Myoepithelial cell ultrastructure in the submandibular gland of man

Summary In human submandibular glands, two types of myoepithelial cells can be distinguished in serial, ultrathin sections. The dark myoepithelial cell type was stellate in shape and exhibited a pronouneced electron density due to numerous myofilaments with focal densities. Dark cell types accounted for the greater part (76%) of the myoepithelial cells and furthermore showed adenosine triphosphatase activity. This type of myoepithelial cell is considered to be that previously observed in mammalian salivary glands. Occasionally, desmosomes could be found between the processes of adjacent dark myoepithelial cell types, which is appropriate with respect to the strong compression of acinar or intercalated duct cells. The light myoepithelial cell type was large and ellipsoid with a few short-thick processes, and was characterized by an electron lucent cytoplasm which included scant and unevenly distributed myofilaments. Light cell types showed positive adenosine triphosphatase activity and accounted for only a small part (17%) of the myoepithelial cell number. Transitional forms between these two types were also observed. The light myoepithelial cell type may mature into the dark myoepithelial cell type by means of the transitional form. In addition, clear cells were sometimes encountered between the myoepithelial cell and the acinar or intercalated duct cells.     

Occurrence of a third type of secretory cell in the acinus of the rat submandibular gland

A new, third type of secretory cell was found in the acini of the submandibular gland in rat. In paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin or reacted with periodic acid-Schiff, acini containing the third type of secretory cells were found as a mass of darkly stained secretory endpieces at the periphery of the lobule. In semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue, these cells showed numerous dense secretory granules in their cytoplasm. Some acini consisted entirely of these cells, whereas other acini consisted of an admixture of such cells and typical seromucous cells. Acini containing the third type of secretory cell tended to form clusters. Electron microscopically, the cells had well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The secretory granules showed a wide range of variation in substructure, even within the same cell. Well-developed intercellular interdigitation and intercellular canaliculi also were observed between adjacent third type of secretory cells. Although little is known about the biological significance of these cells and the properties of their secretory granules, the present study shows that the rat submandibular gland possesses three types of secretory cells in their secretory endpieces. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Chromoblastomycosis by Exophiala jeanselmei associated with squamous cell carcinoma

Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous, chronic, granulomatous mycosis that occurs more frequently in tropical and subtropical countries. Herein, we describe a case of a 90-year-old female patient with diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis by Exophiala jeanselmei with a 22-year evolution who developed a squamous cell carcinoma. In the meantime, She underwent two misdiagnoses and an unnecessary operation. This case is also the fifth case of E. jeanselmei caused CBM in history.     

Ultrastructure of tumour invasion and desmoplastic response of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

Summary Using ultrastructural methods we studied the interaction of tumour cells and lung parenchyma in deep areas (i.e., more than about 3 mm from the tumour surface) of 50 bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas. The tumour periphery, studied previously, had shown organized associations of tumour cells and lung epithelial cells and a surprising lack of invasion of non-epithelial tissue compartments. The deeper areas, where the tumour cells and the lung parenchyma had been in contact for longer periods, consisted of irregular groups of tumour cells and desmoplastic stroma which was very similar to granulation tissue. The deeper areas also contained many intact lung epithelial cells, arranged in compressed and distorted alveolar structures. Where non-neoplastic epithelial cells and tumour cells had direct contact, they formed common junctional complexes and basal laminae. In part of the tumours, the cells were largely devoid of a basal lamina. However, in most instances a continuous basal lamina surrounded every tumour cell group studied, even when these formed irregular strands or seemed to be completely isolated.     

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach: a case report and literature review

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the stomach is rare. Its pathogenesis is also unclear and there are conflicting reports about it in the past. Only about 100 cases have been reported so far in the literature. The current study discusses a new case of gastric squamous cell carcinoma, from a 50-year-old Chinese male patient diagnosed via subtotal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and D2 lymphadenectomy. In the stomach, an ulcerated mass in the antrum, measuring 12×8×6 cm, was observed. Further, pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed a well-differentiated SCC. Observations indicated tumor cell invasion into the serosa, and encroachment into perigastric regional lymph node. A follow-up abdominal CT scan three months later revealed tumor invasion into the ascending colon. We assume that this invaded mass was transferred from the gastric squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly, the patient is still alive.     

