儿科住院患者营养状况及营养风险调查

目的探讨使用儿科营养不良筛查方法(STAMP)评估患儿营养状况并进行营养风险筛查。方法采用STAMP调查住院患儿营养状况,以STAMP评分≥4分为高营养风险标准。结果 1 506例住院儿童中高营养风险患儿占26.56%,营养不良(不足)的检出率为19.12%,生长迟缓检出率为10.16%。各科室间儿童生长迟缓检出率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中儿内科生长迟缓检出率最高。仅有10.09%的患者接受营养支持,其中肠外营养(PN)支持率为7.84%,肠内营养(EN)支持率为2.92%,PN:EN为2.68:1。对有高营养风险住院患儿进行干预和管理后,高营养风险检出率从入院时的26.56%下降至出院时的21.71%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 STAMP评分法评估住院儿童的营养风险,能比较客观地反映患儿可能发生营养不良的风险;通过营养风险管理可改善患儿的营养状况。     

住院儿童应用改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具的临床评价

目的应用改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具调查住院儿童营养不良风险的发生状况,评估该筛查工具的临床有效性,为临床进行营养评估和合理营养支持提供依据。方法选择2014年8月至2015年9月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院的住院患儿为调查对象,对其进行改良的儿科营养不良风险筛查工具调查,进一步探讨营养不良风险与临床结局的关系。结果 2632例住院患儿中总营养不良风险发生率为53.2%。住院患儿年龄越小,营养不良风险发生率越高(χ~2=59.89,P0.05);不同病种患儿营养不良风险发生率差异存在统计学意义(χ~2=425.12,P0.05),其中消化系统(70.1%)及血液恶性肿瘤(86.7%)患儿营养不良风险发生率高于其他疾病组。在无营养支持的情况下,存在营养不良风险的患儿住院天数明显延长(Z=-9.293,P0.05),且疾病转归差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.937,P0.05),住院期间并发症发生率有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.203,P0.05)。结论改良儿科营养不良风险筛查工具能有效地筛查出住院患儿发生营养不良的风险,有较好的临床预测性。     

手足口病患儿营养评估及营养干预研究

目的评价分析手足口病患儿的营养风险,探索合理可行的营养干预方案。方法采用定点连续抽样方法,收集桂林地区3所医院中手足口病患儿;采用询问调查、体格测量并结合临床诊断,采用儿童营养不良筛查工具（STAMP评分）进行营养风险评估与管理,以STAMP评分≥4分为存在高度营养风险。对存在高营养风险患儿实施营养干预和管理后再进行营养风险评估。结果共有192例手足口病患儿入选,存在高营养风险的发生率为68.75%（132/192）。有高营养风险的手足口病患儿住院时间延长,住院费用明显增加。对有高营养风险患儿进行营养支持治疗或营养健康教育,高营养风险发生率从入院时的68.75%下降至出院时的36.98%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,接受营养干预的手足口病患儿临床结局改善显著,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论手足口病发病和预后与患儿营养状况密切相关,应及早进行营养风险评估、干预和管理。     

改良儿科营养风险筛查工具的临床应用

目的 探讨改良儿科营养风险筛查工具及营养评估在临床中的应用,为建立儿科规范化营养管理流程提供理论依据。方法 回顾性分析16 249例住院患儿的入院营养风险筛查和营养评估资料,将患儿按营养风险程度分为高营养风险组（588例）、中营养风险组（4 330例）、无营养风险组（11 331例）,对比各营养风险组患儿的营养评估情况,分析营养风险筛查的评分构成,以及营养风险筛查的开展对营养支持治疗率的影响。结果 营养风险发生率为30.27%（4 918/16 249）,营养不良发生率为27.37%（4 448/16 249）,营养过剩发生率为11.29%（1 834/16 249）。营养评估结果与营养风险程度均存在显著相关性（5岁及以上：r_s=0.313,P < 0.05;5岁以下：r_s=-0.304,P < 0.05）。不同营养风险组间,各评分项目的构成差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。随着营养风险筛查的开展,患儿接受营养支持治疗率逐年上升（P < 0.05）。结论 住院患儿营养风险发生率较高,使用改良儿科营养风险筛查工具可促进规范化营养管理工作的开展。     

