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长期以来,关于急性脑卒中患者的血压是保持在高水平还是降至较低水平的问题一直存在争议。目前已有部分较大的循证医学证据支持脑卒中急性期降压治疗的获益,提示在急性缺血性或出血性卒中患者中积极降低血压是安全和有效的。但是,在那些重度急性脑卒中、颅内血流动力学不稳定患者中的降压仍需慎重,尚需大规模临床研究结果进一步证实。应在实际工作中根据患者的个体情况、综合分析降压过程的利弊。目前国内比较公认的意见是:血压>200/130 mmHg时开始降压治疗,24 h血压下降应<25%;溶栓前、溶栓后24 h内控制血压<185/110 mmHg。     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染135例临床分析

目的分析急性脑卒中患者肺部感染的相关因素，并探讨防治对策。方法对我院2002-2006年住院的脑卒中患者进行肺部感染回顾性调查分析。结果518例脑卒中患者并发肺部感染135例，感染率为26．06％。结论急性脑卒中患者肺部感染的发生与年龄、脑卒中性质、意识障碍及卧床时间有关。并发肺部感染的脑卒中患者死亡率明显升高。应以积极治疗原发病，切断感染途径，缩短卧床时间，保持呼吸道通畅为防治对策。     

老年急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的影响因素

急性脑卒中发病急、患者神经功能缺损严重且并发症较多,在中老年人中较为常见[1].老年急性脑卒中患者由于身体较弱,肺功能减退且患病后伴有意识障碍及肢体活动障碍,患者长期卧床,活动量少,极易发生肺部感染,成为急性脑卒中患者最为常见的严重并发症,也是导致脑卒中患者死亡率增高的重要因素之一[2,3].为有效控制患者病情,改善患者预后,本院选取收治的急性脑卒中患者进行观察研究. 1资料与方法 1.1 一般资料2010年7月至2011年8月我院收治老年急性脑卒中患者632例,其中合并肺部感染209例,感染率为33.07％,男105例,女104例,年龄60～75[平均(69.86±4.38)]岁.伴有基础疾病129例(糖尿病35例,高血压32例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病28例,既往有卒中史21例及冠状动脉性心脏病13例).患者住院时间3 ～41 d,平均(18.21 ±3.65)d,其中＜2 w 306例,＞2 w 326例.     

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??Abstract??Carotid artery dissection is a major cause of stroke??especially in young and middle-aged patients.A dissection is thought to result from trauma or can occur spontaneously.Many risk factors have been identified in association with carotid artery dissection such as hereditary factors??systemic arteriopathy??vascular anomaly??hypertension??migraine??trivial neck trauma??cervical spine manipulation and recent infection.Early recognition of these risk factors is favorable to prevention??diagnosis and management of the dissection.     

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??Abstract??Cerebral arterial dissection (CAD) has been recognized as one of the most common causes of ischemic stroke in young people??and it occurs when there is a tear in the intimal layer of the carotid or vertebral arteries with subsequent extravasation of blood into the subintimal layers.Clinical diagnosis is often difficult for the signs and symptoms vary and are similar to etiologies that are encountered far more frequently.But computed tomographic angiography??magnetic resonance angiography??and digital subtraction angiography may aid in diagnosis.Management options include antiplatelet therapy??anticoagulation??thrombolysis and endovascular procedures.With the progress of the diagnosis and treatment technologies in recent years??early recognition of dissection and timely medical intervention are clinically feasible??which can improve the cure rate and reduce morbidity and mortality of the stroke from CAD.     

急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的相关危险因素并提出相应干预措施。方法分析450例急性脑卒中患者的临床治疗资料,统计急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的相关因素。结果经单因素及多因素分析,患者年龄≥65岁、住院时间>3周,有脑卒中、慢性肺病史,意识障碍和吞咽困难,出血性脑卒中,合并糖尿病、低蛋白血症、肾功能不全等均为急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论在临床工作中应采取相应措施进行积极预防,早发现、早治疗,降低肺部感染发生率,改善患者预后。     

急性期脑卒中并发肺部感染86例临床分析

目的：探讨脑卒中急性期并发肺部感染的相关临床因素及对预后的影响。方法：收集673例急性脑卒中住院患者的临床资料,分析86例并发肺部感染与相关临床因素的关系。结果：本纽673例急性脑卒中并发肺部感染率为12．8％。意识障碍、吞咽障碍以及慢性肺部疾病史与肺部感染的发生有显著性关系（P〈0．01）;高龄、脑卒中类型、脑卒中史等与肺部感染发生有显著性关系（P〈0．05）。脑卒中病情越重,肺部感染发生率越高,肺部感染组病死率为15．1％明显高于非肺部感染组的3．6％（P〈0．01）。结论：脑卒中急性期患者肺部感染是由于多种因素相互作用的结果,严重影响其预后。     

