儿童晕厥的病因及临床特征分析

目的分析儿童晕厥的病因及临床特征。方法回顾性分析以晕厥为主诉的128例住院患儿的临床资料。结果根据晕厥的定义及临床检查结果,排除其中非晕厥性疾病20例,108例患儿确诊为晕厥;其中自主神经介导性晕厥(NMS)70例(64.81%),心源性晕厥8例（7.41%),不明原因晕厥24例（22.22%)。发作前有诱因者85例（78.71%),有晕厥家族史者21例（19.44%),有猝死家族史者1例（0.93%)。NMS及心源性晕厥常有反复发作的特征。NMS中,血管迷走性晕厥（VVS）前兆常为四肢无力、面色苍白、眼前发黑、听力下降、恶心、胸闷等表现;体位性心动过速综合征（POTS）表现为心慌、胸闷、乏力等;直立性低血压（OH）表现为眼前发黑,面色苍白、听力下降等;心源性晕厥表现为心前区不适、疼痛、胸闷。结论VVS是儿童晕厥最常见原因之一,各类型晕厥的发作常有诱因及前兆,有反复发作的特征。     

血管迷走性晕厥患儿40例

目的探讨不同类型血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)患儿的临床特征及实验室检查指标间的差异。方法经常规病史询问、体格检查、卧立位血压、辅助检查、直立倾斜试验(HUT)确诊的VVS患儿40例,比较不同类型患儿的临床特征及实验室指标间的差异。结果VVS患儿的血流动力学类型以血管抑制性为主。不同类型VVS患儿的临床特征,包括晕厥的诱因、先兆、发作频率、持续时间、基础心率、血压及血清电解质水平等均无显著差异。结论血管抑制型反应是血管迷走性晕厥患儿的主要血流动力学类型。     

自主神经介导性晕厥儿童在直立倾斜试验中阳性反应与并发症的早期发现和处理

目的探讨如何早期发现并及时处理自主神经介导性晕厥(NMS)患儿在直立倾斜试验(HUTT)中的阳性反应与并发症。方法回顾分析行HUTT检查阳性确诊NMS患儿的临床资料。结果 201例NMS患儿中,男性95例、女性106例,年龄7岁4月～16岁9月,血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)103例、体位性心动过速综合征(POTS)98例。患儿在HUTT中,晕厥再现5例(2.5%),均为VVS;出现并发症200例(99.5%),其中窦性心动过速182例(90.5%)、窦性心动过缓38例(18.9%),包括心率骤升骤降20例(10.0%),心脏停搏2例(1.0%),交界性逸搏心律2例(1.0%),II度房室传导阻滞1例(0.5%),房性早搏1例(0.5%),抽搐2例(1.0%),暂时性失语2例(1.0%)。达到阳性反应后迅速将倾斜床恢复至水平位,晕厥者予以吸氧并抬高及按摩双下肢,心脏停搏者予以胸外心脏按压,部分清醒后予口服牛奶等处理,全部患儿短时间内临床表现消失,意识、心率、血压、心电图恢复正常,无遗留后遗症及死亡病例。181例(90.0%)患儿在HUTT中有晕厥先兆,108例(53. 7%)先有晕厥先兆其后达到阳性反应标准,其中103例在晕厥先兆出现后的8分钟内达到阳性反应标准;47例(23.4%)晕厥先兆与到阳性反应几乎同时出现。结论 NMS儿童在HUTT时存在一定风险,早期发现并及时处理阳性反应和并发症,是降低试验风险的关键。     

