肝脏血流阻断方法及评价

Hepatectomy is the main option of treatment for liver cancer,and how to control the blood loss is an important issue for the recovery of patients.Continuous hepatic vascular occlusion(Pringle maneuver)is the oldest and simplest way for vascular occlusion and still used in clinical practice.But continuous hepatic vascular occlusion often gives rise to postischemic reperfusion injury due to clamping the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle.So intermittent clamping or hemihepatic vascular occlusion is recommended in complex liver resections or for patients with liver cirrhosis.Total hepatic vascular exclusion has the advantages of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver,and is mainly used for patients with tumors invading the caval veins.Major hepatic veins and limited inferior vena cava reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins.It is crucial to know how to select the optimal methods of hepatic vascular occlusion according to the specific conditions.Focusing on this issue,we have reviewed and evaluated various methods and relevant researches in this paper.     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.     

Evaluation of a protease inhibitor in the prevention of ischemia and reperfusion injury in hepatectomy under intermittent Pringle maneuver

BACKGROUND: The severity of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important determinant of patient outcome in hepatic surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a protease inhibitor in alleviating I/R injury to human liver in the setting of hepatectomy under intermittent Pringle maneuver. METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent liver resection under conditions of intermittent inflow occlusion were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 30 each) according to the use of a synthetic protease inhibitor (gabexate mesilate or GM). GM was administered intravenously at a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg/h starting 12 hours before surgery until postoperative day 2. Preoperative and intraoperative clinical variables and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. The plasma levels of a cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6, as well as laboratory biochemical liver function parameters were analyzed to evaluate hepatic I/R injury. RESULTS: The 2 groups of patients were comparable with regard to hepatic inflow occlusion time, extent of liver resection, and background liver histology. The preoperative administration of GM (GM group) substantially alleviated hepatic I/R injury compared with the untreated control group; postoperative serum transaminase levels were significantly decreased in association with marked suppression of IL-6 levels in blood circulation during surgery. This was accompanied by a lower incidence of postoperative complications. The patients without postoperative complications had significantly lower activities of plasma IL-6 at 24 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective randomized study demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of a synthetic protease inhibitor in the setting of hepatectomy under the intermittent Pringle maneuver.     

Role of ischemic preconditioning in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background

Investigation into less traumatic method of vascular occlusion during liver resection is the actual problem in hepatic surgery because of high level of complications such as liver failure. In this connection, the goal of our study was to determine the optimal model of vascular clamping. The research showed that vascular occlusion with ischemic preconditioning in the mode 5/10/15 the most delicate technique.

Methods

Forty white giant rabbits were divided randomly into four groups (n=10 in each group). In group I we used continuous Pringle maneuver by 30 min. In group II we used intermittent Pringle maneuver: 15 min of clamping/5 min of unclamping (reperfusion)/15 min of clamping. In group III we used intermittent Pringle maneuver with ischemic precondition: 5 min of ischemia/5 min of reperfusion, 10 min of ischemia/5 min of reperfusion/15 min of ischemia. Group IV (control group) is without hepatic ischemia. All animals were performed a liver biopsy at the end of the surgery. Five rabbits from each group underwent re-laparotomy on day 3 after surgery with biopsy samples being taken for studying reparative processes in liver parenchyma.

Results

Results of morphometric analysis were the best to illustrate different level of liver injury in the groups. Thus, there were 95.5% damaged hepatocytes after vascular occlusion in hepatic preparations in group I, 70.3% damaged hepatocytes in group II, and 42.3% damaged hepatocytes in group III. There were 5.3% damaged hepatocytes in the control group.

Conclusions

Vascular occlusion with ischemic preconditioning in the mode 5/10/15 the most delicate technique that does not involve major structural injuries and functional disorders in the remnant liver. Thus, it is amenable to translation into clinical practice and may improve outcomes in liver resection with inflow vascular occlusion.     

A prospective randomized controlled trial to compare Pringle maneuver, hemihepatic vascular inflow occlusion, and main portal vein inflow occlusion in partial hepatectomy

Background

Blood loss during liver resection and the need for perioperative blood transfusions have negative impact on perioperative morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcomes.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was performed on patients undergoing liver resection comparing hemihepatic vascular inflow occlusion, main portal vein inflow occlusion, and Pringle maneuver. The primary endpoints were intraoperative blood loss and postoperative liver injury. The secondary outcomes were operating time, morbidity, and mortality.

