无效食管动力对伴呼吸道症状胃食管反流病发病机制及临床意义的研究

目的 观察伴有呼吸道症状的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者食管动力异常的类型及发生率,探讨无效食管动力(IEM)在其发病机制中的作用及临床意义.方法 应用多功能胃肠动力仪对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2005年1月至2007年1月收治的34例伴有哮喘、慢性咳嗽和咽喉部不适等呼吸道症状的GERD患者进行食管压力测定及24h食管动态pH监测,测定下食管括约肌(LES)压力、食管体部蠕动波幅、蠕动时限及蠕动速度,计算pH＜4的时间百分比,卧位及立位pH＜4的时间百分比,平均食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数),算出DeMeester评分.结果 伴有呼吸道症状GERD组LES压力及食管近端、远端蠕动波幅与典型反流症状GERD组及正常对照组比差异无统计学意义;伴有呼吸道症状CERD组的食管动力异常类型主要表现为IEM,IEM发生率为41.2%,明显高于典型反流症状GERD组(18.5%)及正常对照组(0);在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,存在IEM组患者食管pH＜4的总时间百分比及立、卧位食管pH＜4的时间百分比均明显高于食管动力正常组;IEM组患者卧位食管酸清除时间(pH＜4的时间/酸反流次数)较食管动力正常组明显延长.结论 在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者中,IEM是其最常见的动力异常类型;IEM与食管内酸暴露总时间及立、卧位时间,卧位食管酸清除时间均密切相关,因此,IEM在伴有呼吸道症状GERD患者的发病机制中起重要作用.     

胃食管反流性咳嗽患者食管高分辨率测压及阻抗-pH监测特点探讨

目的应用食管高分辨率测压(high-resolution esophageal manometry,HRM)联合24 h食管多通道腔内阻抗-p H监测(multichannel intraluminal esophageal impedance and p H monitoring,MII-p H)探讨胃食管反流性咳嗽(gastroesophageal reflux cough,GERC)的食管动力和胃食管反流特点。方法收集2014年1月-2014年7月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院就诊的28例GERC患者,应用HRM测定上食管括约肌(UES)和下食管括约肌(LES)压力、食管体部蠕动功能,同时联合MII-p H观察立位、卧位及餐后酸反流、弱酸反流和非酸反流的次数、食管近端反流的次数和反流类型包括液体反流、混合反流和气体反流及De Meester评分等。以同期仅表现为典型烧心、反酸等胃食管反流症状的胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)患者作为对照,比较两组食管运动功能及阻抗-p H监测参数之间的差异。结果与典型GERD患者相比,GERC患者的UES静息压力明显降低(P0.01);食管体部近端收缩波幅降低(P0.05);而LES静息压力、食管体部远端收缩波幅和食管体部异常蠕动比例差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MII-p H结果显示,GERC患者总反流次数和食管近端反流比与典型GERD患者相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但立位反流次数明显高于典型GERD患者(P0.05);两组之间反流类型液体反流和混合反流次数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但GERC组气体反流次数显著高于典型GERD组(P0.01);两组之间De Meester评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 GERC的反流发生机制可能与典型GERD不同,与UES静息压力降低、食管体部近端清除能力下降、食管反流次数尤其气体反流次数和立位反流次数增加有关。     