营养风险筛查对重症肺炎儿童不良临床结局的评估

目的采用儿科营养不良评估筛查工具(STAMP)调查重症肺炎儿童营养风险发生情况,分析营养风险与不良临床结局的关系。方法选择216例重症肺炎患儿为研究对象,根据STAMP评分分为高度营养风险组(HR组,n=98)、中度营养风险组(MR组,n=65)和低度营养风险组(LR组,n=53)。空腹抽血检测胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、脂联素、瘦素、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、白蛋白、转铁蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平,记录不良临床结局。结果 HR组的血清IGF-1、瘦素、脂联素、前白蛋白、RBP水平低于LR组和MR组(P0.05),而血清NEFA水平高于LR组和MR组(P0.05)。HR组中入住ICU患儿的比例高于LR组和MR组(P0.05);HR组机械通气时间长于LR组和MR组(P0.05);HR组住院时间长于LR组和MR组(P0.05),并发症发生率高于LR和MR组(P0.05)。结论营养风险筛查对评估重症肺炎儿童临床结局有重要价值,高度营养风险患儿有更多的不良临床结局,应尽早给予合理的营养支持。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎造瘘的最佳方案及关瘘时间探讨

目的探讨坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal neerotizing enterocolitis,NEC)造瘘的最佳方案及关瘘时间。方法回顾解放军总医院第七医学中心八一儿童医院2011至2014年因NEC行肠造瘘术及二期关瘘术新生儿的临床资料。根据关瘘时间分为早期组(术后90 d内关瘘)、中期组(术后90～180 d关瘘)及晚期组(术后180 d以上关瘘)。临床资料包括出生及两次手术时孕周及体重、并发症、术后喂养及体重、静脉营养(PN)及住院天数等。结果本研究共纳入36例患儿,其中早期组8例,中期组14例,晚期组14例。三组患儿的出生及造瘘时体重、孕周差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而关瘘时三组间体重差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组造瘘术后总PN时间(P=0.000)、关瘘术后PN时间(P=0.005)、达足量肠内营养所需时间(P=0.035)、造瘘后总住院天数(P=0.019)、关瘘后住院天数(P=0.000)差异均有统计学意义;上述指标两两间对比结果显示:早、中期之间以及早、晚期之间差异均有统计学意义,而中、晚期之间差异无统计学意义。结论尽管早期组、中期组和晚期组在术后营养支持、住院时间等方面存在差异,但治疗结局都较满意。NEC造瘘术后需密切监测患儿的生长发育。生长发育稳定的患儿90 d以上关瘘是安全可行的。需早期关瘘的患儿则要做好个体化营养支持。     

儿科营养筛查-评估工具在消化科患儿中的应用

目的 应用儿科营养筛查-评估工具对小儿消化营养科住院儿童营养状况进行分析,了解营养不良风险发生率以及不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异,为合理营养干预提供依据。方法 利用中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会儿科学组开发的儿科营养筛查-评估工具——“儿科营养筛查”APP对上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿消化营养科2018年3月至2020年10月入院的患儿进行营养筛查,并对存在营养不良风险的患儿进行营养评估,分析不同营养状况下临床结局及生化指标差异。结果 共入选624例患儿,男368例,女256例,0～1岁组(不含1岁)158例,1～3岁组95例,>3岁组371例。营养筛查结果表明营养不良风险的发生率为56.25%,0～1岁组营养不良风险最高(89.24%)。按疾病进行分组,短肠综合征患儿营养不良风险最高(90.05%),其次为急性胰腺炎(88.89%)和慢性腹泻(75.00%)。对比无营养不良风险组,营养不良风险组住院天数明显延长,住院费用增加,感染发生率更高,总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、维生素D水平明显降低(P均<0.05)。营养评估提示中度营养不良和重度营养不良的发生率分别为3...     

