经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠肿瘤12例

为探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的手术效果,回顾分析12例行TEM的直肠肿瘤患者资料。结果显示,12例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除,平均手术时间90min（60-200min）。无术后出血、吻合口感染、吻合口漏。2例术后肛门轻度疼痛,2例暂时性不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示9例腺瘤（管状腺瘤3例,绒毛状腺瘤4例,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,其中2例伴高级别上皮内瘤变）,1例肌层内有钙化灶,1例直肠黏膜炎性组织,1例低危间质瘤（直径〈1．0cm）。随访1～12个月,1例管状腺瘤患者于术后3个月局部复发。结果表明,TEM治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌安全、有效。     

Minimally invasive treatment of synchronous colorectal tumours

In patients with colorectal cancers synchronous neoplastic lesions are an increasingly frequent finding at preoperative staging; 3% of the cases are other cancers while 33-35% of the synchronous lesions are villous adenomas. The treatment of most colorectal adenomas can be performed by endoscopic poplypectomy. In 5% of cases there are synchronous colorectal lesions also requiring surgical treatment. From January 1995 to June 2007 we treated 5 patients with rectal lesions by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) together with a laparoscopic colectomy for the presence of synchronous lesions at the "Clinica Chirurgica Generale e d'Urgenza" of the University of Perugia,. Surgical timing involved performing a sequential exeresis characterised by a cancer resection, followed by resection of the voluminous adenoma: TEM for rectal cancer followed by a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for a voluminous villous adenoma (1 patient) and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for cancer followed by TEM for a voluminous villous adenoma (2 patients). One patient with left colon cancer associated with a voluminous villous rectal adenoma first underwent TEM for the rectal adenoma and then a left laparoscopic hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis in order to ease the transit of the circular mechanical stapler. Another patient with rectal and right colon adenomas first underwent TEM for a voluminous rectal sessile adenoma and later a right hemicolectomy. The use of this minimally invasive approach allowed rectum preservation and less invasive surgery.     

Preoperative staging of patients with rectal tumors suitable for transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM): comparison of endorectal ultrasound and histopathologic findings

Background  Accurate preoperative staging is the key to correct selection of rectal tumors for local excision. This study aims to assess the accuracy of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) at our institution. Patients and methods  Retrospective analysis was carried out of patients treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) from 1996 to 2008. TEM was considered the treatment of choice for uT0-1/N0 lesions located between 2 and 12 cm from the anal verge. It was also proposed in selected uT2-3 patients. Preoperative staging was compared with histopathologic findings. Results  Eighty-one patients (46 males, mean age 66 years) underwent TEM. Mean distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 6.6 cm (range 2–12 cm). ERUS staged 15 of 27 adenomas (55%) as uT1. Of 54 carcinomas, 5 were pT0 because TEM was performed to remove resection margins of a malign polyp already snared. Five of 19 pTis (26%) were overstaged uT1, while 7 of 17 pT1 (41%) were understaged. Overall, ERUS enabled distinction between early and advanced rectal lesion with 96% sensitivity and 85% specificity, giving accuracy of 94% (65/67). Thirteen patients had advanced lesions (eight pT2 and five pT3). Only in two of them (15%) was depth of invasion underestimated by ERUS (one uT0, one uT1) and thus was subsequent salvage surgery necessary. Conclusions  ERUS is useful to confirm the diagnosis of adenoma and predict depth of mural invasion in early rectal cancer. Differentiation between T0/is and T1 lesions remains challenging, however this does not usually influence surgical strategy.     

经导光肛门自动牵开镜手术治疗直肠肿瘤51例

为降低手术治疗直肠肿瘤的创伤程度,选择距肛缘10cm以内的51例直肠良性肿瘤经导光肛门自动牵开镜微创切除。结果显示,16例术后肛门轻度疼痛,10例出现尿潴留。7例出现不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示50例为直肠腺瘤（管状腺瘤27例,绒毛状腺瘤15例,管状绒毛状腺瘤8例）;1例病灶基底部发现有癌细胞,为高分化直肠腺癌。术后随访6个月至3年,无复发病例,肛门功能正常。结果表明,于导光肛门自动牵开镜下治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌具有安全、有效、手术操作方便快捷、创伤小、术后复发率低等优点,近期疗效满意。     

Villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the colon and rectum. A retrospective review, 1964-1985

The records of 1,040 patients with 1,440 villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the colon and rectum treated at the Cleveland Clinic over a 21 year period were reviewed. The incidence of invasive adenocarcinoma was higher in patients with multiple adenomas at the time of presentation, in patients with a family history of colorectal cancer, and in those with adenomas greater than 4 cm in diameter. Eighty percent of the adenocarcinomas were Dukes' A or B, 15 percent were Dukes' C, and 5 percent presented with distant metastases. Clinical impression on examination was more accurate than biopsy in assessing the presence of malignancy in these tumors. Recurrence after local treatment of both benign and malignant tumors was high. Recurrence was significantly related to the size of the adenoma (more common when the tumor was more than 4 cm in diameter), location (more common when it was located in the rectum), and the type of treatment. Only 4 percent of the patients had died from colorectal cancer at the time of follow-up. The overall 5 year actuarial survival rate was 85 percent.     