晕厥的病因分析及鉴别诊断

目的了解儿童晕厥病因组成特点,探讨以发病诱因及症状区分心源性与神经介导性晕厥的可行性。方法对111例住院患儿病例进行综合评估,以规范的诊断步骤对确诊晕厥的患儿进行病因分类。总结导致晕厥的诱因、先兆症状及发作症状,对心源性及神经介导性晕厥患儿资料中行统计学处理,试图发现两种晕厥的特征性表现。结果非心源性晕厥者占60.4%,直立性低血压占18.9%,血管迷走性晕厥及心源性晕厥分别占18.0%和9.0%。非心源性晕厥中以神经介导性晕厥为主。心源性仅占全部晕厥患者的极小部分。晕厥发作前持久站立及恶心是神经介导性晕厥的特征性表现。心源性晕厥往往与运动相关。结论非心源性晕厥者占晕厥患儿的大多数,其中以神经介导性晕厥为主。运动相关的晕厥为心源性晕厥的特征。发作前直立体位、伴恶心症状的多为神经介导性晕厥。     

儿童血管迷走性晕厥的临床特征及血浆和血小板中5-羟色胺的变化

目的 探讨小儿血管迷走性晕厥的临床特征和血浆、血小板中5-羟色胺(5-HT)的变化.方法 2006年10月-2009年2月在首都儿科研究所经直立倾斜试验(head-up tilt test,HUTT)确诊为血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)患儿41例(HUTT阳性组),诊断标准参照基础HUTT对儿童不明原因晕厥的诊断研究,男17名,女24名,年龄6～14岁,平均年龄(10.5 ±1.8)岁.匹配健康儿童(对照组):当地幼儿园和中小学36名健康小儿,男16名,女20名,年龄9～14岁,平均年龄(10.7±1.5)岁.分析晕厥诱因和先兆症状、HUTT反应方式、晕厥发作时间、VVS患儿静息状态各亚型血压和心率变化等临床特点.全体研究对象抽取静脉血3 ml,用双抗体夹心酶标免疫分析(ELISA)法对41例血管迷走性晕厥患儿及36名健康儿童的血浆和血小板中5-HT进行测定.结果 ①41例血管迷走性患儿平均年龄为(10.5±1.8)岁,女童比例高于男童,为1.4:1.②VVS先兆症状:患儿中33例存在晕厥先兆(80.4%),其中头晕发生率高达78.8%.③VVS发生诱因:儿童VVS发作前常存在诱发因素,包括:长久站立、劳累、情绪影响等.其中长久站立比例最高,达90.2%.④HUTT平均反应时间及晕厥持续时间:基础直立倾斜试验(BHUT)阶段平均反应时间为(20.6±8.6)min;舌下含化硝酸甘油激发倾斜试验(SNHUT)阶段平均反应时间(5.0±2.2)min.晕厥持续时间均短于5 min.⑤HUTT不间反应类型的分布:血管抑制型61.0%,混合型24.4%,心脏抑制型14.6%.⑥血压和心率的比较:VVS患儿和正常儿童静息状态下基础心率、收缩压、舒张压相比差异无统计学意义;VVS患儿中血管抑制型、混合型和心脏抑制型静息状态下基础心率、收缩压、舒张压相比差异无统计学意义.⑦VVS患儿基础状态和HUTT阳性时血浆中5-HT较对照组差异无统计学意义[(27.51±1.32)μg/Lvs.(27.28±2.48)μg/L,t=0.518,P=0.606;(27.51±1.32)μg/L vs.(28.05 ±1.40)μg/L,t=2.044,P=0.167],基础状态下血小板5-HT与对照组之间差异无统计学意义[(82.30 ±6.06)10~9ng/L vs.(79.88±5.79)10~9ng/L,t=1.788,P=0.780].⑧VVS患儿基础状态下和HUTT阳性时的血小板5-HT比较差异有统计学意义[(82.30±6.06)10~9ns/L vs.(97.90±6.59)10~9ng/L,t=11.26,P=0.00].结论 VVS患儿具有明显的临床特征;VVS患儿基础状态和晕厥(或晕厥先兆发生时)血浆中5-HT变化不明显;VVS患儿晕厥或晕厥先兆发生时血小板5-HT明显升高,提示中枢5-HT系统可能参与了VVS的发病过程.     