Results

A total of 180 patients were randomized into 3 groups according to the technique used for inflow occlusion during hepatectomy: the hemihepatic vascular inflow occlusion group (n = 60), the main portal vein inflow occlusion group (n = 60), and the Pringle maneuver group (n = 60). Only 1 patient in the hemihepatic vascular occlusion group required conversion to the Pringle maneuver because of technical difficulty. The Pringle maneuver group showed a significantly shorter operating time. There were no significant differences between the 3 groups in intraoperative blood loss and perioperative mortality. The degree of postoperative liver injury and complication rates were significantly higher in the Pringle maneuver group, resulting in a significantly longer hospital stay.

Conclusions

All 3 vascular inflow occlusion techniques were safe and efficacious in reducing blood loss. Patients subjected to hemihepatic vascular inflow occlusion, or main portal vein inflow occlusion responded better than those with Pringle maneuver in terms of earlier recovery of postoperative liver function. As hemihepatic vascular inflow occlusion was technically easier than main portal vein inflow occlusion, it is recommended.     

不同入肝血流阻断法行肝硬化大鼠肝切除的比较

目的：比较不同入肝血流阻断法行肝硬化大鼠肝切除的手术安全性及对肝脏、小肠损伤的影响。 方法：大鼠采用CCl4加乙醇复合法诱导肝硬化模型后行Higgins法70%肝切除。根据术中肝血流阻断法的不同分为A组（Pringle法）;B组（半肝血流阻断法）;C组（保留半肝动脉血流阻断法）;D组（门静脉转流保留半肝动脉血流阻断法）,阻断时间均为30 min。比较各组手术成功率,肝切除24 h后动物存活率及肝细胞及小肠病理改变。 结果：A、B、C、D组手术成功率各分别为90.9%（10/11）、76.9%（10/13）、80.3%（10/12）、76.9%（10/13）,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;肝切除术后24 h存活率分别为3/10（30%）、10/10（100%）、9/10（90%）、10/10（100%）,B、C、D组大鼠存活率均明显高于A组（均P<0.05）。病理学结果显示,A组肝组织、小肠黏膜明显损伤,除C组小肠黏膜损伤与A组类似外,其他各组肝组织损伤均较A组轻微,且小肠黏膜基本无损伤。 结论：在肝硬化大鼠肝切除中,采用半肝血流阻断法、保留半肝动脉血流阻断法、门静脉转流保留半肝动脉血流阻断法的手术安全性及肝损伤程度均优于Pringle法。

     

A prospective evaluation of ultrasound-directed transparenchymal vascular control with linear cutting staplers in major hepatic resections

BACKGROUND: We prospectively evaluated a novel ultrasound-directed technique of major hepatic resection using transparenchymal application of vascular staplers intending to minimize blood loss, operative time, and hepatic warm ischemia time. METHODS: Beginning in 1998 many major hepatic resections for hepatic tumors were performed with ultrasound-directed transparenchymal application of vascular linear cutting staplers. An endoscopic flexible neck vascular linear cutting stapler was used for control of the hepatic veins. RESULTS: From December 1998 to April 2003, 346 patients undergoing hepatic resection using this technique were identified from a prospective hepatobiliary tumor surgery database. Records were reviewed for blood loss, transfusion requirement, inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) time, overall operative time, and perioperative and postoperative complications. The average blood loss for all patients was 396 +/- 28.4 mL. The inflow occlusion time was 13.7 +/- .64 minutes with a total operative time of 140.7 +/- 3.7 minutes. Additional liver-related procedures were performed in 52% of the patients. The overall complication rate was 29.5% with a 90-day mortality rate of 1.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-directed transparenchymal application of vascular staplers to control inflow and outflow during major liver resection minimizes blood loss, warm ischemia time, and operative time compared to published reports of patients undergoing resection using other techniques.     

