醋柳黄酮治疗老年冠心病的疗效观察

目的：观察醋柳黄酮治疗老年冠心病心肌缺血的临床疗效。方法：78例冠心病，随机分为治疗组（40例）与对照组（38例）。对照组常规治疗应用硝酸异山梨酯与阿司匹林。治疗组在常规治疗基础上，加用醋柳黄酮15mg，3次／d，连续3个月。每例于治疗开始前1日与结束次日，进行血脂、血液流变学与动态心电图（Holter）检测。结果：服醋柳黄酮3个月，血清总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL—C）水平明显下降（P〈0．01），高密度指蛋白-胆固醇（HDL—C）水平明显上升（P〈0．05），较对照组显著（P〈0．01）；血液流变学指标如全血粘度、血浆比粘度等均显著下降（P〈0．01或〈0．05），且优于对照组（P〈0．05）。Holter监测示心肌缺血的发作次数及其持续时间，两组均明显减少（P〈0．01、〈0．05），但治疗组减少更著（P〈0．05）。醋柳黄酮治疗未见不良反应。结论：醋柳黄酮有调脂与改善血液流变性作用，治疗老年冠心病安全、有效。     

Serum lipoprotein(a) level in relation to severity of coronary artery disease and coronary artery patency in acute myocardial infarction

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle that may accelerate atherogenesis and promote thrombosis. In the present study, relationships between serum Lp(a) levels and the severity of coronary artery disease and infarct artery patency were studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lp(a) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the timing of reperfusion was evaluated using the creatine kinase myosin-brain fraction and myoglobin release curves. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade and severity of coronary artery disease were assessed using a scoring system based on coronary angiography performed during hospitalization and 6 months thereafter. The median Lp(a) level on admission was 127 (range 11–2 513) mg/l. The overall coronary score was higher in patients with Lp(a) levels greater than 127 mg/l than in those with Lp(a) less than 127 mg/l (P < 0.01). Lp(a) level correlated with the coronary score measured during hospitalization (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) and 6 months later (r = 0.79, P < 0.01). The timing of reperfusion and infarct artery patency were not dependent on the serum Lp(a) level. The results show that the serum Lp(a) level is associated with the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease postmyocardial infarction but does not determine the patency of the infarct-related artery. Received: May 14, 2001 / Accepted: September 22, 2001     

以晕厥为首发症状的急性心肌梗塞相关血管分析

目的:探讨以晕厥为首发症状的急性心肌梗塞(AMI)与梗塞相关血管之间的关系。方法:对200例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗塞(STEMI)并进行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者中15例以晕厥为首发症状的梗塞相关血管进行分析。结果:以晕厥为首发症状的患者在26例梗塞相关血管为左回旋支者中有5例(占19.2%);65例梗塞相关血管为右冠状动脉者中有7例(10.8%);109例梗塞相关血管为左前降支者有3例(2.8%),梗塞相关血管为左前降支者的晕厥为首发症状的发生率显著低于梗塞相关血管为右冠状动脉,及左回旋支者(P0.05)。结论:梗塞相关血管为左回旋支或右冠状动脉的AMI患者,晕厥的发生率显著高于梗塞相关血管为左前降支的AMI患者。     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a cause of myocardial infarction

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare disease that is usually seen in young women in left descending coronary artery and result in events like sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction. A 70-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department with chest pain which started 1 h ago during a relative’s funeral. The initial electrocardiography demonstrated 2 mm ST-segment depression in leads V1-V3 and the patient underwent emergent coronary angiography. SCAD simultaneously in two different coronary arteries [left anterior descending (LAD) artery and left circumflex (LCx)] artery was detected and SCAD in LCx artery was causing total occlusion which resulted in acute myocardial infarction. Successful stenting was performed thereafter for both lesions. In addition to the existence of SCAD simultaneously in two different coronary arteries, the presence of muscular bridge and SCAD together at the same site of the LAD artery was another interesting point which made us report this case.     

Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction

Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease(CAD) comprises a broad spectrum of clinical entities that include asymptomatic subclinical atherosclerosis and its clinical complications, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction(MI) and sudden cardiac death. CAD continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialized society. The long-recognized familial clustering of CAD suggests that genetics plays a central role in its development, with the heritability of CAD and MI estimated at approximately 50% to 60%. Understanding the genetic architecture of CAD and MI has proven to be difficult and costly due to the heterogeneity of clinical CAD and the underlying multi-decade complex pathophysiological processes that involve both genetic and environmental interactions. This review describes the clinical heterogeneity of CAD and MI to clarify the disease spectrum in genetic studies, provides a brief overview of the historical understanding and estimation of the heritability of CAD and MI, recounts major gene discoveries of potential causal mutations in familial CAD and MI, summarizes CAD and MIassociated genetic variants identified using candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies(GWAS), and summarizes the current status of the construction and validations of genetic risk scores for lifetime risk prediction and guidance for preventive strategies. Potential protective genetic factors against the development of CAD and MI are also discussed. Finally, GWAS have identified multiple genetic factors associated with an increased risk of in-stent restenosis following stent placement for obstructive CAD. This review will also address genetic factors associated with in-stent restenosis, which may ultimately guide clinical decision-making regarding revascularization strategies for patients with CAD and MI.     

Risk factors for myocardial infarction during coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Patients with a particular thrombotic profile may be at greaterrisk of myocardial infarction during coronary artery bypassgraft surgery. The thrombotic profile of 50 patients admitted to hospital withstable angina pectoris was determined prior to haemodynamicinvestigation. ECG results and determination of cardiac enzymesshowed that 12 patients had suffered a perioperative myocardialinfarction. These patients had a higher mean atheroscleroticscore (42.1 ± 10.5 vs 32.9 ± 13, P<0.02), alonger aortic cross clamp time (59 ± 15.2 vs 45.7 ±16.3 min, P < 0.05), lower serum levels of protein C (101.2±26vs 124.7+ 31.4%, P<0.05) and tissue plasminogen activator(322 ± 580 vs 2307±2830 IU ml^–1, P<0.01). There were no differences between the two groups in Jenkin'scoronary score, the number and type of grafts, ejection fraction,left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, lipid profile or levelsof markers of platelet release. In addition to a more severe distal coronary atheroma and alonger aortic cross-clamp time, patients with impaired endothelialfibrinolytic activity appeared to be at greater risk of myocardialinfarction during coronary artery bypass graft surgery.     

冠状动脉搭桥围术期急性心肌梗死紧急再搭桥

目的：回顾性分析冠状动脉搭桥围术期急性心肌梗死急诊再搭桥的临床经验。方法：在510例冠状动脉搭桥患中，5例患在术后4h内因急性心肌梗死需急诊再搭桥，发生率0．98％。5例患中，男女比例为4：1，年龄56－77岁（平均63．6岁），均为冠状动脉三支血管病变（3例伴左主干病变），手术中搭桥3－5支（人均搭桥3．6支），左乳内动脉桥5根，其余为大隐静脉桥。2例在关胸后20min，3例在回重症监护病房后2－4h出现急性心肌缺血表现（明显心电图ST－T变化），伴室颤2例，5例血液动力学均不稳定，药物处理难以稳定血液动力学。全部患均立即送手术室（2例仍在手术室），急诊再次开胸。探查发现，2例患静脉桥（分别搭桥到回旋支第二钝缘支和右冠状动脉后降支）内急性血栓形成；另3例所有静脉桥良好，但左室前壁收缩运动明显减弱，结合心电图变化，诊断为左乳内动脉灌注不良。重新建立体外循环，清除桥内血栓重新搭桥2例（1例在非体外循环心脏跳动下进行）；另取一段静脉搭桥到左乳内动脉－左前降支吻合口远端的左前降支3例。结果：5例患顺利度过手术，均置入主动脉内球囊反搏，支持22－25h（平均42h）。手术后呼吸机支持4h－18d（平均7．3d）合并消化道出血4例，肾功能不全2例，肺部感染2例，切口感染1例。手术后住院时间12－35d，平均21d。全组均痊愈出院。结论：冠状动脉搭桥围术期急性心肌梗死应重在预防。如怀疑桥有问题，急诊再搭桥是良好选择，但手术后并发症发生率明显增加。     

