静脉注射免疫球蛋白无反应型川崎病预测评分系统研究进展

静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG)是国际公认的川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD)急性期主要治疗手段, 其应用可有效降低冠状动脉病变(coronary artery lesions, CAL)发生率。但在临床中, 有高达26.8%的KD患儿对IVIG治疗无反应, 且其发生CAL的风险更高, 程度更重。对于具有IVIG无反应高风险的急性KD患者, 及早调整治疗方案, 如早期联合应用糖皮质激素等治疗, 可能对改善预后、缩短病程起到重要作用。因此, 早期识别IVIG无反应型KD对临床医生具有重要意义。近20年来, 国内外学者相继建立预测评分系统, 以预估KD患儿IVIG无反应发生的可能性, 优化早期治疗方案。该文对IVIG无反应型KD预测评分系统的国内外研究进行综述, 以期为临床诊治提供参考。     

川崎病患儿并发冠状动脉病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨川崎病(KD)并发冠状动脉病变(CAL)的危险因素。方法：收集2006年1月至2012年1月间诊断为KD的527例患儿的临床资料,对15个可能与CAL发生有关的因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果：单因素分析显示,患儿年龄、性别、KD类型、大剂量丙种球蛋白（IVIG）治疗起始时间、对IVIG治疗的反应、使用糖皮质激素、发热持续时间及C反应蛋白等因素在合并和未合并CAL两组患儿中差异有统计学意义（P8岁、男性、非典型KD、IVIG治疗开始于发热后10 d 以上、对IVIG治疗无反应、发热持续时间>10 d为CAL发生的独立危险因素（OR分别为2.076、1.890、1.972、1.426、3.251、2.301、1.694,均P8岁）、男性、非典型KD、IVIG治疗起始时间较晚、对IVIG治疗无反应、发热持续时间较长是CAL发生的独立危险因素。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病诊治进展

川崎病(KD)的最佳疗法为IVIG联合阿司匹林口服,但仍有部分患儿对IVIG治疗无反应,且这部分患儿发生冠状动脉损害的危险性较高,但其发生机制目前仍不明确。患儿年龄较小,IVIG初治时间≤4 d,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、AST及CRP水平升高、血浆清蛋白及血小板减低等是IVIG无反应型KD的危险因素。IVIG无反应型KD的治疗方案目前仍存在争议,再次IVIG治疗是目前多数学者的共识,其他治疗方法如糖皮质激素、英利昔单抗、血浆置换等也在进一步研究中。现从IVIG无反应型KD的发病率、发生机制、危险因素及治疗方面进行综述。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病的诊治进展

川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)是一种病因未明的以全身性血管炎为主要病变的儿童急性发热出疹性疾病,大剂量静脉注射丙种球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)对改善临床症状、抑制冠状动脉损害(coronary artery lesions,CAL)的发生发展起着重要作用.目前标准化治疗已广泛应用,但仍有10%-15%的病例对IVIG无反应[1],且这部分患儿并发CAL的风险升高[2].因此,早期识别及有效治疗此类无反应型病例显得十分重要.     

丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病治疗及随访分析

目的了解丙种球蛋白(IVIG)无反应型川崎病患儿追加IVIG和追加激素治疗对其冠状动脉的影响及预后。方法将住院治疗的确诊为IVIG无反应型川崎病患儿32例,根据进一步治疗方案的不同分为A组(追加IVIG组,22例)、B组(追加激素组,10例),对两组患儿进行门诊随访。结果 B组恢复期(21～60 d)冠状动脉损害(CAL)发生率高于A组(P=0.035),两组随访半年后CAL发生率差别无统计学意义(P=0.128)。随访5年后,A组中7例从发病至随访结束冠状动脉均无异常,11例冠状动脉损害恢复正常,4例仍有冠状动脉异常;B组中6例冠状动脉损害恢复正常,4例仍有冠状动脉异常。结论两种方案治疗IVIG无反应型川崎病均有效,两组冠状动脉远期损害未发现有差异;IVIG无反应型川崎病患儿后期仍有CAL进展的可能,应加强长期随访。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病的预测指标及评分体系

川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)是一种急性系统性血管炎性疾病,好发于5岁以内的亚洲儿童,未及时治疗可发展成冠状动脉损害(coronary artery lesion,CAL).目前大剂量静脉注射丙种球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,WIG)联合阿司匹林口服作为KD的标准治疗方案,可使CAL发生率下降至3％ ～5％,但仍有部分患儿对IVIG不敏感,而这类患儿的CAL发生率较高.现有的Kobayashi评分和Egami评分体系等在临床应用的灵敏度不高,因此有必要探索新的指标包括基因及细胞因子等,建立高灵敏度的评分体系预测川崎病患儿IVIG抵抗的发生,以尽早采取其他治疗措施.该文就目前发现的运用于预测川崎病患儿IVIG无反应的预测指标及评分体系进行综述.     