胃食管反流病患者食管动力及酸暴露特点分析

目的通过对胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)患者食管高分辨率测压及24 h食管p H-阻抗联合监测结果分析,以探讨GERD患者食管动力及酸暴露特点.方法选取2017-07/2018-07就诊于石河子大学第一附属医院消化内科门诊及住院部具有典型症状(反酸、烧心)、根据蒙特利尔共识意见可诊断为GERD的患者59例,行胃镜、食管高分辨率测压及24 h食管p H-阻抗联合监测等检查;根据胃镜是否诊断反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis, RE)组(27例,男/女:12/15)和非糜烂性反流病(nonerosive reflux disease, NERD)组(32例,男/女:14/18),比较两组患者食管高分辨测压及24 h食管pH-阻抗监测结果的差异.结果食管高分辨率测压结果中, RE组患者下食管括约肌静息压明显低于NERD组(P0.05),上食管括约肌静息压及上下食管括约肌残余压比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05), RE组患者远端波波幅低于NERD组(P 0.05),蠕动波持续时间、起始速度、远端收缩延迟时间两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);分析24 h食管pH-Z监测结果, RE组DeMeester评分明显高于NERD组(P0.05),总计酸反流时间低于NERD组(P 0.05),立卧位反流次数、总计反流次数、不同物理性质之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论不同GERD患者食管动力及酸反流存在一定的差异,RE患者食管动力障碍及酸反流较NERD更明显.     

24h食管pH-阻抗联合监测评估以慢性咳嗽为表现的GERD患者的反流特征

背景：腔内阻抗技术与24h食管pH监测联用,可检出各种类型的胃食管反流事件,明确反流物的性质及其酸碱性。目的：应用24h食管pH-阻抗联合监测初步探讨以慢性咳嗽为表现的胃食管反流病（GERD）患者的反流特征。方法：连续纳入胸部X线检查无明显异常、无典型胃食管反流症状的不明原因慢性咳嗽患者73例,其中内镜检查无异常发现且DH-阻抗联合监测结果符合GERD诊断者定义为慢性咳嗽GERD组,21例健康志愿者作为正常对照组,比较两组pH-阻抗联合监测结果。结果：单纯根据pH监测结果,17例患者诊断为GERD。根据pH-阻抗联合监测结果,则有26例患者诊断为GERD。慢性咳嗽GERD组以气一液混合反流为主（46.3％）,正常对照组以气体反流为主（68．9％）,两组均以弱酸反流为主（59．9％和59．1％）。两组间DeMeester计分以及气体反流、酸反流、近端反流次数等差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：以慢性咳嗽为表现的GERD患者以气．液混合反流和弱酸反流为主,无论是立位还是卧位时均存在明显的异常反流且近端反流较正常人多见。24h食管DH-阻抗联合监测对疑似GERD的慢性咳嗽患者有重要诊断价值。     

胃食管反流性咳嗽的临床特征与诊断探讨

目的分析胃食管反流性咳嗽(GERC)的临床特征,为临床诊断GERC提供资料。方法收集我所2003年6月—2004年6月因慢性咳嗽而就诊的患者,对疑为GERC或诊断不明者行食管24hpH值监测,记录患者反流症状与呼吸道症状,包括监测期间出现的反胃、反酸、胸骨后烧灼感、胸闷和咳嗽等,记录食管上、下电极的Demeester总积分及24h食管pH<4的反流次数、反流时间>5min的次数、最长反流时间,计算总、立位、卧位pH<4的时间占监测时间的百分比,并与非GERC组患者(23例)进行比较。结果共评价250例慢性咳嗽,资料完整的192例,根据病情需要有50例行食管24hpH值监测,确诊GERC20例(GERC组),有13例存在进食相关性咳嗽,显著多于非GERC组(P<0.01),而伴反流相关症状、胃病史的发生率2组差异无统计学意义。进食相关性咳嗽对提示GERC诊断的特异性、阳性预计值和敏感性分别为91.3%、86.7%、65%。食管24hpH值监测结果显示:下电极立位pH<4的时间占监测时间的百分比显著大于卧位(P<0.05),餐后反流明显大于餐时反流(P<0.01)和立位反流(P<0.05)。结论进食相关性咳嗽对GERC的诊断有重要价值。食管24hpH值监测结果显示,GERC以餐后反流及立位反流为主,与临床表现相一致。     