儿童不明原因晕厥的临床特征与直立倾斜试验关系的研究

目的　分析直立倾斜试验阳性与不明原因晕厥患儿临床特征的关系。方法　对 47例不明原因晕厥患儿 ,根据其直立倾斜试验的结果分为二组 :直立倾斜试验阳性组和阴性组 ,将其临床特征进行对比分析研究 ,并对其各个临床特征与直立倾斜试验的结果进行Logistic回归分析。 结果　不明原因晕厥患儿的性别、年龄、有无晕厥诱因及有无晕厥先兆对直立倾斜试验的结果有影响 ,根据Logistic回归分析 ,对直立倾斜试验结果有显著影响的因素依次为晕厥诱因、晕厥先兆和年龄。结论　对于发生于青春期女孩不明原因的晕厥 ,而患儿又有较明确的晕厥诱因和晕厥先兆者 ,其直立倾斜试验阳性的可能性较大 ,临床可诊断为血管迷走性晕厥。     

神经介导性晕厥患儿血压晨峰与血压昼夜节律的研究

目的:探讨神经介导性晕厥(NMS)患儿的血压晨峰(MBPS)及血压昼夜节律。方法:收集2018年7月至2019年6月因不明原因晕厥、先兆晕厥等症状初次就诊于中南大学湘雅二医院的135例患儿资料,其中男74例,女61例;年龄3～16岁[(10.12±2.53)岁];行直立倾斜试验(HUTT)的当日完成24 h动态血压监测...     

以神经系统症状起病的儿童血管迷走性晕厥或体位性心动过速综合征88例临床分析

目的 探讨以神经系统症状起病的儿童血管迷走性晕厥（VVS）及体位性心动过速综合征（POTS）的临床特点，为该类疾病早期识别提供依据。方法 回顾性分析88例以一过性意识丧失、头晕、头痛及抽搐等神经系统症状为首发症状，最终确诊为VVS或POTS的患儿的临床资料。结果 88例患儿中，男性35例（40%），女性53例（60%），年龄4~15岁，发病高峰年龄10~13岁。88例患儿皆以一过性意识丧失、头晕、头痛及抽搐为首发症状，经脑电图、脑脊液及头颅磁共振等检查，排除了神经系统疾病，经直立倾斜试验（HUTT）最终确诊为VVS 53例（60%），POTS 35例（40%）。有5例以一过性意识丧失为首发症状的患儿被误诊为癫痫。59例（67%）患儿发病前可追溯到诱因，常见诱因依次为长时间站立、体位变化及剧烈运动。66例（75%）有发作先兆症状，常见的先兆症状依次为胸闷、消化道症状（恶心、呕吐及腹痛）及面色苍白。88例患儿均接受了健康教育、自主神经功能锻炼，53例VVS患儿予口服补液盐治疗，35例POTS患儿予口服补液盐联合美托洛尔治疗。对88例患儿进行为期18个月的随访，随访3、6、12、18个月时的治疗有效率分别为87%、93%、93%、90%。结论 以一过性意识丧失、头晕、头痛及抽搐为首发症状的患儿除了考虑神经系统疾病外，需警惕VVS及POTS等功能性心血管疾病，进一步HUTT检查可明确诊断；明确诊断后早期治疗可取得较好的疗效。     

24小时血压监测评价儿童神经介导性晕厥治疗效果

目的：探讨24 h血压监测（ABPM）评价儿童神经介导性晕厥（NMS）治疗效果。方法：选择2010年 2月至2012年8月以不明原因晕厥或先兆晕厥为主诉,经直立倾斜试验（HUTT）诊断明确的NMS患儿28例,其中男12例,女16例,年龄6～13岁。经健康教育结合口服补液盐（ORS）治疗后复查临床症状、HUTT及ABPM。结果：（1）28例NMS患儿中,血管抑制型22例,混合型5例,心脏抑制型1例。（2）治疗效果随访：临床症状好转率96%（27/28）,HUTT好转率64%（18/28）。（3）ABPM随访：全天平均收缩压、全天平均舒张压、日间平均收缩压、日间平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、收缩压昼夜差值、舒张压昼夜差值在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。（4）ABPM参数昼夜变化模式：“勺型血压”从治疗前的29%（8/28）提高到治疗后的50%（14/28）;“非勺型血压”从治疗前的71%（20/28）下降到治疗后的50%（14/28）。结论：ABPM作为一种有效、客观、无创性监测方法,对评价儿童NMS治疗效果具有一定的临床意义。     