Transanal endoscopic excision of rectal adenomas

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive surgical technique for performing local excision of rectal lesions in the mid and upper rectum that would otherwise be inaccessible for local excision by the direct transanal approach. In the absence of this approach, low anterior resection would be required, which is major abdominal surgery. The justification for excising adenomas of the colon and rectum is their malignant potential, which correlates with the size of the lesion. This retrospective review examines our experience using TEM for excision of adenomas of the rectum from February 1991 to the present. The decision for using TEM is based on a precise localization of the lesion with particular attention to the upper margin of the lesion and its diameter. A total of 56 adenomas were removed. The average diameter was 4.9 cm (range, 3–8 cm). The average distance from the anal verge was 7.92 cm (range, 5–12 cm). Carcinoma in situ was seen in 7 lesions, and the remaining lesions were benign. Morbidity was minimal, with one conversion to an open procedure for an intraperitoneal perforation that required a low anterior resection. No patient required transfusion and there was no mortality. The hospital stay was short, with half of the patients being discharged the same day. The average cost from July 1996 to December 1999 was $7775 for TEM versus $34,018 for LAR. Subsequent follow-up average was 38.8 months (range, 1–100 months), during which time two patients had recurrence of their adenomas. This was successfully treated with reexcision. In conclusion, TEM is an accurate, safe, and relatively inexpensive technique when compared to low anterior resection. This technique significantly reduces the proportion of adenomas requiring abdominal surgery.     

经肛门微创系统治疗45例直肠肿瘤的临床分析以及经肛门内镜微创手术的进展

目的探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗直肠肿瘤的安全性、疗效及预后,评价其临床应用价值及文献复习。方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年2月期间于佛山市第一人民医院行TEM治疗的45例直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,总结其临床效果。结果所有患者的肿瘤病灶均完整切除,肿物直径为1.8±0.8 cm(1.0~4.0 cm),肿瘤距离肛缘为7.6±2.8 cm(6~17 cm);切缘行病理学检查均为阴性,其中全层切除18例,粘膜下及肌层部分切除27例;手术时间为72.7±18.1 min(40~120min),术中失血量的中位数为16.6 m L(5~200 m L);术后住院时间为4.9±1.7 d(4~7 d)。术后病理学检查示单纯直肠腺瘤13例,绒毛管状腺瘤13例,腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变5例,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变7例,腺瘤癌变5例,均为Tis~T1期;另直肠类癌2例。术后发生创面大出血3例,均经保守治疗治愈;5例肛管及内痔损伤出血术中需加缝肛管创面;无大便失禁及肠穿孔情况。39例患者包括5例癌变患者术后常规随访,随访时间的中位数为15个月(2~30个月),随访期间均未出现肿瘤局部复发,未发生大便失禁和排便功能障碍。结论我们的结果与文献报道结果相近。TEM具有直视下操作、术野暴露清晰、切除范围准确、手术创伤小、复发率低等优点,是一种可用于治疗直肠肿瘤有效的、安全的微创手术方法,应在有条件的医院开展。     

Villous adenomas of the colon and rectum

Our thirteen year experience with villous adenomas of the colon and rectum, embracing 264 patients, is reported. The average age of patients was sixty-two years with an almost equal sex distribution. Seventy-two per cent of the lesions occurred in the rectum and rectosigmoid and the most frequent symptoms were rectal bleeding and diarrhea. A positive correlation between size of adenoma and incidence of malignancy was noted. Although 55 per cent of the lesions were malignant, only 22 per cent harbored invasive carcinoma and only 10 per cent of the deaths were due to metastatic carcinoma. It is concluded that in the absence of invasive carcinoma, the clinical behavior of this tumor is relatively benign and a more conservative approach to the surgical management of this neoplasm should be encouraged.     

Prognosis after treatment of villous adenomas of the colon and rectum.