以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病患者的食管功能及反流特点

目的 通过对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者行高分辨食管内压力-阻抗联合测定(MII-HRM)及24h联合多通道腔内阻抗-pH( MII-pH)监测的结果分析,探讨此类患者食管运动功能及胃食管反流的特点.方法 选取2010年3-11月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的19例GERD伴慢性咳嗽患者为研究对象.应用MII-HRM及24 h MII-pH监测系统测定上食管括约肌(UES)和下食管括约肌压力、食管体部蠕动功能、对液体和黏液性物质的传输功能、立位及卧位酸及非酸反流的次数、近端反流的次数、酸暴露时间、酸清除时间以及食团清除时间.以同期仅表现为典型胃食管反流症状的17例GERD患者作为对照,比较两组间食管运动功能以及胃食管反流参数的差异.结果 与仅表现为典型胃食管反流症状的GERD患者相比,以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD患者的UES静息压力明显更低[(122.55 ±60.48)mm Hg比(86.37±41.35) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),P＜0.05],食管体部异常蠕动的比例更高[(9.47±15.63)％比(22.16±17.45)％,P＜0.05],食管体部对液体物质传输能力减低[(88.82±12.23)％比(71.68±23.06)％,P＜0.05],卧位时酸及非酸反流次数及卧位近端非酸反流次数明显增多(P＜0.05),卧位食团清除时间延长(P＜0.05).结论 以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD发病机制可能与单纯典型GERD不同,其与UES静息压力减低、卧位酸及非酸反流、近端反流的增多以及食管清除功能障碍密切相关.     

食管体部动力异常在胃食管反流病中的作用

背景:食管酸暴露增加在胃食管反流病(GERD)的发病中起重要作用。食管体部蠕动不完全或缺乏可造成食管清除功能障碍。目的:评估食管体部动力异常,包括非特异性食管动力紊乱(NEMD)和无效食管收缩(IEM)在GERD患者中的发生率,以及NEMD和IEM与胃食管酸反流和内镜下食管炎的关系,以探讨它们在GERD中的作用。方法:对116例GERD患者行标准食管测压和24h食管pH监测,其中75例患者行内镜检查。结果:98例(84.5%)GERD患者存在食管体部动力异常,其中77例为NEMD,NEMD中8例符合IEM的诊断标准。合并NEMD或IEM的GERD患者的pH<4总时间百分比显著高于食管动力正常患者(8.0%±9.3%和15.7%±13.5%对3.0%±4.7%,P<0.05);立位和卧位pH<4时间百分比亦显著高于食管动力正常患者(立位:8.8%±11.1%和17.4%±21.0%对3.6%±4.1%,P<0.01;卧位:7.0%±10.4%和16.1%±12.2%对2.3%±6.7%,P<0.05)。合并IEM的GERD患者总食管酸清除(EAC)时间和立位EAC时间较食管动力正常患者显著延长(总EAC时间:1.89min/反流±1.82min/反流对0.66min/反流±0.58min/反流,P<0.05;立位EAC时间:1.96min/反流±1.96min/反流对0.59min/反流±0.48min/反流,P<0.05)。75例行内镜检查的GERD患者中,合并NEMD和IEM的患者与食管动力正常患者的内镜下食管炎发生率无显著差异     

