吉西他滨单药及联合顺铂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床疗效观察

目的本研究旨在分析年龄≥70岁的晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者使用吉西他滨联合铂类化疗或吉西他滨单药化疗的疗效和毒性。方法选取≥70岁Ⅱ～Ⅳ期不能手术,并且东部肿瘤协作组（eastern cooperative oncology group,ECOG）体力状态评分（performance status,PS）为0～1分的NSCLC患者83例,仅用吉西他滨的单药化疗组40例,吉西他滨联合顺铂的联合化疗组43例,主要的研究终点为无进展生存期（progression free survival,PFS）。结果单药组患者平均年龄（74．75±1．72）岁,29例（占72.5％）患者有合并症,平均完成4．65个周期化疗。总有效率（overall response rate,ORR）为25％,疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）为70％,PFS为4月;联合组平均年龄（75．72±1．29）岁,28例（占65．1％）患者有合并症,平均完成4．02个周期化疗。ORR为39．5％,DCR为79．1％,PFS为6月。2组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。联合组不良反应更重。结论联合组疗效优于单药组,但Ⅲ-Ⅳ度不良反应发生率也较单药组高。吉西他滨联合铂类化疗在具有良好体力状态的≥70岁老年人是一种有效的治疗方案,并且具有可接受的毒性水平。     

紫杉醇单药及联合顺铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的观察紫杉醇（TAX）单药与TAX＋顺铂（DDP）治疗老年晚期NSCLC的疗效和不良反应。方法经病理学或细胞学证实的58例晚期非小细胞肺癌随机分为两组，A组：应用TAX单药化疗，B组：TAX＋DDP联合化疗，21天为一个周期，均治疗2周期以上。观察经两方案治疗后的缓解率（RR）、临床获益率（CR＋PR＋SD）、1年生存率和不良反应。结果A组及B组的有效率分别为31．0％和37．9％（P=0．22）；临床获益率（CR＋PR＋SD）分别为72．4％和79．3％（P=0．73）；1年生存率分别为43．3％和46．4％（P=0．52）；单药组的消化道毒性、骨髓毒性及肾脏损伤均显著低于联合组（P〈0．05）。结论紫杉醇单药或联合顺铂均是治疗老年晚期NSCLC的较好方案，二者疗效相似，单药紫杉醇毒副反应更少见，较易为老年患者接受。     

老年与青年肺癌临床对比分析

目的探讨老年肺癌和青年肺癌的不同特点。方法回顾性分析近5年来在我院经病理学证实的肺癌患者的资料，其中老年（≥70岁）组86例，青年（≤40岁）组45例，分别对两组患者的临床症状、并存病、病理、治疗方法及预后等指标进行比较。结果（1）老年组和青年组有胸痛的比例分别是18．6％和53．3％（P〈0．01），有并存病的比例分别是59．3％和13．3％（P〈0．01）；（2）老年组和青年组鳞癌占的比例分别是56．9％和26．6％（P=0．001），腺癌占的比例分别是25．6％和46．6％（P=0．008），晚期肺癌（Ⅲb-Ⅳ期）的比例分别是48．8％和65．7％（P=0．024）；（3）老年组和青年组半年、1年的生存率分别是72．3％和91．1％（P=0．022）、58．1％和75．6％（P=0．027），2年生存率分别是44．2％和51．1％（P=0．066）。结论老年人鳞癌比例较高，并存病多，治疗受限，预后差；青年人腺癌比例较高，并存病少，治疗更积极，预后较好。     

顺铂联合红霉素治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效观察

目的观察顺铂联合红霉索胸腔灌注治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效和毒副反应。方法采用胸腔闭式引流术,胸液小于50ml／24小时引流,治疗组（22例）在胸腔注入顺铂60mg、红霉素1．0,对照组（20例）在胸腔注入顺铂60mg,每周1次,共1—3次。观察疗效、生活质量、生存率及毒副反应。结果治疗组有效率为85％显著高于对照组的50％（P〈0．05）,治疗组6个月复发率明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,两组治疗后Karnofsky评分明显提高,但两组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,两组无严重不良反应,均可耐受。结论顺铂和红霉素联合胸膜腔内注射,消除胸水作用明显,值得临床推广。     

多西紫杉醇联合顺铂与紫杉醇联合顺铂一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的随机临床对照研究

背景与目的 多西紫杉醇是二线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的有效药物，近年来多项临床试验显示其在一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效与目前常用的一线方案相似。本研究拟比较多西紫杉醇联合顺铂（DC）与紫杉醇联合顺铂（PC）一线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效、毒副反应及生存。方法细胞学或病理学确诊的90例初治晚期非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为DC组与PC组。DC组：多西紫杉醇75mg／m^2，静脉滴注1小时，第1天，顺铂75mg／m^2，分成两天静脉滴注，第2，3天。PC组：紫杉醇150mg／m^2，静脉滴注3小时，第1天；顺铂75mg／m^2，分成两天静脉滴注，第2～3天。顺铂用药时需水化。两种方案均为21天重复。至少完成2周期化疗的患者进行疗效、毒副反应评价，并分析生存情况。结果DC组总有效率为31．1％，中位生存期为10．2月，中位疾病进展时间为4．4月，1年和2年生存率分别为35．6％、8．9％；PC组总有效率为33．3％，中位生存期为10．4月，中位疾病进展时间为4．9月，1年和2年生存率分别为37．8％、11．1％。两组的总有效率、中位生存期、中位疾病进展时间及1、2年生存率均无显著性统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度毒副反应为白细胞减少、贫血、恶心呕吐及脱发，无显著性统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论多西紫杉醇联合顺铂方案与紫杉醇联合顺铂方案比较，疗效与生存相似，毒副反应较轻，耐受性好，是一线治疗非小细胞肺癌的有效方案。     

