极长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症研究进展

极长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症是一种较罕见的脂肪酸代谢障碍疾病,根据起病年龄和临床表现分为三型：心肌病型、肝型、肌病型。心肌病型病情重,病死率高。临床诊断可通过血串联质谱(MS/MS)检测血肉豆蔻烯酰基肉碱(C14:1)水平进行,进一步确诊可通过基因诊断、酶学分析及脂肪酸氧化流量分析。治疗上主要包括避免空腹,减少长链脂肪酸的摄入,补充中链甘油三酯等。     

海南省少数民族地区脂肪酸氧化代谢病新生儿筛查结果分析

目的 探讨海南省少数民族地区新生儿人群脂肪酸氧化代谢障碍（FAOD）的发病率,分析确诊患儿的临床特点,为海南省出生缺陷预防提供依据。方法 收集海南省少数民族地区2016年10月至2021年12月新生儿遗传代谢疾病串联质谱筛查数据。采用串联质谱技术检测新生儿干血斑中游离肉碱以及30种酰基肉碱水平。初筛阳性新生儿进行召回复查血串联质谱,气相质谱测尿有机酸,采集新生儿及其父母外周血进行基因测序。结果 研究期间共出生66 578名新生儿,参与筛查46 285名（69.5%）,初筛阳性513例（初筛阳性率为1/90）,召回501例,确诊FAOD 11例,发病率1/4208,其中原发性肉碱缺乏症6例,短链、中链、极长酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症各1例,肉碱棕榈酰转移酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ缺乏症各1例。结论 海南省少数民族地区新生儿人群FAOD发病率较高,以原发性肉碱缺乏症较为多见。建议将新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查纳入新生儿常规筛查项目。     

中、短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症患儿临床特点分析及基因突变研究

中、短链酰基辅酶A 脱氢酶缺乏症属脂肪酸β 氧化障碍疾病,其基因突变可导致中、短链脂肪酸无法进入线粒体进行氧化供能,引起多器官功能异常。本研究对2 例临床表现为低血糖合并代谢性酸中毒的患儿进行血酰基肉碱及尿液有机酸分析,同时对患儿及其父母进行基因突变检测。家系1 患儿,男,3 d,出生后因新生儿窒息、吸奶无力、嗜睡住院治疗。血酰基肉碱谱提示中链酰基肉碱（C6~C10）升高,其中辛酰肉碱（C8）3.52 μmol/L（参考值0.02~0.2 μmol/L）;尿有机酸分析未见明显异常;Sanger 测序发现ACADM 基因7 号外显子已报道纯合突变c.580A>G（p.Asn194Asp）。家系2 患儿,女,3 个月,因咳嗽伴反复发热10 余天住院治疗。血酰基肉碱谱提示血丁酰肉碱（C4）1.66 μmol/L（参考值0.06~0.6 μmol/L）;尿有机酸分析提示乙基丙二酸55.9（参考值0~6.2）;Sanger 测序发现ACADS 基因已报道纯合突变c.625G > A（p.Gly209Ser）。研究结果提示对不明原因代谢性酸中毒及低血糖患儿应进行遗传代谢病筛查,通过家系ACADM、ACADS 基因分析,将有助于中、短链酰基辅酶A 脱氢酶缺乏症的诊断。     

中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症研究进展

中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(MCADD)是脂肪酸氧化缺陷病中最常见的一种，其发病率与苯丙酮尿症相当，临床表现主要为低酮性低血糖、呕吐和肌无力。串联质谱方法能检测出无症状的MCADD新生儿血浆中升高的酰基肉碱，兼有敏感度高、特异性高、自动化程度高、高通量等特点。约24％病人第一次发作即导致死亡，32％存活者有心理行为问题或神经功能障碍。若经新生儿疾病筛查得到诊断，现有的预防和治疗效果均较满意。MCADD符合新生儿筛查病种入选标准，部分发达国家已将此病列入新生儿疾病常规筛查项目。     

儿童扩张性心肌病伴脂肪酸氧化代谢异常9例

目的:探讨儿童扩张性心肌病伴脂肪酸氧化代谢异常的临床特征、诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月至2011年6月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院诊断为扩张性心肌病伴脂肪酸氧化代谢异常患儿的临床特征、实验室检查、治疗和随访情况。结果:9例扩张性心肌病伴脂肪酸氧化代谢异常患儿进入分析,男5例,女4例。病程0.5～4.5年,起病年龄11个月至18岁。9例均有乏力表现,4例合并肌肉无力,1例四肢近端肌萎缩,2例有惊厥发作,2例伴生长发育落后。9例均有不同程度肝肿大,8例肝功能异常,7例CK、CK-MB和乳酸脱氢酶增高,6例乳酸增高, 2例低血糖,3例高血氨。9例超声心动图检查均可见左心室舒张末期内径增高和射血分数下降。肌电图示肌源性损害2例。串联质谱检查示游离肉碱明显增高1例,减少5例,正常3例;酯酰肉碱增高7例,减少1例,正常1例。临床诊断肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶Ⅰ缺乏症1例,原发性肉碱缺乏症1例,多种酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏4例,长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏3例。9例在常规抗心力衰竭治疗基础上,补充左旋肉碱、维生素及低脂肪、预防饥饿等饮食指导。随访0.5～3年,临床症状、生化指标和超声心动图表现逐渐改善。结论:原因不明的心脏扩大合并多系统症状和生化指标异常者,应考虑到脂肪酸代谢异常可能,及早进行代谢病筛查,早期诊断和合理治疗是改善预后的关键。     

