万古霉素治疗儿童革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎血药浓度与疗效分析

目的分析万古霉素血药浓度分布特点及其与革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎疗效的关系。方法回顾性分析2012年10月-2014年10月使用万古霉素治疗的59例革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿万古霉素血药浓度值,分析其与临床生化指标、疾病状态的相关性;并分析临床因素对万古霉素疗效的影响。结果 40~60 mg/(kg·d)给药方案的治疗有效率高于40 mg/(kg·d),差异有统计学意义(89.47%对46.15%,P=0.004),而60 mg/(kg·d)治疗有效率未进一步提高。合并非青紫型先天性心脏病患儿的血药谷浓度高于无先天性心脏病患儿,差异有统计学意义(12.12 mg/L对7.76 mg/L,P=0.008)。用药前急性肝功能受损、中重度贫血可能是万古霉素治疗革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎疗效不佳的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论万古霉素治疗革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎推荐选择40~60 mg/(kg·d)给药方案;合并非青紫型先天性心脏病,用药前急性肝功能受损、中重度贫血可能影响药物浓度和治疗效果。     

单中心十年收治感染性心内膜炎患儿临床分析

目的 探讨单中心10年来收治的感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis,IE)患儿的临床特点、病原菌分布等情况,为临床诊治提供参考.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院2006年10月至2016年10月儿科病房住院治疗的30例确诊 IE 患儿的临床及病原学资料.结果30例IE 患儿中,男18例,女12例,年龄2个月~13岁.IE就诊原因分别为发热21例(70.0%),呼吸系统症状4例(13.3%),神经系统症状4例(13.3%),水肿2例(6.7%),新发心脏杂音1例,心前区不适1例,血三系减少1例.基础疾病所占比例最高的是先天性心脏病17例(56.7%),其中6例为先天性心脏病术后患儿.30例患儿心脏彩超均发现赘生物,血细菌培养阳性15例(50.0%),病原菌分布:金黄色葡萄球菌6例(40.0%),肺炎链球菌4例(26.7%),粪肠球菌2例(13.3%),血链球菌1例,咽颊炎链球菌1例,表皮葡萄球菌1例.入院时C-反应蛋白升高25例(83.3%),其中8例C-反应蛋白>100 mg/L.结论 IE早期临床症状多不典型,发热是IE的常见就诊原因,先天性心脏结构异常易并发IE,革兰阳性球菌是主要致病原,单纯抗感染治疗效果不佳者可联合手术治疗.     

儿童感染性心内膜炎36年的临床变迁

目的为了解儿童感染性心内膜炎(IE)临床变迁的趋势,为早期诊断和治疗提供参考.方法将1964～1983年我院确诊的IE患儿34例(A组)与1984～1999年的38例(B组)进行临床对比分析.临床资料包括基础疾病、临床表现、血培养致病菌的种类、超声心动图(UCG)检查的情况、治愈率和病死率.结果72例IE患儿的基础疾病包括先天性心脏病40例,后天性心脏病16例,其他疾病16例.B组风湿性心脏病的比例为13%,较A组的27%有所下降;而B组无基础心脏病者(29%)较A组(15%)增加,两组基础疾病的构成差异无显著性(x2=3.685,P＞0.05).B组瘀点(斑)、脾肿大、动脉栓塞的发生率较A组虽有所下降,但差异无显著性(x2分别为3.34、2.18、0.37,P＞0.05),而心力衰竭的发生率则较A组明显上升,两组比较差异有显著性(x2=9.34,P＜0.01).B组金黄色葡萄球菌的发生率(14%)低于A组(55%)(经Fisher精确计算,P=0.081).而其他革兰阳性球菌包括四联球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌的发生率(64%)明显高于A组(0)(经Fisher精确计算,P=0.001).结论IE发生于先天性心脏病者仍居首位,近16年风湿性心脏病作为引起IE的基础疾病的比例有所下降,而无基础心脏病者增加;致病菌中金黄色葡萄球菌减少,而条件致病菌明显增加;临床表现心力衰竭明显增加.强调UCG在诊断IE中有重要价值,合理治疗可改善预后.     