Vascular occlusion to decrease blood loss during hepatic resection

BACKGROUND: Historically, the primary hazard with liver surgery has been intraoperative blood loss. This led to the refinement of inflow and outflow occlusive techniques. The utility of the different methods of inflow and outflow techniques for hepatic surgery were reviewed. METHODS: A search of the English literature (Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Cochrane clinical trials registry, hand searches, and bibliographic reviews) using the terms "liver," "hepatic," "Pringle," "total vascular exclusion," "ischemia," "reperfusion," "inflow," and "outflow occlusion" was performed. RESULTS: A multitude of techniques to minimize blood loss during hepatic resection have been studied. The evidence suggests that inflow occlusion techniques are generally well tolerated. These should be used with caution in patients with cirrhosis, fibrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and recent chemotherapy, and for prolonged time intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Harmful effects of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion occur during hepatic resection. Portal triad clamping (PTC) is associated with less blood loss compared with no clamping. In procedures with ischemic times <1 hour in length, PTC-C (continuous) is likely equal to PTC-I (intermittent). In patients with chronic liver disease or undergoing lengthy operations, PTC-I is likely superior to PTC-C. PTC is superior to total vascular exclusion except in patients with tumors that are large and deep seated, hypervascular, and/or abutting the hepatic veins or vena cava and in patients with increased right-sided heart pressures.     

大肝癌手术切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的：比较大肝癌手术切除术中3种不同的入肝血流阻断法的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年3月期间218例大肝癌（>5cm）手术患者的临床资料,术中88例采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流（肝门阻断组）,51例行选择性的半肝血流阻断（半肝阻断组）,79例行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流（联合阻断组）。比较3组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。
　　结果：3组患者的术前情况、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间及肝切除量的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均明显低于肝门阻断组,且联合阻断组的输血量、输血率明显低于半肝阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组患者术后第1天肝功能指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但半肝阻断组与联合阻断组第3、7天的转氨酶和总胆红素水平均明显低于肝门阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
　　结论：大肝癌切除术术中采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少术中失血量,而且有利于术后肝功能的恢复。     

Prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion during hemihepatectomy in pigs

OBJECTIVE: To assess ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in a hemihepatectomy model in pigs after prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion in the liver. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Massive intraoperative blood loss during liver resections can be prevented by temporary vascular inflow occlusion, consequently leading to ischemia and reperfusion injury in the remnant liver. Previously, in a pig liver resection model in which only limited I/R injury was induced during brief (90 min) vascular inflow occlusion, the authors demonstrated reduced I/R injury after continuous (CNT) occlusion, compared to intermittent (INT). This liver resection study on pigs was undertaken to assess I/R injury after prolonged (120 min) CNT or INT occlusion. METHODS: In pigs (37.0 +/- 1.5 kg), liver ischemia during 2 hours was CNT (n = 6) or INT (n = 6) (eight subsequent periods of 12 min ischemia and 3 min recirculation), followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. A left hemihepatectomy (45.5% +/- 1.4%) was performed within the first 12 minutes of ischemia. No hepatic pedicle clamping or liver resection was performed in control experiments (n = 6). Microvascular damage was assessed by hyaluronic acid (HA) uptake capacity of the liver (parameter of early sinusoidal endothelial cell damage) and restoration of intrahepatic tissue pO2 during reperfusion. Hepatocellular damage was tested by plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS: Hyaluronic acid uptake after 6 hours of reperfusion, compared to preischemic uptake, was unaltered in the control group, but was significantly reduced in both resection groups. However, more HA was taken up after INT occlusion, compared to CNT (60.4% +/- 5.6% and 39.5% +/- 3.7%, respectively; ANOVA: p = 0.001). Intrahepatic tissue pO2 distribution after 6 hours of reperfusion more closely returned to preischemic configuration in the INT group than in the CNT group, indicating reduced microcirculatory disturbances after INT occlusion. Release of AST and LDH after 6 hours of reperfusion was significantly increased in both CNT and INT groups. Lower AST levels, however, were found after INT occlusion than after CNT occlusion (267.0 +/- 74.7 U/l and 603.3 +/- 132.4 U/l, respectively; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent hepatic vascular inflow occlusion during prolonged liver ischemia in pigs resulted in less microcirculatory and hepatocellular injury, compared to continuous occlusion. Intermittent clamping is preferable when prolonged periods of vascular inflow occlusion are applied during liver resections.     

