不同胎龄早产儿凝血功能及出血性疾病的临床研究

目的 分析早产儿凝血功能与胎龄间的相关性,并探讨凝血功能检测对出血性疾病的可能预测价值。方法 收集2016年9月至2017年8月住院的早产儿的相关临床资料以及生后2 h内凝血功能检测结果。依据胎龄分为晚期早产儿组（n=322）、早期早产儿组（n=241）和超/极早产儿组（n=128）,比较不同胎龄各组早产儿的凝血功能;并比较生后3 d内有无并发出血性疾病早产儿的凝血功能检测指标。结果 不同胎龄的3组间凝血酶时间（TT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原降解产物（FDP）、D-二聚体（DD）的比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,其中APTT、PT、FDP、DD与胎龄呈负相关,而TT与胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05）。与未患出血性疾病的早产儿相比,罹患出血性疾病早产儿的APTT延长（P < 0.05）,DD值升高（P < 0.05）。结论 早产儿随着胎龄的增长,生后凝血功能逐渐成熟。APTT及DD检测结果异常,预示早产儿可能会具有更高的风险罹患出血性疾病。     

新生儿出生后24小时内凝血功能检测的临床意义分析

目的探讨不同胎龄以及不同体重新生儿凝血功能指标的差异,为判断凝血功能指标的临床意义提供参考。方法2015年1月至2018年12月期间,在解放军总医院第五医学中心新生儿科住院治疗的新生儿中,纳入170例胎龄28~42周、出生8 h内入院的新生儿,其中男性87例,女性83例。按胎龄分为早期早产儿组、晚期早产儿组和足月儿组。按新生儿出生体重分为正常出生体重组、低出生体重组和极低出生体重组。按是否小于胎龄分为早产适于胎龄儿组、早产小于胎龄儿组、足月适于胎龄儿组、足月小于胎龄儿组。于生后24 h内抽取静脉血,检测活化部分凝血活酶时间(activatedpartial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin,TT)及D-二聚体(D-dimer)。结果早期早产儿组的APTT、PT、D-二聚体水平均高于晚期早产儿组及足月儿组(P值均<0.05),FIB水平低于晚期早产儿组及足月儿组(P值均<0.05);晚期早产儿组的APTT、PT水平均高于足月儿组(P值均<0.05),但两组间D-二聚体、FIB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。极低出生体重组的APTT、PT、D-二聚体水平均高于低出生体重组及正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05),FIB水平低于低出生体重组及正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05);低出生体重组的APTT、PT水平均高于正常出生体重组(P值均<0.05),但两组间D-二聚体、FIB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。早产小于胎龄儿组D-二聚体水平高于早产适于胎龄儿组(P<0.05),其余指标比较差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);足月适于胎龄儿与足月小于胎龄儿组的凝血指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。早产儿出血发生率高于足月儿[26.6%(29/109)与8.2%(5/61),χ^2=9.019,P=0.003]。结论新生儿凝血指标有胎龄和体重差异,胎龄越小、体重越低的新生儿凝血功能越不完善。     

纤维蛋白相关标志物对重症肺炎患儿DIC前状态的诊断价值

目的探讨纤维蛋白单体(FM)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(FDP)3种纤维蛋白相关标志物在重症肺炎患儿弥散性血管内凝血前状态(Pre-DIC)中的诊断价值。方法 213例重症肺炎患儿根据其是否合并Pre-DIC分为Pre-DIC组和病例对照组,另选择40例健康儿童作为正常对照组。分析各组的FM、D-D、FDP、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血小板计数(PLT)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)水平,应用受试者工作特征曲线对各指标进行比较和评价。结果三组间除FIB外其余各指标差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),其中FM、D-D、FDP、APTT三组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01),Pre-DIC组最高,病例对照组次之;Pre DIC组的PT明显高于正常对照组与病例对照组(P0.05),而后两组的PT差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Pre-DIC组和病例对照组的TM和PLT均高于正常对照组(P0.01),但前两组的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。各指标中FM、D-D、FDP诊断重症肺炎患儿DIC前状态的曲线下面积较大,分别为0.84、0.76、0.64,三者联合诊断时曲线下面积为0.85。结论纤维蛋白相关标志物FM、D-D、FDP可作为重症肺炎患儿Pre-DIC诊断中有价值的标志物,3项联合检测可提高诊断准确性。     