先天性心脏病患儿术前肺部感染主要病原菌的药物敏感率监测及临床分析

目的调查儿童先天性心脏病术前患儿肺部感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药现状,为临床用药提供依据。方法对2006年12月至2008年3月第三军医大学新桥医院PICU收治的338例先天性心脏病术前肺部感染患儿吸取下呼吸道痰液,进行细菌培养和药敏分析。结果检出致病菌179株,阳性率为52.95%。以肺炎链球菌菌最为多见(23.46%)。药敏显示革兰阳性球菌对青霉素类、头孢类、红霉素类耐药率较高;革兰阴性杆菌对大部分青霉素类、大部分头孢类耐药率较高。结论先天性心脏病术前患儿肺部感染病原菌以G+球菌与G-杆菌大致相等,细菌耐药日趋严重,根据体外药敏结果合理选用抗生素十分必要。对严重肺部感染,选用三代头孢治疗无效、原发病较为严重者,可首选亚胺培南抗菌治疗。     

先天性食管闭锁新生儿肺部感染病原菌及药敏分析

目的 探讨患先天性食管闭锁(CEA)新生儿肺部感染的病原及其药敏情况.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2014年9月收治的CEA患儿的临床资料.结果 55例患儿纳入最终研究,共进行104次痰培养检查,检测出细菌112株,前5位的革兰阴性杆菌包括铜绿假单胞菌36株,肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种29株,鲍曼不动杆菌19株,大肠埃希菌9株,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌6株;革兰阳性球菌仅5株,溶血葡萄球菌、草绿色链球菌各2株,金黄色葡萄球菌1株.药敏分析显示,革兰阴性杆菌对半合成青霉素类及部分的头孢类抗生素敏感性<50%,对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感性>80%.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉林的敏感性为100%.结论 CEA患儿合并的肺部感染主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对半合成青霉素类及部分的头孢类抗生素敏感性较低,对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感性.CEA患儿所并发的革兰阳性球菌感染对万古霉素、替考拉林仍保持较高的敏感性.     

儿童下呼吸道感染的细菌谱及抗生素敏感性分析

目的分析我院近2年9515例儿童下呼吸道感染的痰培养病原菌谱及其耐药性。方法采用下呼吸道感染住院患儿9515例的合格痰标本进行细菌培养和药敏分析。结果9515个标本中共分离细菌2788株,阳性率29.30%,革兰阴性杆菌1790株(64 2%).球菌998株(35.8%)。前3位革兰阴性杆菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌18 7%、大肠埃希菌15.7 %、流感嗜血杆菌14 4%;革兰阳性球菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(15 2%)与肺炎链球菌(14.3%)为主。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、左旋氧氟沙星、阿米卡星等耐药率低,球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,对利福平、左旋氧氟沙星等耐药率低,肠球菌属对多种药物均出现高比例耐药,对万古霉素耐药率达7 9%。结论应根据本区域近年病原菌谱变迁及药敏情况选择合适的抗菌药物。     

新生儿医院获得性肺炎病原菌分析及防治探讨

目的 探讨新生儿医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的细菌种类、药敏情况及易感因素,指导临床用药.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年7月本院新生儿病房住院的HAP患儿,总结其临床特点、细菌培养及药敏试验结果.结果 94例HAP标本均行痰培养检查,56例阳性,阳性率71.8%,共检出病原菌66株,84.8%为革兰阴性杆菌,以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,其次为不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.革兰阳性菌占15.2%,主要为葡萄球菌及链球菌.大多数革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄青霉素、第一二代头孢及多数三代头孢菌素耐药,对亚胺培能、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感.革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素较敏感.结论 新生儿HAP病原以革兰阴性菌为主,对大部分抗生素耐药,应积极防治.     