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymphoid stroma

Summary We treated a 70-year-old Japanese man with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus with evidence of lymphoid stroma. The tumour consisted of a main lesion invading the muscular layer of the oesophagus, in association with wide areas of carcinoma in situ. The tumour stroma of the lesion was nondesmoplastic and was uniformly infiltrated mainly by abundant lymphocytes and plasma cells. Immunohistochemically, the lymphocytes consisted of a large number of T lymphocytes and a small number of B lymphocytes. S-100 protein positive cells were marked in the tumour cell nests and necrotic change of tumour cells was frequent. Abundant infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells was also wide-spread beneath the carcinoma in situ, together with the lymphoid follicles. Carcinoma with lymphoid stroma can occur not only in the breast, uterine cervix, nasopharynx and stomach but also in the oesophagus.     

Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in primary squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

Studies have demonstrated an etiologic role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection for epithelial malignancies, including most cervical carcinomas, anogenital cancers, and carcinomas of the head and neck; however, a causative role of HPV infection for bladder cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HR-HPV in primary bladder carcinoma to determine the association between HPV infection and the squamous cell component of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, we evaluated the utility of p16 overexpression as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in these cancers and the correlation of this with tumor stage. Our study included 33 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. Tumors deemed primary from the bladder were selected and either showed predominant (>50 %) or pure squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemical study for p16 and HR-HPV by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed in all cases. p16 expression was detected in 7 cases (28 %, 7/25) of urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and not detected in any of the 8 cases (0%, 0/8) of pure SCC. Detection of HR-HPV by ISH was negative in all 33 cases (0%, 0/33). There was no association between p16 overexpression and the presence of HPV infection in squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder. p16 should not be used as a surrogate marker for evidence of HPV infection. Our study suggests that HPV infection does not play an etiologic role in the development of bladder cancer and should not be used as a diagnostic adjunct for these cases.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of an oncocytic carcinoma of the submandibular gland

An oncocytic carcinoma of the submandibular gland diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration is reported. Cytologically, the tumor cells occurred singly, in three-dimensional clusters and in multilayered sheets. The cells had round-to-oval, centrally or eccentrically located nuclei with fine chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Many cells contained abundant granular cytoplasm and well-defined cell borders; however, several stripped nuclei with prominent nucleoli were also noted in the background. Follow-up histologic examination showed tumor cells arising from right submandibular gland and metastasizing to six of 14 cervical lymph nodes. Ultrastructural study demonstrated tumor cells packed with mitochondria in the cytoplasm. The patient was alive with no evidence of disease 6 months after the surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:186–189. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

颌下腺及腮腺超声检查对原发性干燥综合征的诊断价值

目的 探讨颌下腺及腮腺超声检查对原发性干燥综合征（pSS）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性研究。选取2017年1月—2020年12月南通大学附属江阴医院确诊pSS患者88例为pSS组,其中男3例、女85例,年龄27~78（53±11）岁。纳入同期有口干或眼干临床表现的非pSS患者49例为对照组,其中男2例、女47例,年龄21~79（55 ±13）岁。患者均行双侧颌下腺及腮腺超声检查,并据二维灰阶图采用0~4分法进行评分。观察指标：（1）比较2组患者年龄、性别、口眼干燥等临床基线资料;（2）记录2组患者的颌下腺和腮腺超声评分,分别绘制颌下腺、腮腺、颌下腺联合腮腺超声评分诊断pSS的受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线,据约登指数确定超声评分的最佳诊断阈值,以及相应的灵敏度、特异度,比较颌下腺、腮腺、颌下腺联合腮腺超声评分的曲线下面积（AUC）;（3）比较pSS组患者双侧颌下腺和腮腺的超声评分,分析颌下腺与腮腺超声评分的相关性。结果 （1）88例pSS组及49例对照组患者的年龄、性别及口眼干燥表现差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）;（2）ROC曲线显示,颌下腺、腮腺、颌下腺联合腮腺超声评分诊断pSS的约登指数分别为0.669、0.650、0.628,3种方式的最佳诊断阈值均为2分;3种方式诊断pSS的灵敏度分别为95.5%、77.3%、95.5%,特异度分别为71.4%、87.8%、67.3%,AUC[95%可信区间（CI）]分别为0.908（0.856~0.959）、0.845（0.780~0.910）及0.900（0.847~0.953）。其中颌下腺及颌下腺联合腮腺的AUC均高于腮腺,差异均有统计学意义（Z=2.43、2.31,P=0.015、0.021）,而颌下腺与颌下腺联合腮腺的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=1.36,P=0.175）。（3）pSS组患者中,颌下腺超声评分为3（2,3）分,高于腮腺的2（2,3）分（Z=-8.22,P<0.001）;颌下腺与腮腺的超声评分呈正相关（r_s=0.79,P<0.001）。结论 颌下腺及腮腺超声对pSS均具有较高的临床诊断价值,颌下腺超声可能较腮腺更具优势。     