不同胎龄新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征高危因素及临床分析

目的比较不同胎龄新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的高危因素、并发症、治疗及预后情况。方法选择2012年8月至2013年7月收治入院的156例RDS新生儿,依据胎龄分为早期早产儿组(出生胎龄34周)42例,晚期早产儿组(出生胎龄34~36周)52例,足月儿组(出生胎龄≥37周)62例。回顾性分析RDS新生儿的基本情况、围生期高危因素、临床特点、治疗及预后。结果 156例RDS新生儿中,男女比例2.25:1;3组新生儿均以男性比例为高,但组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.923);发病时间和入院年龄随胎龄增加均有递增趋势,组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿高危因素分析,出生窒息、胎盘异常、多胎妊娠、胎膜早破,均以早期早产儿最多,晚期早产儿次之;足月儿剖宫产率最高;早期早产儿不明原因早产概率高于晚期早产儿,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿中,足月儿的肺表面活性物质(PS)应用率最低;早期早产儿X线分级Ⅱ级以上的比例最高,吸氧和住院时间最长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。早期早产儿合并肺部感染、颅内出血、支气管肺发育不良的概率均为最高,足月儿合并气胸的比例最高,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。3组新生儿中,早期早产儿治愈率最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论不同胎龄RDS新生儿的发病特点、高危因素、并发症及治疗反应均存在差异,因此在诊断和治疗的时候需考虑胎龄因素。对于足月儿要严格掌握择期剖宫产的指证,减少RDS发生。     

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目的总结胎盘早剥晚期早产儿的临床特点与治疗方案。方法从2009年10月至2011年5月从北京军区总医院附属八一儿童医院早产儿重症监护中心患儿资料中,根据入选条件,选取患儿83例,其中胎盘早剥37例为观察组,非胎盘早剥46例为对照组,进行回顾性分析。结果观察指标中,两组患儿比较,胎龄、多胎、胎膜早破史、出生体重、体重与胎龄匹配情况(小于胎龄儿或否)、母亲年龄、母亲妊娠糖尿病、新生儿窒息史、入院时活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体(D-D)、输注悬浮红细胞、输注血浆及使用肝素指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胎盘早剥属于胎盘功能不全,多继发早产儿凝血功能异常,使用小剂量肝素、输注血浆防治效果理想。     

早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血影响因素及预后

目的 探讨早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血(PVH-IVH)凝血功能的变化、影响因素及评估预后.方法 选择81例PVH-IVH早产儿为观察组,无PVH-IVH 81例早产儿为对照组,采用酶联免疫法检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FiB)、D-D聚体,对可能引起早产儿PVH-IVH的临床因素进行统计学分析,并通过行为神经评分(NBNA)测定初步评估预后.结果 观察组早产儿胎龄(30.9±1.79)周,对照组胎龄(31.36±1.39)周,2组比较差异有统计学意义(F=6.52,P=0.012);观察组APPT、D-D聚体水平与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);通过Logistic分析显示,胎龄、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、高体积分数氧、机械通气为高危因素(OR =3.98、1.72、2.99、5.65,P均＜0.05).NBNA测定:对照组NBNA总分为(36.51±2.32)分,观察组为(34.28-±3.12)分,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=9.16,P＜0.05).结论 PVH-IVH的发生是胎龄、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、高体积分数氧、机械通气等多种因素相互作用的复杂结果.尽量预防早产,积极治疗凝血功能异常的早产儿,避免NRDS发生和缩短机械通气的时间,可避免PVH-IVH发生.     