革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿万古霉素血药谷浓度影响因素分析

目的探讨革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿万古霉素血药谷浓度的影响因素。方法收集93例革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿的一般情况、生化检查结果及万古霉素血药浓度,回顾分析患儿临床资料中与万古霉素血药谷浓度相关的因素。结果在万古霉素40~60 mg/(kg·d)的给药方案下,93例革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿中万古霉素血药谷浓度10 mg/L 54例、10~mg/L 26例、≥20 mg/L 13例,三组间谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)和谷酰转肽酶(γ-GT)水平差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),其中10~mg/L组的AST和γ-GT最高,≥20 mg/L组ALT最高而GFR最低。多重线性回归分析发现,GFR与万古霉素血药谷浓度间存在负线性相关关系(R~2=0.039,P0.05)。GFR≥90 m L/(min·1.73 m~2)、60≤GFR≤89 m L/(min·1.73 m~2)、30≤GFR≤59 m L/(min·1.73 m~2)组患儿对应万古霉素血药谷浓度中位数分别为8.7 mg/L、18.2 mg/L、6.5 mg/L,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论革兰阳性球菌重症肺炎患儿万古霉素血药谷浓度与GFR水平呈负相关,合并肾功能轻度损害者更易达到万古霉素目标血药谷浓度值。临床上应以指南推荐的较低剂量使用万古霉素,并注意密切监测其血药谷浓度。     

儿童泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的 研究儿童泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药状况,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 回顾性分析本院2005年1月-2007年12月573例疑为泌尿系统感染患儿中段尿细菌培养及药敏试验结果 .细菌鉴定采用法国生物-梅里埃公司提供的ATB鉴定系统;药敏试验采用K-B琼脂扩散法,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测采取美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的表型确诊试验;耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)和氨基糖苷类高水平耐药的肠球菌(HLAR)按照NCCLS推荐的方法 进行.结果 573例尿培养分离出病原菌482株,阳性率为84.1%.其中革兰阴性(G-)杆菌385株,占79.9%,以大肠埃希菌(198株)为主,占41.1%;革兰阳性(G+)球菌97株,占20.1%,以肠球菌(71株)为主,占14.7%.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对亚胺堵南敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因耐药率低于9.7%,对临床常用的哌拉西林、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑等耐药率高于50%,ESBLs检出率分别为59.2%、52.7%;铜绿假单胞菌呈高度多重耐药;肠球菌对万古霉素敏感,对呋喃妥因耐药率低于8.1%,HLAR分离率为26.1%;葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,对呋喃妥因和利福平耐药率低于22.4%,MRS分离率为52.7%.结论 儿童泌尿系统感染病原菌以G-杆菌为主,以大肠埃希菌为首,肠球菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌分别居第二、第三.病原菌对常用抗生素呈高度耐药,多重耐药现象严重.临床应重视病原菌检测及药敏试验,为准确诊断及合理使用抗生素提供依据.     

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目的探讨儿童感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点、治疗方法及转归。方法回顾分析中南大学湘雅二医院儿科1980—2004年确诊的174例IE患儿的临床特点。174例患儿中男94例,女80例,年龄3个月至14岁,病程3d至4个月。结果(1)99例IE发生在先天性心脏病的基础上,35例发生在风湿性心脏病的基础上,35例发生在无器质性心脏病基础上,4例于先天性心脏病手术后发生,1例发生在肥厚性心肌病的小儿。(2)临床主要表现:发热(150例,86·2%)、肝大(74例,42·5%)、脾大(55例,31·6%)、贫血(65例,37·4%)、血沉增快(68例,39·1%)、多发性脏器栓塞(34例,17·8%)。细菌培养76例(76/174)阳性,阳性率43·7%,其中55例为葡萄球菌。(3)受累瓣膜以二尖瓣赘生物最多见,占48·3%。(4)并发症以顽固性心衰为主(25·2%),其次为神经系统并发症(13·2%),瓣膜腱索断裂最少见(0·57%)。(5)由于IE临床表现很不典型,病例早期被误诊为流感、肺结核、急性风湿热、肾小球肾炎等10余种疾病。(6)治愈率为60·9%,其中单用抗生素治疗治愈76例(71·6%),抗感染治疗联合外科手术治愈30例(28·3%)。死亡28例(16·1%),脑栓塞及顽固性心衰是IE最常见的死亡原因。结论发生IE的基础心脏病中,先天性心脏病跃居首位,风湿性心脏病逐渐减少。血培养、超声心动图检查有助于IE的诊断。对于IE最重要的治疗措施是应用抗生素,若经内科治疗效果不满意应尽早考虑外科治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.