呼出气一氧化氮及食管pH监测对支气管哮喘和胃食管反流病的诊断与鉴别价值

目的探讨呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）对诊断和鉴别支气管哮喘及合并胃食管反流病的价值及其与24h食管pH测定的关系。方法选取2010年3月至2011年2月在我科住院的支气管哮喘患者16例、胃食管反流病患者20例及支气管哮喘合并胃食管反流病患者16例,分别测定FeNO、白细胞分类计数及百分比、24h食管pH测定中pH〈4的时间百分比,pH〈4的总次数,pH〈4大于5min以上的次数及DeMeester评分,分别比较三组FeNO水平的差异及与上述测定指标的关系。结果FeNO、嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS％）在三组组间存在总体差异,组间两两比较发现,哮喘组和哮喘合并胃食管反流病组比胃食管反流病组FeNO、EOS、EOS％均显著增高（P〈0．05—0．01）;哮喘组比哮喘合并胃食管反流病组FeNO显著增高（P〈0．05）,而EOS、EOS％无明显差异;哮喘组FeNO水平与EOS和EOS％有显著相关性（P〈0．05）;但胃食管反流病（GERD）组及哮喘合并胃食管反流病组FeNO水平与EOS没有明显的相关性;胃食管反流病组和哮喘合并胃食管反流病组FeNO水平与pH〈4的时间百分比、pH〈4的总次数、pH〈4发作大于5min的次数及DeMeester评分值均有非常显著的相关性（P均〈0．01）;哮喘组FeNO水平与24h食管pH监测结果没有相关性。结论FeNO是一项检测气道炎症的敏感指标,尤其能反映嗜酸性粒细胞气道炎症;在哮喘合并胃食管反流病患者中,吸入酸性胃内容物可能以双重作用影响FeNO的变化,提示在哮喘合并胃食管反流病患者中,FeNO的增加可能部分反映了胃酸反流的严重程度;FeNO对于哮喘和哮喘合并胃食管反流病患者具有较好的诊断价值,同时为鉴别哮喘和哮喘合并胃食管反流病患者与胃食管反流病提供了可靠的依据。     

24 h食管pH监测在小儿临床的应用

目的：探讨24h食管pH监测在小儿临床的应用及其意义。方法：对43例患儿进行24h食管pH监测，其中反复呕吐症状为主者29例和以反复呼吸道症状或哮喘发作为主者11例。并对12例诊断为病理性胃食管反流患儿经治疗后进行复查。以11例无消化道症状并排除消化系统疾病和肺支气管疾病儿童作为对照。监测指标有食管pH＜4．0的次数、反流时间≥5min的次数 、最长反流时间、反流时间、立位和卧位pH值＜4的时间占总监测时间的百分比以及Biox-0choa评分。结果：32例存在胃食管反流（GER），占74．4％。各项反应指标的监测结果与对照组的比较和治疗前后反流指标的变化均有显著性差异。结论：通过24h食管pH监测判定反流类型，不仅提高了病理性GER的诊断率，而且不不同临床类型的反流治疗方案的确定提供了根据，尤其是反复呕吐、反复呼吸道病变及新生儿呕吐的病因诊断和疗效观察中具有重要意义。     

胃食管反流病患者食管动力紊乱对食管外症状发生的影响

背景:近年来对胃食管反流病(GERD)的食管外症状已有了较深入的了解,但对此类患者的研究多集中于检测反流的存在,而很少正式评估食管动力紊乱在其发病中的作用。目的:研究GERD患者食管动力紊乱对食管外症状发生的影响。方法:39例根据临床表现和内镜检查结果诊断为具有食管炎的GERD患者分为两组,A组:仅有食管症状(n=21);B组:既有食管症状,又有食管外症状(n=18,其中癔球感10例,慢性咳嗽5例,咽痛3例)。采用静态食管测压和24h食管pH监测对两组患者进行研究。结果:B组患者的食管正常蠕动百分比(15.7%±23.3%)和食管不协调蠕动百分比(69.4%±33.6%)分别显著低于和高于A组(55.0%±37.3%和29.8%±32.8%),食管下括约肌(LES)和食管上括约肌(UES)压力均略低于A组,但无显著差异。B组患者的pH<4总时间(218.2min±278.8min)、pH<4反流次数(153.9±181.2)、pH<4总时间百分比(15.6%±20.0%)和立位pH<4时间百分比(17.1%±19.3%)均显著高于A组(83.9min±112.6min、61.2±83.4、5.9%±7.9%和7.1%±9.5%)。结论:食管动力紊乱可使酸反流加重,导致酸直接作用于咽喉部而引起一系列食管外症状。鉴于食管动力紊乱是GERD发病机制中的首要和关键因素,促动力药的应用必不可少。     