The extent of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction: an ECG study

In 91 non-diabetics (age 63 +/- 12, mean +/- SD, years range 31-94 years) and 85 patients with known diabetes or clearly abnormal levels of HbA1c (age 66 +/- 10 years, range 36-87 years) electrocardiograms were analysed sequentially after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There was no significant difference in infarct site between the two groups. Generalized ischaemic change without ST elevation was seen in 33% of diabetics and 22% of non-diabetics (p greater than 0.1). In patients with transmural AMI, cardiogenic shock (CGS) was significantly commoner in diabetics (relative risk 3.1, CL 1.2-8.1) but there was no difference in the frequency of reciprocal change between the two groups. In both diabetic and non-diabetic patients the development of cardiogenic shock was more frequently associated with the presence of reciprocal change, the difference reaching significance in the diabetic group (chi 2 = 4.4, p less than 0.05). Thus cardiogenic shock in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients with AMI may be associated with the presence of extensive coronary artery disease, but differences in the prevalence of extensive disease do not explain the predisposition of diabetic patients to CGS.     

冠心病患者血脂水平与颈动脉及冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的关系

背景与目的血浆脂质水平与动脉粥样硬化程度密切相关，大多数的冠心病患者均有高脂血症，但并非所有高脂血症患者都有动脉及冠状动脉粥样硬化或冠心病。本文旨在研究血浆脂质的不同成份与颈动脉及冠状动脉粥样硬化病变之间的关系。材料与方法对125例因心绞痛、不明原因胸病或心肌梗塞而入院行选择性冠状动脉造影的患者作双侧颈动脉超声检查及血浆脂质水平测定，用Gensini法计算冠脉病变积分，用Crouse法计算颈动脉斑块积分，研究各血脂指标与冠脉病变支数、冠脉病变积分、颈动脉斑块积分之间的关系。结果与结论血浆总胆固醇浓度、低密度脂蛋白浓度及高脂血症病史，与冠脉病变支数、冠脉病变积分及颈动脉斑块积分均呈显著的正相关；高密度脂蛋白浓度则与上述各参数呈显著负相关。     

Repetitive myocardial infarction in a young woman with vasospastic coronary artery disease

The angiographic study of a young woman with previous anteriormyocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries is presented.During coronary angiography the patient had multiple episodesof spasm in the right coronary artery and an acute inferiormyocardial infarction.     

低血钾与急性心肌梗死的梗死部位冠状动脉病变及预后的关系

目的探讨低血钾与急性心肌梗死的梗死部位、冠状动脉病变及预后的关系。方法根据心肌梗死早期血钾水平把110例患者分为低血钾组、正常血钾组,对比两组的梗死部位、冠状动脉病变特征、并发症和预后情况。结果急性心肌梗死患者低血钾36例(占32.7%),其中广泛前壁心肌梗死(57.1%)与下壁(23.9%)相比更易合并低血钾(P<0.01)。低血钾组的梗死相关血管更多为前降支(55.6%)和近段病变(55.6%),与对照组差异有统计学意义(分别为P=0.01,P=0.03)。低血钾组心力衰竭、严重心律失常、梗死后心绞痛等并发症发生率显著高于正常血钾组(均为P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死合并低血钾的梗死相关血管多为近段病变,多为前降支,预后相对较差。     