危重患儿营养评估及营养风险筛查工具的临床应用

目的调查住院危重患儿的营养状况,探讨营养风险筛查工具在危重患儿营养风险评估中的价值。方法收集2017年11月至2018年4月入住儿童重症监护病房的211例危重患儿的临床资料,对患儿入院、出院时的营养状况进行评估,运用STRONGkids和PYMS两种营养风险筛查工具进行营养风险筛查。结果 211例患儿中,入院时营养不良检出68例（32.2%）,其中中、重度营养不良各检出34例。通过STRONGkids和PYMS分别筛查出154例（73.0%）、165例（78.2%）存在中度或高度营养风险。以年龄别体重Z评分法为金标准,对两种营养风险筛查工具的效能进行评价,显示STRONGkids的ROC曲线下面积为0.822,PYMS为0.759,两者用于筛查营养不良均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,但两者临床效能比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。STRONGkids和PYMS筛查营养不良的最佳界值点均为3分,其灵敏度分别为92.1%、76.2%。入院时中、高营养风险患儿临床预后较低营养风险患儿差（分别P=0.014、0.001）。入院时重度营养不良患儿的预后较营养正常患儿差（P=0.0009）。结论危重患儿营养不良及营养风险检出率较高;患儿营养状态和营养风险与预后相关。STRONGkids和PYMS对危重患儿营养风险筛查均有临床应用价值,临床效能类似,但STRONGkids灵敏度更高。     

住院患儿营养风险筛查及营养评估

目的 调查住院患儿的营养风险及营养不良发生情况,为临床进行营养支持提供依据.方法 采用STRONGkids营养风险筛查工具对651例住院患儿进行营养风险筛查,并通过体格测量评估儿童营养状况,同时记录住院期间患儿的诊断、住院时间等资料并进行分析.结果 651例住院患儿中,7.07％(46例)存在高度营养风险,80.95％(527例)存在中度营养风险,11.98％(78例)为低度营养风险.营养不良检出率是22.58％,其中中度营养不良111例(17.05％),重度营养不良36例(5.53％).先天性心脏病、慢性肝病、慢性肾病为存在高度营养风险疾病前3位(x2=21.43,P＜0.01);根据营养评价的结果显示患有先天性心脏病、慢性肾病的患儿发生重度营养不良的比例远高于其他疾病(x2=16.53,P＜0.05).高度营养风险患儿住院期间较低度营养风险患儿更容易出现体质量丢失(P＜0.05),其住院时间明显长于中、低度营养风险患儿(P＜0.05).结论 住院患儿营养不良发生率高,营养风险不同导致临床结局不同;STRONGkids评分法评估住院儿童的营养风险,能早期发现住院期间营养不良以及有恶化可能的患者,有利于及时给予全面的营养评估以及早期合理的营养治疗,改善临床结局.     

706例外科住院患儿营养风险筛查及其临床意义

目的：探讨外科住院患儿的营养风险及其与临床结局的相关性,为临床营养管理提供科学依据。方法：应用营养状况和生长风险筛查工具（STRONG）对706例外科住院患儿进行营养风险筛查,同时记录住院期间患儿营养支持情况、感染性并发症发生率、住院时间、术后住院时间以及住院总费用等资料进行分析。结果：706例外科住院患儿中,有11.5%存在高度营养风险,46.0%为中度营养风险,42.5%为低度营养风险;先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄、肠梗阻、先天性心脏病患儿居高度营养风险发生率前3位;婴儿高度营养风险的发生率明显高于其他年龄段患儿（P<0.01）;81例高度营养风险患儿中有52例（64.2%）接受了肠外营养支持;高度营养风险患儿住院期间较低度营养风险患儿更容易出现体重丢失（P<0.05）,其感染性并发症、住院时间、术后住院时间以及住院总费用均明显高于中、低度营养风险患儿（均P<0.01）。结论：外科住院患儿存在中、高度营养风险;营养风险评分对患儿临床结局存在影响;目前外科住院患儿的营养支持仍不规范,需推广住院儿童营养风险筛查并进行规范的营养支持。     