Upright versus supine reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND: Postural measures are early recommendations in the management of heartburn, and are aimed at preventing acid reflux through an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES). However, LES incompetence is found in only a minority of patients, and transient LES relaxations, primarily in the upright position, are currently recognized as the main pathophysiological abnormality in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We investigated the importance of supine acid reflux in patients with GERD. METHODS: Upon review of their clinical, manometric, pH monitoring and endoscopic characteristics, 85 patients with reflux symptoms were classified into three groups: Group A (n=22), consisting of symptomatic patients without esophagitis or pathological reflux; group B (n=38), symptomatic patients with reflux but no endoscopic esophagitis; and group C (n=25), symptomatic patients with both ulcerative or complicated esophagitis and pathological reflux. RESULTS: All groups were similar in age distribution. Groups B and C had a higher prevalence of hiatal hernia and reflux symptoms. Manometry revealed similar LES pressures in groups A and B, but lower LES pressure in group C (P < 0.005). In groups A and B, supine reflux, in terms of percentage of time with pH < 4, was less pronounced than upright reflux (P < 0.0001). In contrast, group C supine reflux was as pronounced as the upright reflux. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients reflux in the upright position. Only patients with complicated esophagitis have significant bipositional acid reflux. These findings suggest that unless the patient has severe reflux disease, postural measures may not be indicated.     

正常人和胃食管反流病人的昼夜食管pH和动力变化

目的:为探讨正常人和胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)病人昼夜食管运动规律以及食管运动与酸反流的关系。方法:45例GERD病人和10名正常人均接受食管测压和动态食管pH及压力同步监测。结果:(1)下食管括约肌压、远端食管蠕动压及有效食管蠕动百分比在酸反流DeMeester高计分组明显低于低计分组(P<0.05),在反流性食管炎组也明显低于非反流性食管炎组(P<0.05)。(2)有GERD症状或食管炎的卧位有效蠕动百分比明显低于立位(P<0.05)。反流性食管炎组80％有夜间或伴有夜间反流,而不伴反流性食管炎的GERD无1例出现夜间反流。结论:昼夜食管pH和压力动态监测有利于进一步探讨GERD的运动病理,除LES功能外,食管清除功能在GERD发病中起重要作用。     

Very Short Gastroesophageal Acid Reflux during the Upright Position Could Be Associated with Asthma in Children

BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed by the reflux index of 24-hour pH monitoring (pH monitoring). In our previous study, GER episodes during the upright position were more frequent than those during the supine position in asthmatic children. In this study, we investigated the clinical usefulness of the mean hourly number of acid refluxes, designated as the mean number of acid refluxes/hour (h) during the upright position in addition to the pH index for the diagnosis of GERD.MethodsThe subjects were 22 preschool asthmatic children. When the reflux index was over 4% or the mean number of acid refluxes/h during the upright position were three times more frequent than those during the supine position even if the reflux index was below 4%, we prescribed famotidine. Children whose asthmatic symptoms improved with famotidine were included in a GERD group. Children who did not meet the criteria by pH monitoring were included in a non-GERD group in asthmatic children.ResultsThe GERD group was comprised of 9 children. In 2 out of 9 GERD group children, the reflux index was below 4%. The median of the mean number of acid refluxes/h during the upright position was 12.9 in the GERD group, and 3.15 in the non-GERD group. The mean number of acid refluxes/h during the upright position were associated with asthmatic symptoms (p < 0.05).ConclusionsReflux during the upright position was associated with asthmatic symptoms. The mean number of acid refluxes/h during the upright position in addition to the reflux index could be useful in the diagnosis of GERD when associated with asthma.     