急性脑卒中并发肺部感染病原学分析

2001～2005年，我院收治急性脑卒中患者684例，其中合并肺部感染132例（19．3％），现将其病原学及临床资料进行回顾性分析如下。     

中老年急性脑卒中并发肺部感染的原因及防治

探讨中老年急性脑卒巾并发肺部感染的危险因素及防治方法，对2003～2005年中老年脑卒中患者并发肺部感染调查分析，结果132例脑卒中患者并发肺部感染33例，感染率为25％。中老年急性脑卒中患者并发肺部感染与年龄、脑卒中性质、意识障碍、临床时间有关，应以积极治疗原发病，切断感染途径、缩短卧床休息时间，鼓励咳嗽为防治方法。     

急性脑卒中合并肺部感染25例临床分析

急性脑卒中合并肺部感染具有发病率、病死率、复发率高,治愈率低,并发症多等特点,是一种严重威胁中老年人健康的常见病、多发病。本文随机选取2008年4月-2009年3月我院收治的脑卒中后并发肺部感染患者25例,分析患者发生肺部感染的相关因素。现报告如下。     

Characteristics of elevated cardiac troponin I in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Objective To study prognostic characteristics of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation in acute ischemic stroke. Methods We retrospectively studied patients (n = 248) with acute ischemic stroke, acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction who were treated between January 2013 and October 2015. Baseline demographic data and changes in cTnI levels among these three groups were compared. Patients with acute ischemic stroke were assigned to either the cTnI elevation group (cTnI > 0.034 ng/mL) or the no cTnI elevation group (cTnI ≤ 0.034 ng/mL). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with elevated serum cTnI in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Moreover, the duration of hospital stay and incidence of major cardiovascular outcomes were compared in patients with acute ischemic stroke, with or without elevated cTnI. Results In this study population of patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 178), acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (n = 35), and acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 35), patients with acute ischemic stroke with elevated cTnI comprised 18.54% of subjects. Patients with elevated cTnI were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension. In addition, these patients had higher levels of inflammatory markers, reduced renal functions, increased D-dimer levels, higher NIH stroke scores, and lower left ventricular ejection fractions. Logistic regression analysis showed that both percentage of neutrophil and NIH stroke scores were elevated; estimated glomerular filtration rate and left ventricular ejection fraction were decreased in patients with acute ischemic stroke who had elevated cTnI, and they had more frequent major cardiovascular events during hospital stay. Conclusion Elevated cTnI detected in patients with acute ischemic stroke, indicated a greater likelihood of poor short-term prognosis during hospital stay.     

老年急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期阿斯匹林治疗的临床对照研究

目的：探讨老年急性缺血性脑卒中早期抗血小板治疗效果,以及降低致残率的临床观察,方法：采用随机双盲对照研究,对入院48小时内急性脑卒中患者,经头颅CT扫描除外脑出血,无阿斯匹林禁忌的给予160mg 1/日口服或安慰剂治疗四周,结果：共入选180例,住院期间阿斯匹林组死亡2例,对照组死亡3例,阿斯匹林组治疗期间63％基本恢复,无再发脑卒中及出血,两组治疗结果比较判别显著（P＜0．05）, 结论：阿斯匹林辅佐治疗,不影响其它常规治疗,药源方便,价廉,具有促进恢复,预防复发作用。     