Vascular Control during Hepatectomy: Review of Methods and Results

The various techniques of hepatic vascular control are presented, focusing on the indications and drawbacks of each. Retrospective and prospective clinical studies highlight aspects of the pathophysiology, indications, and morbidity of the various techniques of hepatic vascular control. Newer perspectives on the field emerge from the introduction of ischemic preconditioning and laparoscopic hepatectomy. A literature review based on computer searches in Index Medicus and PubMed focuses mainly on prospective studies comparing techniques and large retrospective ones. All methods of hepatic vascular control can be applied with minimal mortality by experienced surgeons and are effective for controlling bleeding. The Pringle maneuver is the oldest and simplest of these methods and is still favored by many surgeons. Intermittent application of the Pringle maneuver and hemihepatic occlusion or inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins is particularly indicated for patients with abnormal parenchyma. Total hepatic vascular exclusion is associated with considerable morbidity and hemodynamic intolerance in 10% to 20% of patients. It is absolutely indicated only when extensive reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is warranted. Major hepatic veins/ and limited IVC reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins or even using the intermittent Pringle maneuver. Ischemic preconditioning is strongly recommended for patients younger than 60 years and those with steatotic livers. Each hepatic vascular control technique has its place in liver surgery, depending on tumor location, underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and, most important, the experience of the surgical and anesthesia team.     

入肝血流阻断下射频消融后毁损灶周围肝组织的病理变化

目的:评估血流阻断射频术后毁损灶周围正常肝脏组织的病理变化。方法:兔VX2肝肿瘤接种成功后分为单独射频组与射频联合入肝血流阻断组(联合射频组)。射频采用冷循环射频消融治疗(参数设定为30 W,8 min),入肝血流阻断采用Pringle法。1周后处死动物,通过HE染色观察术后毁损灶周围肝脏组织的病理变化。结果:与单独射频组比较,联合射频组毁损灶周边正常肝组织内中央静脉及Glisson鞘周围可见大量炎症细胞聚集,且肝细胞肿胀,门静脉、中央静脉扩张、胆管上皮增生等病理变化均更明显(均P<0.05)。结论:血流阻断后射频对毁损灶周围正常肝组织的病理损害较单独射频的损害严重。     

肝门区巨大肝海绵状血管瘤的手术切除：附35例报告

目的：探讨安全切除紧贴肝门区的巨大肝海绵状血管瘤的方法。方法：回顾性分析2008年4月—2012年3月手术治疗的35例紧贴肝门区的巨大肝海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料。结果：全组术中失血量100~7 000 mL。根据瘤体位置及大小选择不同肝血流阻断方法和切除术式,其中,Pringle法11例,改良Pringle法9例,半肝血流阻断法15例;血管瘤包膜外剥除24例,肝切除10例,缝扎1例。术后18例出现相关并发症,无手术死亡。结论：肝门区巨大肝海绵状血管瘤手术的关键在于控制和处理出血,尽可能保留足够量的正常肝组织,应用合理的入肝血流阻断方法和切除手段是安全可行的。     

半肝血流阻断技术用于肝硬化肝癌的肝切除

目的 探讨半肝血流阻断技术在合并肝硬化的肝癌手术治疗中的意义.方法 回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院普外科2006年3月至2008年9月因肝癌行肝切除205例患者的临床资料,其中术中应用Pringle法第一肝门阻断入肝血流44例(A组)、半肝血流阻断76例(B组)、半肝血流阻断加选择性肝静脉控制85例(C组).比较3组患者肝切除手术时间和术中出血量,术后肝功能的恢复以及术后并发症.结果 3组患者肝切除手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(F=2.53,P>0.05);术中平均出血量分别为543.7、415.8、324.5 ml,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=98.96,P<0.001);在术后3 d和6 d的血清丙氨酸转氨酶、胆红素水平比较,B组和C组明显优于A组.结论 半肝血流阻断可防止健侧肝脏缺血再灌注损伤;肝外控制肝静脉,可显著减少肝切除术中的出血量.     