The utility of ambulatory pH monitoring in patients presenting with chronic cough and asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients presenting with asthma and chronic cough. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The charts of 358 consecutive patients who were referred for ambulatory gastroesophageal pH monitoring to the Lung Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, were reviewed, and the data of 108 (30%) patients with asthma and 134 (37%) patients with chronic cough were analyzed. The maintenance treatment for GERD was discontinued before patients underwent the pH monitoring study. One hundred eighteen (33%) patients were excluded. RESULTS: Reflux episodes identified reflux events as the percentage of time where the pH was less than four. For asthma patients, 70 (64.8%) had distal total reflux, 50 (46.3%) had distal upright reflux, 41 (38.3%) had distal supine reflux and 73 (67.6%) had other distal refluxes. Proximal total reflux in asthmatic patients was present in 56 (52%), proximal upright reflux in 55 (51%) and proximal supine reflux in 56 (52%) patients. For chronic cough patients, 70 (52.6%) had distal total reflux, 59 (44.4%) had distal upright reflux, 45 (34.4%) had distal supine reflux and 75 (56%) patients had other distal refluxes. In chronic cough patients, proximal total reflux was present in 70 (52%), proximal upright reflux in 80 (60%) and proximal supine reflux in 59 (44%). Presenting respiratory and/or reflux symptoms were absent in approximately 25% of patients with asthma and reflux, and in approximately 50% of patients with chronic cough and reflux. During pH monitoring, symptoms did not differ significantly between those with and without distal reflux in both study groups, except for more significant heartburn in patients with chronic cough and reflux (RR 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: The data of the present study support the observation that there is a high prevalence of GERD in patients with asthma or chronic cough. The use of different pH parameters for detecting acid reflux during 24 h ambulatory pH monitoring, such as proximal esophageal acid measurement, should be considered as part of the routine interpretation of such testing. A low threshold for diagnosing GERD in patients with asthma or chronic cough is essential, because respiratory and/or reflux symptoms can be absent or atypical in some of these patients.     

Randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled crossover trial of pirenzepine in patients with gastroesophageal reflux

A muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1) antagonist, pirenzepine, recently has been shown to be relatively free of the usual anticholinergic side effects on esophageal smooth muscle and thus has been implicated for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the effect of pirenzepine on GERD remains to be defined. Thirteen patients who demonstrated GERD in a baseline 24-hr ambulatory intraesophageal pH monitoring study were randomized in a double-blind crossover fashion to receive pirenzepine and placebo. An ambulatory 24-hr intraesophageal pH monitor was used to assess reduction in reflux (esophageal pH less than 4.0) with respect to position (upright vs supine), to total number of reflux episodes, and to episodes greater than 5 min. A significant effect for pirenzepine was seen for episodes greater than 5 min (t = 2.61, P = 0.023) and a trend towards significance was seen for total (upright and supine positions combined) percent time of reflux (t = 2.13, P = 0.055). Although not statistically significant, pirenzepine consistently showed greater reduction in all parameters of reflux tested. A greater reduction in percent time of reflux in supine vs upright positions (pirenzepine: 58.9% vs 21.4%; placebo: 43.6% vs 7.3%) may be clinically important in prevention of esophageal injury due to reflux in the recumbent position. Pirenzepine may provide a unique alternative for some GERD patients who may be refractory to other therapies of GERD.     

胃食管反流病患者酸反流与食管运动功能障碍的关系

背景：异常酸反流和食管运动功能障碍与胃食管反流病（GERD）密切相关。目的：研究GERD患者的食管运动和酸反流与食管黏膜损害的关系，以及两者之间的相关性。方法：选取有反酸、烧心、胸痛等典型胃食管反流症状的患者72例行上消化道内镜检查、食管测压和24hpH监测。根据pH〈4总时间百分比〈4．5％且DeMeester计分〈14．7的标准。将食管炎患者分为生理性酸反流组（pH^-组）和病理性酸反流组（pH^＋组）。结果：内镜下食管炎组24hpH监测各项指标较无食管炎组显著增高（P〈0．05），病理性酸反流的发生率显著高于无食管炎组（P〈0．01）。两组食管测压各项指标无显著差异，食管炎组pH^＋者的食管下括约肌压力（LESP）较pH^-者显著降低，食管体部蠕动波传导速度减慢，湿咽成功率减少（P〈0．05）。结论：GERD患者食管炎的发生与酸反流密切相关，有病理性酸反流的GERD患者易见食管运动功能障碍。     