重视脂肪酸氧化代谢病的筛查与诊治

脂肪酸氧化代谢病(fatty acid oxidation disorders,FAOD)是脂肪酸氧化代谢过程中十余种疾病的总称,均属于常染色体隐性遗传病,是常见的遗传代谢病,从新生儿至成人均可发病,临床表现无特异性,主要表现为肝病、心肌病及肌肉疾病。串联质谱检测血游离肉碱、酰基肉碱水平及基因检测是诊断此类疾病的重要方法。串联质谱新生儿筛查有助于FAOD的早诊断及早治疗。原发性肉碱缺乏症及多种酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症有特异治疗药物,效果较好,其他疾病无特异药物,需要对症治疗。     

中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症研究进展

中链酰基辅酶A脱氨酶缺乏症(MCADD)是脂肪酸氧化缺陷病中最常见的一种,其发病率与苯丙酮尿症相当,临床表现主要为低酮性低血糖、呕吐和肌无力。串联质谱方法能检测出无症状的MCADD新生儿血浆中升高的酰基肉碱,兼有敏感度高、特异性高、自动化程度高、高通量等特点。约24％病人第一次发作即导致死亡,32％存活者有心理行为问题或神经功能障碍。若经新生儿疾病筛查得到诊断,现有的预防和治疗效果均较满意。MCADD符合新生儿筛查病种入选标准,部分发达国家已将此病列入新生儿疾病常规筛查项目。     

中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症新生儿筛查及随访研究

目的 探讨中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症（MCADD）中国人群流行病学特征、表型、基因型及预后。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2018年6月期间经高效液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）筛查并结合基因检测诊断为MCADD的新生儿资料。结果 2 674 835例接受筛查的新生儿中诊断MCADD的12例（1/222 902）。其中10例接受基因检测,发现ACADM基因16个突变位点的13种突变类型：7种为已报道突变（p.T150Rfs^*4、p.M1V、p.R206C、p.R294T、p.G310R、p.M328V、p.G362E）;5种新突变（p.N194D、p.A324P、p.N366S、c.118+3A > G、c.387+1del G）和1例11号外显子缺失,以p.T150Rfs^*4最常见（4/16）。ACADM基因突变位点检出率80%。未见表型-基因型相关性。确诊后给予饮食指导及对症治疗,随访4~82个月期间未见急性代谢失衡发作,除1例合并脑发育不良外均预后良好。结论 MCADD在中国南方人群相对罕见;p.T150Rfs^*4为中国人群热点突变;筛查阳性的病例建议联合辛酰基肉碱检测及基因判断。     

气相-色谱质谱法尿有机酸检测诊断遗传代谢病患儿的疾病谱

目的了解气相色谱-质谱技术检测尿有机酸水平诊断的遗传代谢病患儿的氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸氧化代谢病疾病谱。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2021年12月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院诊断为遗传代谢病的2 461例患儿的疾病谱, 患儿均通过气相色谱-质谱尿有机酸谱检测, 并结合血串联质谱氨基酸及酰基肉碱检测结果及基因变异检测结果诊断。结果 2 461例患儿中男1 446例, 女1 051例, 共有32种遗传代谢病, 其中氨基酸代谢病10种662例(26.9%), 常见的前6种疾病为高苯丙氨酸血症、希特林蛋白缺乏症、鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶缺乏症、枫糖尿病、尿黑酸尿症及酪氨酸血症-Ⅰ型;有机酸血症17种1 683例(68.4%), 常见的前6种疾病为甲基丙二酸血症、丙酸血症、戊二酸血症-Ⅰ型、异戊酸血症、3-甲基巴豆酰辅酶A羧化酶缺乏症及多种羧化酶缺乏症;脂肪酸β氧化代谢病5种116例(4.7%), 常见的前2种疾病为多种酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症和短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症。结论气相色谱-质谱技术尿有机酸谱检测诊断的疾病中有机酸血症最常见, 然后为氨基酸代谢病及脂肪酸氧化代谢病。     

串联质谱技术选择性筛查遗传代谢病高危患儿552例初步分析

目的：应用串联质谱（tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS）技术进行遗传代谢病（IEM）高危儿筛查,初步了解我国 IEM 的发病种类和阳性率,为其有效防治提供科学依据。方法：利用MS/MS技术对在河北省石家庄市8所省、市级医院就医的552例可疑 IEM 患儿的血液样本进行 IEM 筛查。结果：发现阳性患儿64例,阳性率为11.6%。其中甲基丙二酸血症或丙酸血症33例,苯丙酮尿症2例,肉碱棕榈酰转移酶缺乏Ⅰ型3例,长链酰基辅酶 A 脱氢酶缺乏症1例,中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症2例,枫糖尿症6例,短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症2例,戊二酸血症Ⅰ型2例,异戊酸血症2例,同型胱氨酸尿症2例,肉碱缺乏症4例,酪氨酸血症1例,精氨酸琥珀酸尿症1例,瓜氨酸血症2例,精氨酸血症1例。结论：MS/MS技术是筛查诊断IEM的有效工具。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.