川崎病患儿25-羟基维生素D_3水平变化及意义

目的研究川崎病(KD)患儿血清25-羟基维生素D3[25-(OH)D3]水平的变化及意义。方法收集2012年1月至2015年8月242例KD患儿的临床资料,根据有无冠状动脉损伤(CAL)分为CAL组(63例)和非CAL组(NCAL,179例),并且按照IVIG治疗效果分为IVIG敏感组(219例)和IVIG无反应组(23例)。选择同期40例健康儿童(对照组)和急性上呼吸道感染患儿40例(上感组)为对照,通过酶联免疫法检测各组血清25-(OH)D3水平。结果 IVIG治疗前:上感组、NCAL组和CAL组25-(OH)D3水平低于对照组(P0.05),以CAL组最低(P0.05);上感组、IVIG敏感组和IVIG无反应组25-(OH)D3水平均低于对照组(P0.05),以IVIG无反应组最低(P0.05)。IVIG治疗后:CAL组的25-(OH)D3水平低于NCAL组及对照组(P0.05);IVIG无反应组的25-(OH)D3水平低于IVIG敏感组及对照组(P0.05),以IVIG无反应组最低(P0.05)。结论 KD患儿25-(OH)D3水平下降,而且降低越明显,出现CAL以及无反应型KD的可能性越大。     

儿童川崎病并发冠状动脉损害的危险因素分析

目的 探讨儿童川崎病(KD)并发冠状动脉损害(CAL)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析895例KD患儿的病历资料,将其分为并发CAL 组(n=284)和未并发CAL 的对照组(n=611),比较两组临床及实验室指标,并对KD 患儿并发CAL的危险因素进行多因素logistic 回归分析。结果 男性、发生CAL 以外并发症、不典型KD、静脉注射丙种球蛋白(IVIG)抵抗、IVIG 治疗前发热时间>5 d、血清降钙素原(PCT)增高为KD患儿并发CAL 的独立危险因素(OR 值分别为1.712、2.028、3.655、2.912、1.350、1.068,均POR=0.931,P结论 男性KD患儿、不典型KD 患儿以及发生CAL 以外并发症、发热时间较长、IVIG 治疗抵抗的KD患儿并发CAL 的风险较高。血清PCT与ALB预测KD患儿并发CAL的价值不大。     

静脉输注丙种球蛋白防治川崎病冠状动脉病变的疗效

目的评价静脉输注丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗和预防川崎病(KD)冠状动脉病变(CAL)的疗效,探讨IVIG疗效的影响因素。方法对314例KD患儿的临床资料进行回顾性对比观察。按治疗将患儿分为阿司匹林(ASA) IVIG组和ASA组,观察两组CAL发生、恢复情况、不同时机不同剂量IVIG治疗KD疗效、临床及实验室指标,急性期出现CAL者分别于病程1,3,6,12个月复查。结果ASA IVIG组CAL发生率34.3%,ASA组56.0%,两组比较P<0.001。应IVIG2.0g/kg或1.0g/kg以及在病程3～10d应用IVIG,CAL发牛率低,P<0.05。22.2?L发生在IVIG治疗后;13.4?L在病程12个月仍不能恢复正常,多数为IVIG治疗开始时间超过10d者。ASA IVIG组住院时间、退热时间、总热程缩短,血小板计数、血沉、C反应蛋白显著降低(P<0.05)。IVIG耐药病例占10.5%。结论IVIG治疗可显著缩短KD病程和降低CAL发生,但对川崎病CAL防治并非人们所预期的那样有效,实际疗效需要再评价。     

兰州地区川崎病患儿并发冠状动脉损害的危险因素研究

目的探讨兰州地区川崎病(KD)患儿并发冠状动脉损害(CAL)的危险因素。方法对确诊的174例KD患儿,根据其是否并发CAL分为CAL组和NCAL组,分析比较其年龄、性别、热程、静脉用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)开始使用时间、IVIG使用剂量、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清白蛋白、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、血小板(PLT)、血红蛋白等资料的差异。结果 174例KD患儿并发CAL者46例(占26.44%),无并发CAL者128例;两组患儿平均热程、自发热到开始IVIG治疗的时间、IVIG使用剂量,以及PLT、CRP、ESR、红细胞计数(RBC)的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论热程10 d、发热10 d后开始使用IVIG,PLT、CRP、ESR升高,RBC降低的KD患儿应警惕并发CAL的危险性,对于KD的治疗及预后判断有一定的参考价值。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

How well are we doing? – Metabolic control in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data.