儿童噬血细胞综合征14例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿噬血细胞综合征的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析了近5年我科收治的14例儿童噬血细胞综合征患儿的临床表现及预后.结果 14例中,有11例患儿EB病毒抗体阳性,阳性率78.6％,其中3例检测到EB病毒感染早期抗体(VCA-IgM、EA-IgG)阳性,8例检测到EB病毒既往感染的抗体(VCA-IgG、EBNA-IgG)阳性.14例中死亡6例,因病重放弃治疗4例,此10例患儿的肝脾肿大、外周血3系减少、严重凝血功能障碍表现尤为明显(8例出现严重弥散性血管内凝血).在死亡及放弃治疗的10例患儿中,4例骨髓细胞学检查及腹部CT提示合并淋巴瘤.治愈出院4例,其中3例继发于传染性单核细胞增多症,1例继发于脓毒症.结论 EB病毒感染与噬血细胞综合征密切相关.噬血细胞综合征患儿预后考虑与如下因素相关:重度肝脾肿大、外周血2～3系严重减少、严重凝血功能障碍、是否合并弥散性血管内凝血及是否合并恶性肿瘤.     

感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床探讨

目的 探讨感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床特点和干预措施。方法 回顾性分析6例感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床过程、实验室检查和干预措施。结果EB病毒是感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的常见病原。对于血细胞减少的有些危重病例,临床必须考虑到噬血细胞综合征的可能。骨髓涂片查找噬血细胞有一定困难,临床支持该病,骨髓涂片应反复查找。结论 干预应早于诊断,临床怀疑噬血细胞综合征,不能因等待检查而耽误临床治疗,及早阻止噬血现象是性命攸关的。而预后与所用干预措施直接相关。     

感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床探讨

目的 探讨感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床特点和干预措施。方法 回顾性分析6例感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的临床过程、实验室检查和干预措施。结果 EB病毒是感染相关性噬血细胞综合征的常见病原。对于血细胞减少的有些危重病例，临床必须考虑到噬血细胞综合征的可能。骨髓涂片查找噬血细胞有一定困难，临床支持该病，骨髓涂片应反复查找。结论 干预应早于诊断，临床怀疑噬血细胞综合征，不能因等待检查而耽误临床治疗，及早阻止噬血现象是性命攸关的，而预后与所用干预措施直接相关。     

18例EB病毒相关性噬血淋巴组织细胞增生症的临床分析

EB病毒相关性噬血淋巴组织细胞增生症(Epstein-Barr virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,EBV-HLH),是一种由EB病毒感染引起的继发性噬血细胞综合征,临床上多呈暴发性过程,如不及时治疗可迅速死亡.现将我院2005年1月至2007年4月收治的18例EBV-HLH患儿的临床资料总结如下.     

儿童期系统性EB病毒阳性T细胞淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症二例并文献复习

目的:探讨淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞性淋巴组织增生症(HLH)的临床特点、诊疗及预后,为儿科工作者提供诊疗经验。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的2例儿童期系统性EB病毒阳性T细胞淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征患儿的临床资料及预后,同时复习相关文献。结果:2例患儿以发热、肝酶升高、全血细胞数降低、休克、多脏器衰竭等为首发表现,确诊为HLH并...     

小儿EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征3例报告及文献复习

EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征 (EBV -AHS)是EB病毒感染诱发组织细胞异常增生并大量吞噬血细胞而引起的一系列临床综合征。其临床特点主要表现为高热、肝脾淋巴结肿大、全血细胞减少和肝功能异常 ,其显著的特征是骨髓涂片或组织中出现体积较大的噬血组织细胞 ,并吞噬血细胞。该文报告 3例并结合文献对本病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗进行复习。     

小儿噬血细胞综合征预后相关因素分析

目的　分析小儿噬血细胞综合征的临床特征及对预后有影响的危险因素。方法　回顾性分析2 5例临床诊断为噬血细胞综合征的患儿的临床特征。比较死亡与存活组患儿的临床特点,采用Logistic回归进行多因素分析并计算OR值及OR的95 %可信限( 95 %CI)。结果　2 5例患儿存活1 7例,死亡8例,病死率3 2 %。多因素Logistic回归分析提示EB病毒感染,CD4 /CD8比例倒置,血小板降低为死亡危险因素,相对危险度分别为:5 3 61、4 72 4、3 772。结论　应重视并针对死亡的危险因素制订相应的防治措施,降低病死率     

病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征的诊断与治疗

目的　提高对病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征的认识。方法　回顾性分析 1 6例病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征患儿的临床资料。结果　临床表现为持续性高热 ,肝脾大 ,血常规二系或三系减少 ;高三酰甘油血症、血清铁蛋白 (SF)增高 ;纤维蛋白原降低 ,凝血功能障碍 ;CD4/CD8下降 ,非杀伤细胞比例降低 ,高细胞因子血症。骨髓中找到噬血细胞。大剂量人血丙种球蛋白、甲泼尼龙治疗后 ,好转 7例 ,死亡 5例 ,4例放弃治疗。结论　早期诊治是提高病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征患儿生存率的关键。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗噬血细胞综合征

噬血细胞综合征又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症,分为原发性和继发性两大类.对于家族性噬血细胞综合征(familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL)和难治性EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征(EBV-HLH),异基因造血干细胞移植是目前唯一有效的治疗手段,但其鉴别诊断尤为困难,移植后多种并发症以及高病死率也受到越来越多人的关注.该文总结了近年来异基因造血干细胞移植治疗FHL和难治性EBV-HLH在诊断、预处理方案、移植后并发症、死亡原因分析及预后等方面的研究进展.     

严重慢性活动性EB病毒感染12例临床回顾与随访

目的 报告12例符合诊断标准的严重慢性活动性EB病毒感染(SCAEBV).方法 回顾性分析12例SCAEBV患儿的临床资料、实验室、血清学、影像学和病理学检查以及初步随访的结果.结果 SCAEBV临床主要表现为发热、脾肿大、肝肿大、淋巴结肿大,其他表现有皮疹、黄疸、肺动脉高压、口腔溃疡和胆囊炎等.辅助检查的异常包括乳酸脱氢酶升高、肝功能异常、贫血、白细胞降低、中性粒细胞降低、血小板减少以及胸部X线的异常等.所有患者均有抗EB病毒衣壳抗原IgG抗体的升高,而其IgM和IgA的阳性率分别为33.3%和66.7%;检测5例EB病毒早期抗原IgG均为阳性,而其IgA的阳性率为40.0%.实时定量聚合酶链反应检测外周血EB病毒DNA载量(中位数)为8.12×10~6copies/ml.12例患者中4例死亡,其中2例死于噬血细胞综合征,1例死于多重感染,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭;其余病例随访中1例发生了T细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤,1例脾切除术后发生了肝肺综合征.结论 SCAEBV临床表现多样,常伴有各系统严重并发症,预后差,死亡率高,应引起儿科临床医师的关注.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.