With the existing evidence of neoplastic polyps of the colon and rectum as precursors of most or all colonic cancer, information of the short- and long-term course after treatment is a prerequisite of using the knowledge of the polyp-cancer sequence in an effective cancer prophylaxis. One hundred seventy-four patients treated for villous adenomas of the colon and rectum during the years 1960-1975 were re-examined. Survival and cure rates were estimated by actuarial analysis. The death rate of colonic cancer among patients treated for a benign villous adenoma was significantly higher than in an age and sex matched normal population, resulting in a significantly reduced crude survival rate among these patients. Almost all recurrences after treatment of benign villous adenomas occurred within the first four to five years recurrence rate of roughly 30%, indicating that five years seem to be an adequate total control period following treatment.     

Video-assisted gasless transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a review of 217 cases of rectal tumors over the past 10 years

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has been suggested as a minimally invasive procedure of low morbidity for rectal tumor excision. However, the complicated setup of TEM instruments and the expensive cost are disadvantages to wider acceptance. The aims of this study are to introduce a new modality of modified video-assisted gasless TEM (V-TEM) using a video system and no CO(2) insufflation of the rectum, and discuss our experience during past 10 years. METHODS: 217 patients, with a mean follow-up of 61 months, underwent V-TEM for adenoma (n = 102), Tis (n = 83), T1 (n = 28) and T2 (n = 4) rectal tumors, located 3-20 cm from the dentate line. RESULTS: The mean size of the tumor was 39 mm, and the mean duration of the operation was 63 min including setup time, and the mean duration of hospital stay was 5.8 days. Seven (3.2%) patients underwent conversion to radical surgery owing to T1 with massive invasion or T2 tumors histopathologically. Two (0.9%) patients had recurrent disease which was managed by repeat V-TEM. The postoperative course in all patients was free from any significant complications. Transient fecal soiling was present in 12 (5.5%) patients. The cost of V-TEM was decreased compared to that of conventional TEM (USD 40000). CONCLUSION: V-TEM was a cheap, safe, simple and minimally invasive procedure for benign and early cancer in the proximal rectum.     

经肛门内窥镜下微创治疗直肠肿瘤40例初步经验

目的 评价经肛门内窥镜微创外科技术(TEM)治疗直肠宽基腺瘤和早期直肠癌临床效果.方法 分析2005年5月至2007年4月40例TEM手术的临床效果,结果 40例肿瘤直径中位值2.3 cm,肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为(8.2±3.2)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围为(32.3±18.5)%.平均手术时间为(90±43)min.平均住院4.8 d.无围手术期死亡.切缘瘤细胞均为阴性.病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤24例、直肠腺癌10例、直肠类癌6例,10例腺癌中pTis2例,PT16例和pT22例.平均随访11个月,所有病例无局部复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、保留肛门括约肌、缩短住院时间;既可作为直肠宽基腺瘤和pT1期直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为pT2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段.     

经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤

目的：探讨经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤的可行性及疗效。方法杭州市第三人民医院肛肠外科自2012年10月至2013年3月,选择经评估适合行局部切除的直肠肿瘤患者8例,使用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗。经肛手套通路的建立：将手套袖口连同扩肛器缝合固定于肛周,再将手套5指经由透明肛门镜翻转出肛门,将超声刀、无损伤肠钳和肠镜镜头分别从3个指套伸入并结扎固定。结果8例患者均成功完成肿瘤切除手术,制作手套入路装置平均耗时12．5（10．0～15．0） min,平均手术时间55．6（30．0～110．0） min,平均住院时间为5．0（3．0～8．0） d,术后病理提示绒毛状腺瘤3例,管状腺瘤2瘤,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,锯齿状腺瘤1例,其中2例伴低级别上皮内瘤变,1例高级别上皮内瘤变,所有肿瘤组织标本边缘及基底部均为阴性。术后2例患者少量便血,随访1～5（中位3．1）月,无肿瘤复发。结论采用经肛手套通路联合结肠镜微创手术治疗直肠早期肿瘤具有简单和安全的特点,具有一定的应用价值。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)

Minimally invasive surgery is mandatory for rectal tumors to reduce surgical complications and to improve the quality of life. The conventional transanal procedure is one from of minimally invasive surgery for rectal tumors, but it is still often difficult to reach the middle and upper thirds of the rectum due to anatomical characteristics. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a technique that allows radical resection of rectal tumors in the distal as well as proximal third of the rectum. Performing radical surgery using this technique requires preoperative estimation of tumor extension both histologically and by X-ray images. It should allow provide safe and radical excision of rectal tumors. In our department, patients with rectal tumors are evaluated for risk factors using barium enema, endoscopic ultrasound, punch biopsy, etc. Fifty patients (rectal cancer, 34: cartinoid, 4: adenoma, 12) have undergone radical TEM. The operation was converted to open surgery in 2 cases because of rectal perforation. Radical open surgery was performed after TEM in 1 patient since cancer invasion was revealed by postoperatively upon histological examination. We conclude that TEM is a useful technique for radical resection of rectal tumors and is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications and a high surgical success rate.     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌31例