骨桥蛋白在食管鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的观察骨桥蛋白（OPN）在食管鳞癌组织、癌旁组织和转移淋巴结的表达状况,探讨OPN在食管鳞癌中表达的临床意义。方法运用免疫组化S-P法检测44例食管鳞癌组织、癌旁组织和20例转移淋巴结免疫组化染色。结果OPN在食管癌组织、癌旁组织及转移淋巴结中的表达率分别为86．3％、0％和100％。癌组织中OPN主要表达于肿瘤细胞的细胞浆中。OPN的表达与肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移状态有关,而与肿瘤位置、肿瘤直径、浸润深度及病理学分级无关。OPN在癌组织、癌旁组织及转移淋巴结表达强度亦存在显著性差异。结论食管鳞癌组织中OPN主要由肿瘤细胞产生。OPN与肿瘤的浸润、转移有关,反映了肿瘤的生物学特性。     

Sodium azide induces necrotic cell death in rat squamous cell carcinoma SCC131

Sodium azide (NaN₃) is widely used in industry and agriculture, and also in laboratories as a potent preservative. NaN₃ induces cell death when applied to cultured cells. However, whether the mode of cell death is apoptosis or necrosis remains a subject of debate. There have been no previous reports on NaN₃-induced cell death in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and so we studied the mode of cell death induced by NaN₃ using the rat SCC cell line, SCC131. In this experiment, SCC131 cells died 48–72 h after NaN₃ treatment with concentrations greater than 5 mM. The NaN₃ treatment reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and DNA ladder detection assay indicated that no DNA fragmentation occurred. In addition, phosphatidyl serine did not appear on the cell surface, according to the findings of dye-uptake bioassay and flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V labeling. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the NaN₃-treated cells showed mitochondrial swelling and rupture of the cell membrane. In conclusion, NaN₃ induces necrotic cell death in SCC131. This experimental model may be used in the study of necrotic cell death.     

Carcinosarcomatous malignancy, osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma, in giant cell tumor of the right distal femur

We report a new type of secondary malignant giant cell tumor of bone, the malignancy of which was assigned to a carcinosarcoma, i.e., osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. It occurred 25 years after curettage and bone graft surgery under the diagnosis of giant cell tumor of the right distal femur. Although secondary malignant giant cell tumor is known as a sarcoma arising at the site of a previously diagnosed giant cell tumor, this case should be regarded as a new type of secondary malignant giant cell tumor of bone.     

Combined salivary duct carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma suspected of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

A 76‐year‐old Japanese woman had noticed an asymptomatic and palpable mass in her left parotid gland region for 20 years. The tumor had showed rapid growth during the last two months. Therefore, the tumor was clinically suspected of being a malignant tumor and was surgically resected. A histopathological examination revealed that the tumor consisted of two different histopathological neoplastic components accompanied by hyalinized fibrosis at the center of the tumor. The two‐neoplastic components were squamous cell carcinoma and salivary duct carcinoma. The tumor was suspected to be a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma after considering the clinical course and the histopathological findings, such as hyalinized fibrosis at the center of the tumor. There was no evidence of recurrence at 30 months after the surgical resection.     