鼻空肠与鼻胃管管饲的急性重症卒中患者的肺炎

目的 探讨鼻空肠管与鼻胃管肠内营养支持对重症急性卒中患者卒中相关性肺炎(stroke associated pneumonia,SAP)以及其他并发症的影响.方法 共纳入60例需要管饲的重症急性卒中患者,随机分为鼻空肠管组和鼻胃管组进行肠内营养支持,观察2周内SAP、腹泻、呕吐、消化道出血和低钠血症的发生,记录置管前以及置管后7d和14 d时的营养指标(总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白)并进行比较.结果 鼻空肠管组和鼻胃管组各30例,2组人口统计学和基线临床资料均无显著差异.鼻空肠管组SAP(43.3％对70.0％;x2=4.340,P=0.037)、呕吐(13.3％对43.3％x2 =6.648,P=0.010)和低钠血症(16.7％对40.0％;x2 =4.022,P=0.045)发生率显著低于鼻胃管组,但腹泻和消化道出血发生率无显著差异.鼻空肠管组置管后14 d时的血浆总蛋白和前白蛋白浓度与置管前无显著差异,但血红蛋白浓度显著降低(P=0.001);相比之下,鼻胃管组置管后14 d时血浆总蛋白(P=0.001)、前白蛋白(P=0.036)和血红蛋白(P=0.001)浓度与置管前相比均显著降低.结论 重症急性卒中患者鼻空肠肠内营养能有效预防SAP以及呕吐和低钠血症的发生,并且有助于维持患者的营养状况.     

急性脑卒中时血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度变化及其预后意义

目的　探讨急性脑卒中时 ,患者血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度水平与预后的相关性。　方法　采用同型半胱氨酸微孔板分析技术 ,对 75例急性脑卒中患者 (其中脑出血 3 6例 ,脑梗死 3 9例 )检测了血浆浓度 ,并结合病情程度、血脂、血糖及血液流变学和预后转归等进行对照分析。　结果　脑出血组为 3 4 4μmol L± 14 7μmol L(男3 7 9μmol L± 18 4μmol L ,女 3 1 9μmol L± 11 2 μmol L) ,其中重型患者为 3 9 6μmol L± 19 5μmol L ,中型为 3 7 7μmol L± 14 3 μmol L ,轻型为 2 9 4μmol L± 11 0 μmol L ,死亡 6例 ,均值为 3 7 7μmol L± 16 2 μmol L。梗死组为 2 7 4μmol L±11 6μmol L(男 3 0 4μmol L± 12 3 μmol L ,女 2 2 6μmol L± 8 8μmol L) ,其中属轻型的为 2 6 4μmol L± 11 5μmol L ,中型3 1 2 μmol L± 11 8μmol L。　 结论　急性脑卒中患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平能反映病情的严重程度 ,有助评估患者的预后 ,指导临床治疗的意义     

Prior antiplatelet drug use and short-term mortality in older patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS)

Some studies suggest that previous treatment with antiplatelet agents (AA) might reduce ischemic stroke severity and improve outcomes in terms of clinical deficits or mortality. We evaluated the effect of the prior chronic use of AA on short-term (30 days) mortality in a sample of consecutive patients with AIS. Four hundred thirty-nine older patients (>65 years) with “major” AIS (modified Rankin scale ≥ 3) consecutively admitted to the University ward of Internal Medicine or Geriatrics were enrolled. Stroke was classified according to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP). Data recorded included: (1) clinical features; (2) medical history including home therapies, and vascular risk factors; (3) routine clinical chemistry analyzes (verb)/analyses (noun). Short-term (30 days) mortality was 27.6%. One hundred fifteen subjects (26.2%) were taking AA before admission. Compared with subjects not treated, subjects taking AA were characterized by higher prevalence of recurrent stroke (35% vs. 22%). In this group, a trend toward a higher prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF), smoking, and altered levels of consciousness (ALC) was noted. Stroke type and short-term mortality (33% vs. 26.2%; odds ratio = OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval = CI = 0.75-2.10, age and gender adjusted) were not different between the two groups. Adjustment for glucose, CHF, previous stroke, smoking, and ALC did not change mortality risk (OR = 0.83; 95%CI = 0.40-1.72). We conclude that in older patients hospitalized for “major” AIS, prior use of AA was not associated with any benefit in terms of short-term mortality both in patients with first, as well as in those with recurrent ischemic stroke.     

急性脑卒中后血压变化动态观察

为探讨急性脑卒中后血压变化的规律，对126例急性脑卒中（中风组）和126例非卒中（对照组）患者，发病后7d的血压进行了连续动态观察。结果显示，发病后首次血压升高，中风组与对照组分别为84％和21％（P＜0．01）。在未采用降压治疗的情况下，中风组血压自然下降，第4d两组下降的幅度为4．00／2．00kPa、0．93／0．67kPa，然后趋于稳定。提示急性中风后血压的变化呈先升高后下降的自然规律。     