小儿心源性晕厥的临床特征分析

目的 探讨小儿心源性晕厥(cardiac syncope,CS)的临床特点,提高小儿 CS的诊断水平.方法 应用结构性晕厥病史问卷,详细记录并分析23例CS儿童的病史特征及标准体表心电图表现,以找出CS儿童的临床特征.结果 7例为病态窦房结综合征、4例为先天性长QT综合征、2例为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、2例为阵发性室上性心动过速、1例为阵发性室性心动过速、1例为心房颤动、1例为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞安装起搏器后起搏器工作不良、3例为特发性肺动脉高压、1例为肥厚型心肌病、1例为扩张型心肌病.CS儿童发病年龄较小,平均为9.0岁;23例患儿中劳累诱发晕厥的为14/23(60.9%);各种体位均有晕厥发作者为7/23(30.4%).CS儿童晕厥发作前存在先兆症状者较少,仅为12/23(52.2%);晕厥发生时存在伴随症状的患儿较多,尤其发生大小便失禁的几率较高,共4/23(17.4%).在Cs患儿中,具有心脏病史者为4/23(17.4%);仪1例有猝死家族史(占4.3%);23例中有21例的标准体表心电图存在异常,占91.7%.结论 CS患儿具有明显的临床特征,尤其是心电图异常和劳累诱发晕厥这2项特征发生率最高.临床上识别这些临床特征,对于提高儿童晕厥的诊断效率有重要意义.     

Aetiologic and clinical characteristics of syncope in Chinese children

AIM: This study aimed to improve diagnostic efficacy of syncope in children by analyzing the aetiology and clinical characteristics of syncope in Chinese children. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the causes of syncope and diagnostic workup in 154 consecutive children seen in the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, China, because of a syncope-related event. RESULTS: In all patients with transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), there were 136 (88.31%) patients attributing to syncope, and 18 (11.69%) belonging to nonsyncopal cases. Neurally mediated syncope (NMS) was the most common cause of syncope (99 cases; 64.3%), with cardiac causes ranking second (10 cases; 6.5%). Other nonsyncopal causes included psychiatric problems and neurological and metabolic disorders. In 25 cases (16.2%), the cause was uncertain. Cases of NMS often had clear inducement of syncope and prodromes. Children with cardiac syncope often had a history of cardiac disease, were often younger than those with NMS, and showed exercise-related syncope, syncope spells in any body position or at an early age, or sudden death in family members but no prodromes. Neurological disorder was suspected in cases of TLOC with seizures, TLOC spells in any position, postictal phase of disorientation or abnormal neurological signs. A metabolic cause is suspected with a history of metabolic disease, prolonged anger, or violent vomiting and diarrhoea. Children with psychiatric disorders were adolescent girls, with prolonged TLOC spells, who had more frequent TLOC. Although many tests were used in diagnosis, most were not goal directed. Now, electrocardiography is recommended in almost all children with syncope. Neurological testing, including electroencephalography and computed tomography were rarely helpful unless with evidence of neurological signs and symptoms. Head-up tilt test (HUTT) was most useful in children with recurrent syncope in whom heart disease was not suspected. CONCLUSION: NMS was the most common cause of syncope. We recommended HUTT as the important basis of the TLOC workup.     