危险评分对急性心肌梗死急诊介入干预患者远期预后的评价

目的 探讨心肌梗死(MI)溶栓疗法(TIMI)危险评分系统对ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入干预(PCI)远期预后预测的价值。方法 应用TIMI危险评分系统的8个变量,分别累计各例的评分值,观察患者住院期并随访平均(23.9±3.8)个月的主要心血管事件(包括非致命心力衰竭、非致命再次心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建及心脏性死亡),分析入院时TIMI危险评分值对总心血管事件发生率的预测性。结果 373例STEMI患者随访期总心血管事件发生89例(平均发生率23.9％);随危险评分值的逐渐递增,其总心血管事件发生率进行性增高(对增高趋势,X2值统计,P<0.05);评分≥8分者总心血管事件是评分为0者的9倍;与<6分者比较,评分≥6分者心脏性死亡事件明显增高(25％比0,P<0.01),死亡 MI事件也显著增加(36.7％比2.6％,P<0.01)。无论患者入院时肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平增高与否,其TIMI危险评分越高、则发生心脏不良事件的危险性越大。结论 入院时TIMI危险评分值增高,临床预后越差,TIMI危险评分法可能是对STEMI行直接PCI患者进行床旁定量危险评估与远期预后预测较为方便、实用的临床评价方法。     

冠心病心电图心肌缺血与心率变异性的关系

为通过了解心肌缺血时心率变异性的改变，探讨冠心病自主神经失衡的状况，前瞻，顺序地观察静息心电图呈典型心肌缺血的冠心病患者２１例，心电图正常的冠心病患者１９例和健康人２２例ＨＲＶ时域，频域指标。     

Association study of the thrombomodulin -33G>A polymorphism with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in Chinese Han population

BACKGROUND: Thrombomodulin (TM) is the anticoagulant endothelial cell membrane-bound protein cofactor in the thrombin-mediated activation of protein C. Recently, conflicting data have been reported regarding the possible contribution of the TM -33G>A polymorphism to coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI) in some Asian populations. We investigated this polymorphism in northern Han Chinese. METHODS: We performed a case-control study, including 808 patients with angiographically verified CAD or a history of an acute MI and 813 age- and sex-matched controls. The TM -33G>A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. RESULTS: We did not find a significant difference in the frequency of the A allele between CAD patients (11%) and controls (9.8%; P=0.249), between MI patients (11.5%) and controls (P=0.163), or between premature MI patients (11.7%) and controls (P=0.265). Similarly, the difference of the genotypic distributions could be neglected across the groups: GG: (GA/AA) was 81.4%:18.6% in controls, 79.7%:20.3% in patients with CAD, 78.8%:21.2% in patients with MI, and 77.7%:22.3% in patients with premature MI, respectively (vs. controls, all P>0.05). The lack of association also persisted after adjusting for other conventional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results seemed not to support a significant association of the TM -33G>A polymorphism with CAD, MI or premature MI in our population.     

老年不同性别心肌梗死临床病理的比较

目的：探讨老年心肌梗死临床病理的性别差异。方法：对84例尸检证实的老年人心肌梗死分为男女两组（男65例,女19例）进行临床病理对照分析。结果：老年女性心肌梗死平均年龄（81．3岁）大于男性（72．7岁）;女性心原性休克7例（36．8％）多于男性的6例（9．2％,P＜0．01）。女性冠状动脉明显狭窄的平均支数为1．7支,少于男性的2．3支;女性三支以上冠状动脉明显狭窄3例（15．8％）,低于男性的28例（43．1％,P＜0．05）;女性急性初发心肌梗死及心脏破裂分别为9例（47．5％）及6例（31．6％）均多于男性的13例（20％）及8例（12．3％）,P＜0．05。结论：提示老年女性心肌梗死的特点可能为患病年龄大、冠状动脉明显累分支较少,急性初发心肌梗死、心原性休克及心脏破裂较男性多见。     