目的探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（transanal endoscopicmic rosurgery，TEM）治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的疗效。方法1995年11月～2003年12月，我院行TEM治疗直肠肿瘤31例。全麻下根据肿瘤位置选择合适的体位，经肛门插入特殊的手术直肠镜，保持CO2充气状态，在立体视镜和腔镜系统下，采用针形电刀或5mm超声刀将直肠肿瘤完整切除（黏膜下或全层切除），手术创口在腔内连续缝合。结果31例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除，切缘均阴性。手术时间45～220min，平均95min；术中出血量0～180ml，平均40ml。手术并发症：暂时性排气失控2例，急性尿潴留1例，慢性阻塞性气道疾病急性发作1例，因服用阿斯匹林而出现继发性出血1例。术后病理分期：pT0期16例，pTis期2例，pT1期7例，pT2和pT3期各3例。31例随访2～92个月，平均23个月，肿瘤无原位复发。结论TEM是治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的一种安全、有效的微创手术方法。     

Tubulo-villous rectal tumours. Results of surgical resection in relation to histotype (30 years' experience)

Adenomas of the rectum are frequently found during endoscopic examination. We report on our 30 years of experience with the treatment of tubulo-villous adenomas based on histotype. Between 1971 and 2001, 104 villous tumours of the rectum were treated surgically. The patients' average age was 65 years. These were sessile tumours in 69% of cases, pedunculated in 17.5% and flowing tumours in 13.5%. The mean tumour size was 3 cm. They were associated with colon cancer in 15% of cases and with polyadenoma in 10%. They were located in the rectum within 0 to 6 cm of the anal margin in half the cases. These tumours were treated by local excision in 74 cases and by wide excision in 30 cases. The malignant potential of the tumours was 30%, including 10% invasive malignancy. There were no surgical fatalities, but a 6% medical fatality rate was registered. There was a 20% complication rate related to the surgical technique. Twenty patients were lost to follow-up. Out of 84 villous tumours, monitored over a mean survival period of 6.5 years, there were 24 recurrences: 18 underwent endoscopic excision and in 6 cases a wide resection. The various tumour resection techniques and the operative indications of variable difficulty are presented. It would seem, at present, that total resection of the rectum with a colo-anal anastomosis is the best treatment for large flowing villous tumours occupying almost the entire rectum. Thorough preoperative examination and the mastering of various surgical procedures should allow the most suitable choice of treatment for each individual case.     

Transanal resection using a single port trocar: a new approach to NOTES

Introduction

The morbidity and mortality, along with the functional changes that arise from radical surgery of rectal cancer, has led to an increasing interest in local treatment in the early stages of cancer of the rectum. Conventional transanal surgery has a high recurrence rate, for this reason transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is considered the treatment of choice in the last few years in large rectal adenomas and in early rectal cancer (low risk T1).

Patients and method

We have intervened five patients, four with a diagnosis of villous adenoma of the rectum, and one in situ rectal carcinoma, using this new transanal approach, with a single port device.

Results

The locations of the lesions were in the mid-rectum, at a mean distance of 9 cm (range 6-10) from the anal margin. All of them were situated in the posterior side. The resection margins were negative in all cases. The mean size of the adenomas was 4 cm, three being sessile shaped, and one with a short, thick pedicle (>1 cm); the size of the carcinoma was 3 cm. The mean surgical time was 55 minutes. All the patients were discharged 48 hours after the surgical procedure.

Conclusion

We believe that the transanal endoscopic approach with a single port device is a simple, easily reproducible and cost-effective procedure when compared to TEM.     

Staged anterior resection and TEM to preserve rectal function in synchronous malignant and benign rectal lesions

BACKGROUND: Traditionally patients with a high rectosigmoid carcinoma and a synchronous large distal rectal adenoma would be treated by low anterior resection with associated loss of rectal function. METHOD: Four patients with a carcinoma of the upper rectum or distal sigmoid colon and a synchronous distal rectal adenoma were treated by high anterior resection followed by staged Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) thus conserving the distal rectum. Preoperative and postoperative rectal function was assessed using the St. Mark's incontinence score. RESULTS: The proximal carcinomas and distal adenomas were 12-18 cms and 0.5-9 cms respectively from the dentate line. The mean surface area of the distal adenomas was 9.7 cms2. There were no deaths or major complications. There were no recurrences after a mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Rectal function was unchanged in three patients with a minor increase in the score in one. CONCLUSION: Staged high anterior resection and 'rEM offers effective treatment of synchronous rectosigmoid carcinoma and distal rectal adenoma with preservation of rectal function.