Effects of irradiation on the submandibular gland of the rat

Summary Single-dose cervical irradiation by cobalt 60 in rats induced lasting functional disturbances of the submandibular gland which were excessive when compaired with the relative integrity of the gland as seen under the light microscope. Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies revealed severe damage shortly after exposure with appearance of karyolytic bodies and autophagosomes accompanied by increased hydrolase activity. Mitochondrial alterations were concomitant with diminished ductal oxidative enzyme activity. Although most of these alterations resolved rapidly as a result of acinar and ductal cell repair and regeneration originating in the intercalated ducts, secretory abnormalities were still observed two months after exposure as evidenced by the accumulation of granules in acinar cells and the heterogeneity of ductal cell granules. These anomalies, comparable to those observed in sialadenoses, probably result from persistent alterations of intralobular nerve endings.The authors wish to thank M.F. Baucher, A. Lesot and M. Tacnet for their technical assistance     

CCR10 and CCL27 are overexpressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)10 is a specific receptor for chemokine ligand (CCL)27, a selective chemoattractant for skin-associated memory T cells to cutaneous sites. In melanoma, CCR10 increases the ability of neoplastic cells to grow, invade tissues, disseminate to lymph nodes, and escape the host immune responses. In this study, we investigated the expression of CCR10 and its ligand CCL27 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). CCR10 and CCL27 were expressed in SCC, actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease, and seborrheic keratosis (predominantly prickle cell type), but not in seborrheic keratosis (predominantly basal cell type) and basal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, CCR10 and CCL27 were overexpressed in SCC relative to Bowen's disease, an early stage of SCC. Consistently, a human SCC cell line, A253 cells, and HaCaT cells exhibited CCL27 production that was strongly induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Finally, A253 cells expressed stronger intracellular CCR10 compared to HaCaT cells by flow cytometry. These results suggest that CCR10 and CCL27 overexpression in SCC is related to the progression of SCC and is useful for the diagnosis of SCC.     

Genomic instability in human actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the repetitive DNA patterns of human actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas to determine the genetic alterations that are associated with malignant transformation.

INTRODUCTION:

Cancer cells are prone to genomic instability, which is often due to DNA polymerase slippage during the replication of repetitive DNA and to mutations in the DNA repair genes. The progression of benign actinic keratoses to malignant squamous cell carcinomas has been proposed by several authors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Eight actinic keratoses and 24 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), which were pair-matched to adjacent skin tissues and/or leucocytes, were studied. The presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosomes 6 and 9 were investigated using nine PCR primer pairs. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA patterns were also evaluated using eight primers.

RESULTS:

MSI was detected in two (D6S251, D9S50) of the eight actinic keratosis patients. Among the 8 patients who had squamous cell carcinoma-I and provided informative results, a single patient exhibited two LOH (D6S251, D9S287) and two instances of MSI (D9S180, D9S280). Two LOH and one example of MSI (D6S251) were detected in three out of the 10 patients with squamous cell carcinoma-II. Among the four patients with squamous cell carcinoma-III, one patient displayed three MSIs (D6S251, D6S252, and D9S180) and another patient exhibited an MSI (D9S280). The altered random amplified polymorphic DNA ranged from 70% actinic keratoses, 76% squamous cell carcinoma-I, and 90% squamous cell carcinoma-II, to 100% squamous cell carcinoma-III.

DISCUSSION:

The increased levels of alterations in the microsatellites, particularly in D6S251, and the random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints were statistically significant in squamous cell carcinomas, compared with actinic keratoses.

CONCLUSION:

The overall alterations that were observed in the repetitive DNA of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas indicate the presence of a spectrum of malignant progression.     

Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma arising from an intraepidermal epithelioma

The intraepidermal epithelioma (of Borst–Jadasson) constitutes a much discussed and debated entity. Currently, this diagnosis is rarely made in part, as ascribing clinical features to such lesions has, to date, proven difficult. In addition, intraepidermal proliferation of atypical cells with clonal features is more likely diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas in situ, porocarcinomas or inflamed seborrheic keratoses. However, cutaneous tumors exhibiting microscopic and immunohistochemical features of clonally profligate malignant basaloid cells solely of epidermal origin do rarely exist. Their progression to dermal invasion appears even more uncommon.