不同日龄新生儿凝血指标的临床研究

目的 探讨不同日龄新生儿凝血指标的变化及其临床意义.方法 以我院2005年1至12月129例生后无合并症新生儿为研究对象,按胎龄分为足月儿组和早产儿组,分别于生后1、3、10 d采血测定凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)、凝血酶时间(TT)及D-二聚体含量.结果 在出生后1、3、10 d三个不同日龄,早产儿和足月儿两组间的PT、D-二聚体差异均无显著性(P>0.05),但早产儿组的APTT、TT在三个不同的日龄均高于足月儿,Fg低于足月儿,差别均有显著性(P<0.05).同时随着新生儿目龄的增加,PT、APTT,TT、、D-二聚体减少,而Fg增加,三个时间点凝血指标的差别均有显著性(P<0.05).结论 胎龄、日龄对新生儿凝血指标均有影响,为临床诊断和治疗提供了一定的参考依据.     

窒息新生儿凝血功能状态的研究

目的探讨窒息足月、早产新生儿凝血功能的变化。方法检测10例正常儿、44例窒息足月儿、32例窒息早产儿凝血指标。结果与对照组比较,窒息足月儿PT、APTT、FIB、PLT无显著差异,D-D明显升高,且与窒息程度正相关。窒息早产儿与窒息足月儿比较PT、APTT延长,FIB、PLT降低,D-D无明显差异。结论窒息足月儿大都存有高凝为特征的前DIC或DIC早期;窒息早产儿更易发生DIC,且有向低凝期发展的趋势。     

不同原因所致早产儿的临床特征

目的比较不同原因所致早产儿的临床特征,为早产儿分类管理、合理诊治提供依据。方法对2008年12月-2009年6月在郑州大学第三附属医院NICU住院的存在胎膜早破、妊娠高血压综合征、胎盘早剥的孕妇所分娩238例活产早产儿的一般情况和临床特征进行对比,其中胎膜早破组99例,妊娠高血压综合征组89例,胎盘早剥组50例。结果3组早产儿在胎龄、双胎比例、病死率方面比较均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。妊娠高血压综合征组早产儿出生体质量较低。胎膜早破组早产儿窒息发生率较低(P<0.05)。胎膜早破组CRP阳性率较高,住院天数最短,与其他2组比较均有统计学差异(Pa<0.05);胎膜早破组呼吸窘迫综合征发生率低于妊娠高血压综合征组和胎盘早剥组,但均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。胎盘早剥组凝血异常发生率较高,与其他2组比较有统计学差异(Pa<0.05)。结论不同原因所致早产儿临床特征存在差异,应结合导致早产的病因进行分类管理。对胎膜早破所致早产儿应加强感染方面的管理,对妊娠高血压综合征、胎盘早剥所致早产儿应重视营养支持、窒息及凝血功能检测。     

骨定量超声技术在早产儿骨发育评价中应用和影响早产儿骨发育因素的研究

目的探讨定量超声(QUS)技术评价早产儿骨发育的作用及早产儿骨发育的影响因素。方法选取2009年2～7月本院NICU住院的早产儿为观察组,按2∶1比例随机选择同期出生的足月儿为对照组,用定量超声仪测量生后2d之内胫骨声波速度(SOS),同时检测出生24h内血钙、镁、磷和碱性磷酸酶,分析不同胎龄、体重、性别、母妊娠期高血压疾病及生化指标等因素对SOS值的影响,对有意义的因素进行多元回归分析。结果(1)胫骨SOS值早产儿低于足月儿;胎龄≤30周早产儿低于胎龄34～36周早产儿和足月儿,胎龄31～33周早产儿低于胎龄34～36周早产儿和足月儿;出生体重<1500g新生儿低于1500～2500g和>2500g的新生儿,P均<0.05;不同性别之间SOS值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);早产适于胎龄儿低于早产小于胎龄儿,P<0.001;母妊娠期高血压疾病组早产儿高于非妊娠期高血压疾病组,P<0.05。(2)SOS值与胎龄(r=0.347,P<0.001)、母妊娠期高血压疾病(r=0.215,P=0.016)、宫内发育迟缓(r=0.367,P<0.001)、血钙(r=0.259,P=0.004)和血镁(r=0.234,...     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.