口服补液盐治疗儿童神经介导性晕厥研究进展

神经介导性晕厥（neurally mediated syncope,NMS）是儿童最常见的不明原因晕厥,口服补液盐是治疗NMS的基础用药,可增加细胞外液和血容量,改变血液的重新分布,避免突然体位变化时左室充盈量不足导致的排空效应,防止迷走神经活性增强诱发晕厥发作,能明显提高NMS儿童的直立不耐受能力.增加水盐摄入纳入NMS儿童日常生活中的行为习惯培养,可减少儿童NMS的出现率,提高其生活质量.     

儿童血管迷走性晕厥反复发作相关因素分析

目的探讨影响儿童血管迷走性晕厥(VVS)反复发作的相关因素。方法收集125例确诊为VVS患儿的临床资料,根据晕厥首次发作至直立倾斜试验之前5年内的发作次数,分为晕厥发作次数2、3次的低频次组及≥4次的高频次组,对两组患儿资料进行统计分析。结果 125例VVS患儿中,低频次组84例(67.2%),高频次组41例(32.8%)。单因素分析结果显示,直立倾斜试验检查年龄、晕厥发作时间、发作诱因、晕车史、阳性家族史是VVS高频次发作的相关因素。非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,发作诱因(OR=3.723,95%CI:1.163~11.918,P=0.027)、晕车史(OR=5.929,95%CI:2.066~17.015,P=0.001)、阳性家族史(OR=6.794,95%CI:2.006~23.013,P=0.002)是VVS高频次发作的独立危险因素。结论非持久站立引起的其他发作诱因、晕车史、阳性家族史对预测VVS患儿高频次晕厥发作具有重要临床意义。     

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??Objective To analyze the underlying disease spectrum of syncope in children?? and evaluate the diagnostic procedures and economic value. Methods A total of 935 children ??421 males??45%?? and 514 females??55%???? aged
1??18 years?? mean age??11.2 ± 3.1???? with syncope were chosen from Outpatient and Inpatient Department of Peking
University First Hospital from Jan. 1985 to Dec. 2014. The underlying disease spectrum of syncope in children and the economic value of syncope diagnostic procedure were studied. Results From 1985 to 1994?? the neutrally mediated syncope??NMS?? accounted for 6.7% of the syncope children?? and 89.3% of syncope children were with unclear reasons. From 1995 to 2004?? the NMS accounted for 62%?? mainly including vasovagal syncope??VVS?? and postural tachycardia syndrome??POTS????and the syncope with unclear reasons decreased to 28.3%. From 2005 to 2014?? the NMS was the main underlying disease of the syncope?? accounting for 80.7%?? mainly including VVS and POTS. Cardiac syncope acouted for 5.4%. Unexplained syncope decreased to 13.9%. The average length of hospital stay shortened significantly???5.3±3.9?? vs. ??6.6±4.4?? day?? t??3.964?? P??0.001??. The diagnosis costs of syncope children were decreased ??P??0.048???? and the total cost of hospitalization was also decreased ??P??0.001??. Conclusion With the discovery of new diseases?? more and more underlying diseases of syncope are diagnosed. VVS and POTS are the most common diseases in syncope of children. The diagnostic procedure has a good economic value.     

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目的探讨自主神经介导性晕厥(NMS)患儿心率变异性的变化。方法2007年4月至2008年3月在北京大学第一医院儿科就诊的NMS患儿29例,其中男11例,女18例;年龄8～17岁,平均(12.4±2.2)岁。所有患儿进行24hHolter监测。比较患儿心率变异性中的各项参数变化。采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计。结果NMS组的窦性心搏间期标准差(SDNN)值与正常值相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);窦性心搏间期标准差的均值(SDNNi)与正常值相比增加了19.21%(P<0.05),rMSSD值与正常值相比增加了54.07%(P<0.05),相邻的NN间期之差大于50ms的心搏数占总心搏数的百分率(pNN50)及三角指数值与正常值相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论NMS患儿存在自主神经功能调节失衡。     

Dysrhythmia as a cause of syncope in children without neurological or cardiac morphological abnormalities