有和无ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死患者的冠状动脉病变及心功能变化的比较

目的　比较国人无ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死 (NSTEMI)与ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死(STEMI)的冠状动脉 (冠脉 )病变特点及其左心室收缩、舒张和收缩同步性功能的变化。方法　连续入院的 16 8例急性心肌梗死的患者 ,其中STEMI患者 116例和NSTEMI患者 5 2例 ,于梗死后 72h内行定量冠脉造影分析 (QCA) ,1周后行平衡法核素心室造影 (ERNA)和心室相位分析 (PA) ,测定左室功能参数。结果　 (1)NSTEMI组中有糖尿病、陈旧心肌梗死、反复心绞痛发作的比率显著高于STEMI组(30 77%vs 10 34% ;34 6 2 %vs 14 6 6 % ;6 1 5 4 %vs 2 4 14 % ,P均 <0 0 1) ,而心力衰竭并发率低于STEMI组 ,且CK和CK MB峰值分别较STEMI组低 5 5 33%和 5 8 6 0 % (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )NSTEMI组多支病变、90 %～ 99%严重狭窄、C型病变和梗死相关血管 (IRA)TIMI Ⅲ级血流的比率均高于STEMI组 (P<0 0 5 ) ,而急性室壁瘤形成率低于STEMI组 (3 85 %vs 2 3 2 8% ,P <0 0 1)。 (3)NSTEMI组心室舒张功能参数PFR较STEMI组低 7 36 % (P <0 0 1) ,TPFR较STEMI组明显延长 4 75 % (P <0 0 1) ,心室收缩同步性功能参数PS、FWHM、PSD分别明显低于STEMI组 15 0 5 %、15 84 %、2 7 0 4 % (P <0 0 1)。结论　NSTEMI多支复杂血管病变明显高于STEMI并伴     

冠心病患者左心功能的改变

目的:观察不同程度冠心病患者左心功能的变化。方法;78例冠心病患者分成稳定性心绞痛(SA)、不稳定性心绞痛(UA)、急性心肌梗死(AMI)和陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)4组,并与30例健康成人(对照组)比较。采用无创伤自动检测仪及彩色多普勒血流显像仪测定心功能指标;心排血指数(CI),外周阻力(TPR),左室射血前期(PEP)及左室射血时间(LVET);左室收缩功能:射血分数,每搏量,心搏出量;左室舒张功能:A峰,E峰,峰值速度比值,峰值充盈,标准化充盈速度。结果:AMI和OMI组心功能明显减低(P<0.01):CI减少,TPR增高,PEP延长,LVET缩短,左室收缩功能减弱,舒张功能降低;UA和SA组心功能减低(P<0.05～<0.01);AMI和OMI组比UA和SA组心功能减低有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论;冠心病随病情加重,心功能明显恶化。     

合并代谢综合征的急性心肌梗死患者临床特征

目的探讨合并代谢综合征（MS）的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者临床特征。方法对81例合并MS的AMI患者及94例无MS的AMI患者进行回顾性研究,比较两组患者的基础临床情况、诱发因素、临床表现、梗死部位及心肌损伤标记物情况。结果与非MS组相比,MS组年龄较大,女性患者较多（34.6%vs.17.0%;P〈0.01）,而吸烟和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）家族史较低（分别为43.2%vs.59.6%;13.6%vs.25.5%;P均〈0.05）,饱餐后或情绪激动时发病较高（分别为18.5%vs.7.4%;13.6%vs.4.3%;P均〈0.05）,有胸痛者少（66.7%vs.81.9%;P〈0.05）,泵功能≥KillipⅡ级者较多（35.8%vs.22.3%;P〈0.05）,住院病死率高（22.2%vs.10.6%;P〈0.05）,前壁梗死较高（51.9%vs.36.2%;P〈0.05）,肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）较高[（147±19）U/Lvs.（122±14）U/L;P〈0.01]。结论与无MS的AMI患者相比,合并MS的AMI患者年龄较大,女性患者较多,近期预后较差。