急性脑梗死超早期的r-tPA溶栓治疗

目的　探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (r- t PA)溶栓治疗发病 6h内脑梗死的疗效及并发症。方法　共收集本院 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 43例溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死病例 ,其中 32例经静脉溶栓 ,1 1例经动脉溶栓。分别对两组病例进行溶栓前后的 NIHSS,ESS及 ADL量表评分 ,根据 3个月时的随访记录判断溶栓疗效 (分为治愈、显效、有效、无效 )。结果　静脉溶栓组和动脉溶栓组的总有效率分别为 79.3%、90 .9% ;治愈率分别为2 7.6%、45.5% ,溶栓后脑出血率分别为 1 0 .3%、1 8.2 % ,但由于动脉组例数较少 ,两组疗效差异无统计学意义。结论　 6 h内溶栓治疗是安全有效的 ,低 NIHSS的患者有较好转归。     

急性脑梗死血栓溶解疗法的实验研究

目的 通过动物实验研究探讨一种有效的溶栓治疗急性脑梗死。方法 对三组犬分别给予静脉溶栓(IV)、动脉溶栓(IA)及静脉 动脉联合溶栓(IV IA)，并与对照组对照，并获取相关的DSA资料、病理标本。结果 动物实验(IV组)1例部分再通，(IA组)4例部分再通，IV IA组3例部分再通，3例完全再通，再通犬梗死灶面积明显小于对照组(P＜0．001)，IV IA组明显小于IA组及IV组(P＜0．001)。结论 本动物模型建立方法成功率高，梗死灶稳定，重复性好，IV IA溶栓优于其他方式。     

东菱精纯克栓酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的：评价东菱克栓酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果及其安全性。方法：98例脑梗死患者随机分为东菱克栓酶治疗组(三天连续疗法)和低分子右旋糖酐 丹参 胞二磷胆碱对照组。结果：治疗组治疗后起效快，14天总有效率达88％，明显优于对照组。治疗组降低血纤维蛋白原水平显著，不良反应轻微。结论：东菱克栓酶治疗急性脑梗死疗效肯定，而且比较安全。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与急性脑梗塞相关性临床分析

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与急性缺血性脑卒中(脑梗塞)的相互关系及其影响因素。方法选择2013年1月~11月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院进行头颅磁共振和扩散加权成像(DWI),以及腹部超声检查的住院患者481例,年龄13~93岁(66.5±13.5)岁,其中NAFLD患者225例,急性脑梗塞患者218例。使用GE H Dx twin speed 3.0 T磁共振仪行头颅MRI/DWI检查。通过生化指标、颈部血管超声、采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中神经功能缺损评分量表(NIHSS)等评估,分析NAFLD与急性脑梗塞的相关性。结果 NAFLD合并与未合并脑梗塞患者年龄分别为(68.49±10.88)岁和(62.83±11.68)岁,24 h平均收缩压为(152.11±14.69)mm Hg和(139.76±20.19)mm Hg,ALT为(23.69±14.8)U/L和(29.34±17.89)U/L,糖化血红蛋白为(7.03±1.86)%和(6.33±1.35)%,空腹血糖为(7.14±2.61)mmol/L和(6.15±1.89)mmol/L,餐后两小时血糖为(11.33±4.45)mmol/L和(8.7±3.24)mmol/L,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);采用二项Logistic多元回归分析发现24 h平均收缩压(OR 1.028,95%CI 1.005~1.052)、年龄(OR 1.054,95%CI 1.013~1.097)、空腹血糖(OR 1.338,95%CI 1.039~1.723)与NAFLD患者发生脑梗塞独立相关;急性脑梗塞合并与未合并NAFLD患者GGT分别为(34.75±30.98)U/L和(26.21±16.62)U/L,总胆固醇为(12.26±7.72)mmol/L和(4.43±1.03)mmol/L,甘油三酯为(1.82±0.92)mmol/L和(1.26±0.6)mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白为(2.97±0.79)mmol/L和(2.73±0.71)mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白为(7.03±1.86)%和(6.32±1.34)%,空腹血糖为(7.14±2.61)mmol/L和(6.38±2.13)mmol/L,餐后2小时血糖为(11.33±4.45)mmol/L和(9.66±4.23)mmol/L,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采用二项Logistic多元回归分析显示血液糖化血红蛋白(OR 1.468,95%CI 1.057~2.04)和甘油三酯水平(OR 2.479,95%CI 1.375~4.468)是脑梗塞患者合并NAFLD的独立危险因素。结论收缩压、年龄、空腹血糖升高为NAFLD患者发生脑梗塞的危险因素,而高甘油三酯血症和高血糖为急性脑梗塞患者合并NAFLD的危险因素。