a methylmetacrylate implant in 9 cases, simultaneously with these flaps in 4 cases and secondarily in 5 cases. RESULTS: There were no vascular problems in all these flaps--3 cases of infection in the simultaneous reconstruction of the scalp and calvarium are reported. The two patients with cerebral invasion are deceased 1 year after the surgery. The other patients are still alive without any recurrence or metastasis with a mean follow-up of 36 months. CONCLUSION: Such complex defects of the tumoral scalp can be reconstructed with large and axial local flaps of the remaining scalp with safety. The cranioplasty has to be delayed.     

Coverage of scalp defects following contact electrical burns to the head: a clinical series

Fifteen patients with various scalp defects resulting from contact electrical burns to the head, were reconstructed between the periods of January 1989 and October 2004 in our burns unit. The incidence of scalp burns in our patient population was 2.99% for electrical injuries and 0.95% for all burns during the study period. We present here a clinical series of fifteen patients with large, complex scalp defects following contact electrical burns to the head treated successfully by the application of local and free flaps. In this series, four free flaps, one pedicled flap and 10 local flaps were used for the reconstructions with no major postoperative complications seen. The average size of the defect was 89.45 cm2 for cases in whom local flaps were applied, 193 cm2 for free flaps and 143 cm2 for one case treated with distant flap. Four cases required craniectomies because of the delay in reporting to our burns unit. Early surgical attempt to cover the defect with a well-vascularized tissue provides excellent healing, osteogenesis, short hospital staying, low rate of infection and requires no surgical debridement of the bone in the early phase.     

扩张法全耳再造皮瓣破溃后的处理

目的 探讨临床应用扩张法全耳再造过程中出现耳后扩张皮瓣破溃,采用Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术作为补救方法的可行性.方法 8例扩张法全耳再造术的患者,在扩张器注水过程中发生耳后扩张皮瓣破溃,将扩张器取出,植入自体肋软骨支架,行Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术.结果 8例创口均一期愈合,扩张皮瓣血供良好,再造耳形态逼真,轮廓清晰,耳轮毛发少,其大小、形状、位置与面部协调,效果满意.结论 Brent Ⅰ期耳再造术是扩张法全耳再造过程中发生耳后扩张皮瓣破溃后的一种较好补救方法.     

Reconstruction of massive defects of the scalp, cranium, and dura after resection of scalp neoplasms

Massive defects of the scalp, cranium, and dura can be covered with local rotation, transposition scalp flaps. Five cases of massive defects of up to 300 square centimeters resulting from resection of scalp neoplasms were reconstructed by this technique. Excellent cosmetic and functional results were obtained in all cases. Although the emphasis in the recent literature has been on free flap coverage of these massive defects, our series demonstrates that these extensive scalp defects can be reconstructed using large local scalp flap transposition.     

头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的皮瓣修复方法探讨

目的:探讨头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的皮瓣修复方法。方法:自2008年1月～2013年3月共收治头皮缺损合并颅骨外露30例,行局部头皮瓣、轴型头皮瓣转移结合皮片移植、上臂带蒂皮瓣修复。头皮缺损最大面积20cm×15cm,颅骨外露最大面积14cm×10cm。结果:共切取皮瓣34块、供瓣区植皮10例。皮瓣皮片均成活良好,术后随访6个月～4年,效果满意。结论:局部头皮旋转皮瓣是修复较小面积(直径小于7cm)头皮缺损优选方法,轴型头皮瓣修复较大面积(直径大于7cm)头皮缺损伴颅骨外露是有效方法,头皮缺损合并面部皮肤缺损行同侧上臂带蒂皮瓣修复也是较理想的方法。     

雕刻—拼接法制作自体肋软骨耳支架

目的探索一种自体肋软骨耳支架的雕刻—拼接制作方法,以期获得良好的再造耳形态。方法 2011年1月至2012年1月,共行545侧外耳再造术。应用改良Nagata法耳再造术285例,扩张皮瓣法260例。切取第6~8肋软骨,分2~3层雕刻、拼接耳支架,构建耳轮、对耳轮、耳舟、三角窝、对耳轮上脚、耳屏、对耳屏、耳甲腔等耳廓亚结构,用于外耳再造术。结果术后有6例因局部皮肤坏死致耳支架外露,经再次手术处理后愈合;1例因感染取出肋软骨支架,6个月后再次行外耳再造术。本组患者术后随访6~12个月,488例再造耳廓形态良好,效果满意;80例再造耳廓亚结构欠清晰,效果欠佳;另有19例失访。结论用雕刻—拼接法制作自体肋软骨耳支架,可获得结构稳固、形态逼真的支架,是耳再造获得良好效果的必要步骤。     

Reconstruction of large defects in the scalp with fasciocutaneous flaps.

Although recent reports have emphasised free microsurgical transfer for reconstruction of extensive defects in the scalp, in our experience a carefully planned scalp flap is a simpler and safer method than a free transfer. Twenty-one patients with defects as large as 10%-60% of the scalp surface area were reconstructed; the calvarium was resected in five cases and the dura mater in two. In 18 cases the flaps were based on a single pedicle: the superficial temporal artery. In three cases the blood supply of the flaps was based on three major homolateral arteries: the superficial temporal, the posterior auricular, and the occipital. The blood supply of all scalp flaps was based on the interconnected network of the aponeurotic plexus and the pedicles were included into flap in 18 cases. The principles of fasciocutaneous flaps were applied for all 21 scalp flaps. The reconstruction of the skull was delayed in all cases, and the dura was replaced by free autogenous periosteum. The donor area was covered with a skin graft in all cases. In all patients the aesthetic and functional results were considered excellent by them and by us. There were no postoperative complications.     

皮肤扩张术用于头皮撕脱回植失败并颅骨裸露的早期修复

目的寻求头皮撕脱回植失败并颅骨裸露较理想的早期修复的方法.方法伤区清创植皮、颅骨裸露区油纱外敷,植皮成活后尽早于创周正常头皮下置入扩张器,注水扩张完成后利用扩张皮瓣修复秃发颅骨裸露区.结果6例除1例出现局部扩张器外露外,均未发生感染、皮瓣坏死等并发症,同时达到创面修复及秃发区重现头发的目的.结论在适当选择适应证及正规操作的前提下,将组织扩张术用于头皮撕脱回植失败并颅骨裸露的早期修复可以取得满意的疗效.