The potential role of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) afflicts approximately 20% of adults in the United States on a weekly basis and 40% on a monthly basis, and is also a trigger for asthma. The prevalence of GERD is higher in asthmatics compared to control groups, with 77% of asthma patients having reflux symptoms and 82% of asthmatics having abnormal esophageal acid contact times on 24-hour esophageal pH testing. Esophageal acid elicits respiratory responses including decreases in airflow, oxygen saturation, and increases in respiratory resistance, minute ventilation, and respiratory rate. Mechanisms of esophageal acid-induced bronchoconstriction include a vagally-mediated reflex, heightened bronchial reactivity, and microaspiration. Esophageal acid also produces airway neurogenic inflammatory responses with the release of substance P, tachykinins, nitric oxide, and other cytokines. Predisposing factors to GERD development in asthmatics include autonomic dysregulation, an increased pressure gradient between the thorax and the abdomen, a high prevalence of hiatal hernia, and altered crural diaphragm function. Theophylline may also potentiate GERD. Therapy of GERD improves asthma outcome. In combined studies examining 326 medically treated asthma patients, asthma symptoms improved in 69% of patients. Surgical therapy trials in 417 asthma patients show asthma symptoms improved in 79%. Management strategies for GERD in asthmatics with reflux symptoms include utilizing an empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor for three months while measuring asthma outcomes. Since GERD may be clinically 'silent' in asthma patients, consider 24-hour esophageal pH testing in severe asthma patients who do not have GERD symptoms. Future research will develop the association between asthma and GERD.     

Non-erosive and uncomplicated erosive reflux diseases: Difference in physiopathological and symptom pattern

AIM:To investigate differences in the physiopathological findings(manometry and pH monitoring) and symptoms between cases of non-erosive reflux disease(NERD) and erosive reflux disease(ERD) found positive at 24 h pH monitoring. METHODS:For a total of 670 patients who underwent 24 h pH monitoring,esophageal manometry and upper endoscopy were retrospectively evaluated,assessing the reflux symptoms,manometric characteristics of the lower esophageal sphincter(LES) and esophageal body and the presence or absence of esophagitis and hiatal hernia. Typical and atypical symptoms were also evaluated. For inclusion in the study,patients had to have NERD or ERD and be found positive on pH monitoring(NERD+) . Patients with Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) complicated by stenosis,ulcers or Barrett’s esophagus were ruled out. RESULTS:214 patients were involved in the study,i.e. 107 cases of NERD+ and 107 of ERD. There were no significant gender-or age-related differences between the two groups. The ERD group had more cases of hiatal hernia(P = 0.02) and more acid reflux,both in terms of number of reflux episodes(P = 0.01) and as a percentage of the total time with a pH < 4(P = 0.00) ,when upright(P = 0.007) and supine(P = 0.00) . The NERD+ cases had more reflux episodes while upright(P = 0.02) and the ERD cases while supine(P = 0.01) . The LES pressure was higher in cases of NERD+(P = 0.03) while the amplitude and duration of their esophageal peristaltic waves tended to be better than in the ERD group(P >0.05) . The NERD+ patients presented more often with atypical symptoms(P = 0.01) . CONCLUSION:The NERD+ patients’ fewer reflux episodes and the fact that they occurred mainly while in the upright position(unlike the cases of ERD) may be two factors that do not favor the onset of esophagitis. The frequently atypical symptoms seen in patients with NERD+ need to be accurately evaluated for therapeutic purposes because patients with GERD and atypical symptoms generally respond only partially to medical and surgical treatments.     

胃食管反流病问卷评分对胃食管反流病患者食管酸暴露的预测意义

目的 确定胃食管反流病问卷(GerdQ)症状评分能否反映胃食管反流病(GERD)患者由24 h食管动态pH监测显示的酸暴露情况,进一步验证GerdQ的临床应用价值.方法 纳入2008年11月至2010年3月因烧心等上消化道症状就诊的门诊GERD病例134例,均完成胃镜检查、24 h食管动态pH监测和GerdQ量表.根据...