Enteral nutrition is feasible in pediatric stem cell transplantation patients

We aimed to demonstrate whether enteral nutrition (EN) is feasible in daily practice of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Nutritional records of 100 patients were evaluated. Patients with poor oral intake were fed by EN with tube. A total of 79 patients required nutritional support. Of them, 71 were fed by EN only. Five were fed by EN plus parenteral nutrition (PN),three were fed by PN only. Median duration of EN was 21 days. In the EN only group, 68% gained or maintained their weight. EN should be considered as a feasible option for nutrition support in children undergoing HSCT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1327–1329. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Nutritional practices and outcome of extremely premature infants

We analyzed the records of 182 newborns with birth weights under 1000 g, who survived longer than seven days, to determine risk factors for subacute mortality and morbidity. Statistical analysis using logarithm-linear modeling was used to identify complex interactions and to minimize confounding. Nosocomial infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, male gender, and chronic lung disease (CLD) were identified as independent risk factors for subacute mortality. Male gender and CLD were associated with increased mortality only among patients who received parenteral nutrition (PN). Moreover, PN, rather than enteral nutrition (EN), was a risk factor for delayed growth, nosocomial infection, and CLD. Delayed initiation of EN was associated with decreased necrotizing enterocolitis risk only among male infants with birth weights under 775 g. Our results do not support elective withholding of EN in other groups of extremely low-birth-weight infants. We conclude that indications for PN and for withholding initiation of EN in very-very-low-birth-weight infants need to be established by prospective studies.     

Σ�ػ�������Ӫ����ʼʱ��

??The total parenteral nutrition??TPN?? or supplemental PN??SPN?? are necessary and safe for patients with contraindications of enteral nutrition??EN?? or patients with EN failing to reach caloric targets. But the PN start time is controversial and the related research findings are conflicting. In terms of current research??in low-risk patients PN can be delayed for 7 days. In high-risk patients the PN starting 3 days after admissicn is reasonable. At the same time??daily nutritional assessment and metabolic status monitoring are important.     

Nutrition support in a surgical patient

Nutrition has very important role to play during health and disease state in human beings. Neonates and younger children are more prone to develop nutritional deficiencies. They have very critical reserves and are rapidly growing. Any surgical insult leads to multiple nutritional problems. Careful planning of nutritional management in a surgical patient is mandatory. Nutritional support should start from the day when the child develops the surgical condition to withstand stress of disease and surgical procedure. In the postoperative period nutritional support should start as early as possible. Start with small amount and build up gradually till the normal enterai nutrition (EN) is tolerated. When EN is not tolerated parenteral nutrition (PN) should be considered. Parenteral nutrition on short term basis is very important to tide over the crisis due to postoperative complications. Parenteral nutrition on long term basis is required in short bowel syndrome resulting from resection of large part of the gut. During PN, enterai nutrition should be continued in small amounts in order to maintain the integrity of mucosal lining of the gut. Enterai nutrition is more physiological and can provide adequate amount of immunonutrients, minerals and vitamins.     

Effects of nutritional rehabilitation on intestinal function and on CD4 cell number in children with HIV

BACKGROUND: A complex interplay of malnutrition, intestinal dysfunction, and immune impairment increases the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in children. The authors tested the hypothesis that nutritional support improves intestinal and immune functions in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: A questionnaire was circulated through reference centers for pediatric HIV infection to evaluate the effects of nutritional rehabilitation, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN), in children. Information included changes in body weight, CD4 cell numbers, and intestinal absorption-as judged by the xylose load-before and after clinical nutritional support and the outcome of children. RESULTS: Sixty-two children underwent nutritional support: 46 received TPN and 16 received EN. All but three had full-blown acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and all were severely malnourished. Baseline clinical conditions were worse in children receiving TPN than in those receiving EN. Intestinal dysfunction was detected in all children who received xylose oral load. A significant increase in CD4 cell count, xylose levels, and body weight followed EN. A similar pattern was observed after TPN, but none of the parameters significantly changed. Twenty-seven children who received TPN and three who received EN eventually died. Fourteen who received TPN and eight who received EN were shifted to oral feeding, and five who received TPN and five who received EN continued with clinical nutritional support at the end of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional intervention may restore intestinal absorption and increase CD4 cell numbers. The efficacy of nutritional intervention is enhanced if provided before a terminal stage of HIV infection. These data provide evidence of a close association among nutritional condition, intestinal absorption, and immune impairment.     