局限期小细胞肺癌化疗联合体部γ-刀治疗的临床疗效观察

目的观察顺铂与足叶乙甙联合体部γ-刀同步治疗局限期小细胞肺癌的临床疗效。方法局限期小细胞肺癌患者68例,采用信封抽签随机分为同步治疗组（A组）和序贯治疗组（B组）。两组患者均接受顺铂与足叶乙甙化疗6周期和体部γ-刀治疗6～10次。A组患者化疗与γ-刀治疗同步进行;B组先给予4个周期的化疗,再进行γ-刀治疗,然后再化疗2个周期。结果A组患者的中位生存期24个月,3年生存率为32％;B组患者的中位生存期为16个月,3年生存率为18％,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组患者的主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制,Ⅲ、Ⅳ度的白细胞下降发生率A组为91．2％（31／34）,B组为67．6％（23／34）,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论顺铂与足叶乙甙方案联合体部γ-刀同步治疗局限期小细胞肺癌,能提高患者的生存期和生存率。     

老年人良性阵发性位置性眩晕的特点及管石复位治疗

目的 研究老年人良性阵发性位置性眩晕的特点及观察手法复位的治疗效果。方法 62例老年良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者，男18例，女44例，年龄65-84岁（平均72．1岁）分为2组，手法复位治疗（治疗组）41例，非手法复位治疗（对照组）21例。患者在就诊后3d和6个月随访。结果 在本眩晕中心就诊308例良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者中，以51～70岁患者为多发，占51．0％。治疗效果，治疗组在3d内有78．0％患者治愈，与对照组（23．8％）比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随访6个月，治愈率分别为90．2％和81．0％。有4例患者不能耐受，手法复位效果不好。结论 老年BPPV患者临床多见，手法复位治疗对老年人良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者安全、有效，能显著缩短病程。     

内镜下支架放置术解除老年人结石性胆总管梗阻的疗效评价

目的 探讨内镜下支架放置术治疗老年人胆总管结石的应用价值。方法 对52例老年胆总管结石患者（70－89岁）进行回顾性分析，根据所行治疗方式分胆总管支架放置组（支架组，28例）和胆总管探查手术组（手术组，24例）。2组患者具有基本相同的临床特征。术后随访14－85个月。结果 支架组患者手术全部成功；手术组有1例于术后第3天死于呼吸循环衰竭，手术死亡率为4．2％。支架组和手术组早期并发症发生率分别为14．4％和33．3％（P＜0．01）；晚期并发症发生率分别为39．3％和12．5％（P＜0．01），支架组有2例死于晚期并发症，病死率为7．1％，其中1例为急性化脓性胆管炎，1例为肝脓肿。结论 对老年人胆总管结石患者行胆总管内支架放置术为一种安全、有效的治疗手段，但远期疗效较差。只要患者身体条件允许，早期行胆总管探查术仍应为治疗手段的首选。     

Ⅲ期食管癌综合治疗69例分析

将已确诊Ⅲ期食管癌鳞癌患者患者69例随机分为综合治疗组和单纯手术组。综合治疗组35例采用术前放疗化疗＋手术治疗＋术后化疗。单纯手术组34例采用食管癌根治术＋淋巴结三野清扫术。发现综合治疗组根治性手术切除率、1a生存率、无病生存率高于单纯手术组（P〈0．05）,单纯手术组开胸探查率高于综合治疗组（P〈0．05）。认为Ⅲ期食管癌综合治疗可以提高根治性手术切除率,改善近期预后及无病生存率,术后化疗对于预防肿瘤复发有一定作用。     

7O岁以上老年卵巢癌患者的化学治疗

目的观察70岁以上卵巢癌患者化疗的情况。方法选择1988年1月至2003年8月间我科初治的年龄≥70岁的卵巢癌化疗患者28例（老年组），年龄〈60岁卵巢癌化疗患者49例（非老年组），比较两组患者的临床资料、化疗的耐受性、生存期等。结果老年组和非老年组的化疗率分别为82．4％和98．0％，化疗的平均疗程数分别为5个和9个，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组的化疗方案和按时化疗率比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。老年组出现消化道反应的发生率（39．3％）明显低于非老年组（77．6％）。两组患者骨髓抑制需要治疗的比率分别为91．7％和52．0％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。随访期间，两组的生存时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论年龄大于70岁的卵巢癌患者能够耐受化疗；但化疗前应详细地评价全身状态，治疗方案个体化，严密监测和处理化疗的毒副反应。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.