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmias are among the malignant causes of syncope. This study has been undertaken to determine the relative incidence and significance of dysrhythmia in the pathogenesis of syncope among patients referred to a pediatric cardiology unit. METHODS: Between March 1997 and March 1999, 105 consecutive patients (59 female, 46 male) aged 11.5 +/- 3.6 years without neurologic or cardiac morphologic causes were evaluated for at least one episode of syncope. A pediatric cardiologist and a pediatric neurologist evaluated all the patients. Routine chest X-ray, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), 24-h Holter monitoring and echocardiography were carried out. When deemed necessary, further tests were undertaken for the cases of syncope which were unexplained by routine tests. RESULT: The cause of syncope was identified as vasovagal in 25.7% (n = 27) and related to dysrhythmia in 30.5% (n = 32). The cause was migraine-associated syncope in two children, psychogenic syncope in three children and orthostatic hypotension in one patient. The cause was unknown in 36.2% (n = 38). CONCLUSION: We conclude that dysrhythmia is a significant and frequent cause in children referred to pediatric cardiology units. The combination of ECG, Holter monitoring, electrophysiologic study, transtelephonic ECG and head-up tilt test can identify the underlying cause of syncope in as many as 58% of these patients that present with syncope.     

小儿心源性晕厥57例治疗及随诊分析

目的总结小儿心源性晕厥病例的治疗经验。方法研究对象为1997年1月至2008年3月广东省人民医院收治的心源性晕厥患儿57例,其中男25例,女32例;年龄平均(3.0±3.9)岁(0.6~14岁)。35例法洛四联症缺氧发作晕厥的病例予β受体阻滞剂及心脏手术治疗。9例Ⅲ度房室阻滞晕厥病例予心室起搏及针对基础心脏疾病治疗。5例长QT综合征(LQTS)晕厥发作的病例分别予美西律、β受体阻滞剂及联合起搏治疗。致心律失常性右室心肌病及扩张型心肌病室性心动过速晕厥的病例予电击复律、索他洛尔、胺碘酮等治疗。室颤及电机械分离病例予除颤等复苏急救及治疗原发心脏病。患儿出院后均予随诊。结果50例住院期间晕厥得到控制,住院期间死亡3例。本组随访时间1个月至10年,5例出院后失访。随访中45例无晕厥发作,1例晕厥发作减少,2例仍反复发作,1例死亡。结论心源性晕厥除治疗引发晕厥的直接因素外,还应积极治疗原发心脏疾病。单纯药物治疗只对部分病例有效,药物联合起搏或联合植入型心脏复律除颤器有望在恶性心律失常晕厥病例治疗中发挥重要作用。     

Low iron storage in children with tilt positive neurally mediated syncope

Background

The mechanisms under neurally mediated syncope (NMS) are not fully understood. This study aimed to assess the level of storage iron in children with different hemodynamic patterns in head-up tilt test.

Methods

Altogether 210 children (11.31±2.49 years) with syncope or pre-syncope treated between May 2008 and September 2010 were studied prospectively. Following history taking and physical examination, their levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and serum ferritin were measured.

Results

In the 210 children, 162 (77.1%) had NMS and 48 (22.9%) had syncope due to other causes. In the 162 children with NMS, 98 children were subjected to positive tilt test. The level of serum ferritin was significantly lower in the 98 children with NMS (P<0.001). The comparison of levels of Hb, Hct and mean cell volume (MCV) displayed no significant difference between the two groups. Reduced iron storage (serum ferritin <25 ng/mL) was found to be more prevalent in children with NMS (63% vs. 20%, P<0.001). Prevalence of iron deficiency was also significantly higher in children with NMS than in children with syncope due to other causes (27% vs. 6%, P=0.003).

Conclusions

In head-up tilt test positive children with NMS, the level of serum ferritin should be evaluated. Low storage iron may be one of the underlying mechanisms of NMS.