小儿慢性腹泻营养支持治疗分析

目的研究营养支持治疗在慢性腹泻治疗的有效性。方法回顾性研究2012年7月至2014年7月48例慢性腹泻患儿资料,病例根据年龄分为1岁组(27例)和≥1岁组(21例);将27例合并营养不良的患儿分为肠内营养(EN)组(10例)、部分肠外营养组(PPN+EN)(16例)、完全肠外营养(TPN)组(1例)。分析不同年龄组及不同治疗方式患儿的治疗过程和结局。结果 48例患儿中,短肠综合征、病毒性肠炎、肠道手术、吸收不良综合征等为较常见病因,50%(24例)病因不明。在入院营养评定方面,1岁组的中度体重低下患儿所占比例高于≥1岁组(P0.05)。EN组年龄别体质指数Z评分(BAZ)由治疗前的-2.2±1.5增加至治疗后的-1.8±1.0(P=0.040),所供能量由治疗前的每日46±17 kcal/kg增加至每日83±32 kcal/kg(P=0.012);PPN+EN组的年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)由治疗前的-3.3±2.0增加至-2.8±1.8(P=0.044),BAZ由治疗前的-2.8±1.4增加至-2.0±1.4(P=0.012)。TPN组仅1例,经治疗后腹泻症状改善。接受营养治疗的27例患儿中,4例未好转,其余患儿症状缓解、营养状况改善。结论在慢性腹泻的治疗过程中,肠内及肠外营养治疗作为综合治疗的一部分,可有效改善营养状况,缓解腹泻症状。     

中国新生儿营养支持临床应用指南

该指南目的是建立能够反映当前最佳临床实践,循证的营养支持指南,为临床实践和进一步的临床研究方向提供参考。该指南参考了大量已发表的相关文献,在此基础上,由来自各相关学科的多位专家起草、审阅并反复修改而成。目标人群为早产儿、低体重出生儿等危重新生儿。指南分为肠内营养、肠外营养、肠内肠外营养联合应用三部分。当经口喂养无法满足患儿需要量时,应给予肠内或肠外营养支持。如果患儿存在胃肠道功能障碍,肠外营养是唯一选择。指南最后给出了肠内肠外营养联合应用的计算公式。     

Assessment of implementation of a standardized parenteral formulation for early nutritional support of very preterm infants

Introduction Parenteral nutrition (PN) plays an important role in the nutritional support of very preterm newborns. It has been suggested that a high proportion of PN orders could be standardized. In 2002, we implemented in our unit the preparation of three standardized formulations for PN adapted to the nutritional requirements of premature infants <32 weeks. Following this change of practice, a retrospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the relevance of the implemented standardized PN regime. Twenty premature inborn infants <32 weeks gestation who had received standardized (STD) PN in 2003 were matched for 20 infants who had received individualized (IND) PN in 2001. Adequacy of nutrition was assessed by comparing daily intravenous nutrient intake and biochemical parameters during the first week. Amino-acid intakes on day 3 were higher in the STD group (1.5±0.2 g/kg/d vs. 0.9±0.5, p<0.001), and the calcium phosphate intakes were better balanced. The cumulated intake of amino acids for the first week was greater in the STD group (+20% ; p=0.0003). Biochemical parameters were similar in both groups. Insulin infusions were less frequent in the STD group (p<0.06). Conclusion Standardized parenteral formulations provided higher early intakes of amino acid and glucose, a better calcium phosphate ratio, and a greater amount of amino-acid intakes during the first week while maintaining the same biochemical parameters. This strategy forms part of an approach concerning quality control and the respect of good professional practice for the preparation of parenteral nutrition solutions.