The role of the ultrasonically activated shears and vascular cutting stapler in hepatic resection

Hemorrhage and liver failure are the two greatest concerns for patients undergoing major liver resection. Inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) is often used to minimize blood loss, but hepatic ischemia results in an increased risk of postoperative hepatic dysfunction. We report our experience with the Harmonic Scalpel ultrasonically activated shears (UAS; Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) and a vascular stapler for hepatic resection as technological advances that aid in minimizing blood loss and thereby reduce the need for inflow occlusion. We retrospectively reviewed liver resections performed from September 1997 through July 1998, in which the UAS and articulating vascular endoscopic linear cutting stapler were used. The vascular stapler was used to divide the appropriate portal vein branch and hepatic vein(s) before parenchymal transection. Parenchymal dissection was performed with UAS to a depth of approximately 2 to 3 cm, and the remainder of the liver parenchyma was divided by a clamp crush and clip and suture ligate technique. Patients underwent segmental resection (n = 12), lobectomy (n = 13), or extended lobectomy (n = 11). Resection was performed for metastatic disease, primary liver tumors, or benign disease in 21, 8, and 7 patients, respectively. A Pringle maneuver was performed in 7 of 36 patients (mean clamp time, 8 minutes). The median required intraoperative blood transfusion was 0 units of packed red blood cells. Major and minor complications occurred in 12 and 3 patients, respectively. Two deaths were related to pneumonia and abdominal infection. The vascular stapler safely and securely divides portal vein branches and hepatic veins. The UAS initiates parenchymal transection with minimal blood loss. These two technologies facilitate the surgeon's aim of liver resection without blood transfusion or Pringle maneuver.     

选择性半肝血流阻断在肝海绵状血管瘤切除中的应用

目的:探讨选择性半肝血流阻断在肝海绵状血管瘤切除中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月—2011年1月经手术切除的104例肝海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料。其中26例行选择性半肝血流阻断(A组),78例行第一肝门阻断(Pringle法)(B组)。比较并分析两种方法对术中情况、术后肝功能恢复、并发症发生率等指标的影响。结果:104例手术均顺利完成。两组间术中失血量、输血量、阻断时间、血氧饱和度以及术后肠道恢复时间、并发症等指标的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但B组术中外周动脉血压及术中脉搏变化明显大于A组(均P<0.01)。术后肝功能指标如ALT,AST,ALB,TBIL等改变,B组优于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:肝海绵状血管瘤切除术中采用选择性半肝血流阻断,能有效地减轻肝血流阻断对全身血流动力学的影响,减轻缺血再灌注损伤,有利于术后肝功能恢复。     

Comparison of Two Methods of Selective Hepatic Vascular Exclusion for Liver Resection Involving the Roots of the Hepatic Veins

Background  Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) is an effective hepatic vascular exclusion in controlling both inflow and outflow without interruption of caval flow, as it combines Pringle maneuver with extrahepatic selective occlusion of hepatic veins. But SHVE has not been widely used due to difficulty in extrahepatic dissection of hepatic veins. When the tumor is very close to the roots of the hepatic veins, dissecting the posterior wall of the hepatic vein may lead to rupture and massive bleeding of the hepatic vein. With our experience, clamping hepatic veins with Satinsky clamps is a safer and easier occlusion method by which the posterior wall of the hepatic veins does not need to be separated and encircled. In this report, we compared the results of selective hepatic vascular occlusion with tourniquet and Satinsky clamp for major liver resection involving the roots of the hepatic veins. Methods  Between January 2003 to June 2006, 180 patients who underwent major liver resection with SHVE were divided into two groups according to different methods of hepatic vascular occlusion: occlusion with tourniquet (tourniquet group, n = 95) and occlusion with Satinsky clamp (Satinsky clamp group, n = 85). In the tourniquet group, the hepatic veins were encircled and occluded with tourniquet. In the Satinsky clamp group, the hepatic veins were not encircled and clamped directly by Satinsky clamp. Results  Intraoperative and postoperative consequences of the patients were analyzed. The dissecting time for each hepatic vein was significantly shorter in the Satinsky group (6.2 ± 2.4 min vs 18.3 ± 6.2 min) than in the tourniquet group. In the tourniquet group, five hepatic veins (one right hepatic vein and four common trunk of left-middle hepatic veins) could not be dissected and encircled because the tumors involved the cava hepatic junction, and another common trunk of the left-middle hepatic vein had a small rupture during the dissection. These six patients then received successful occlusion with Satinsky clamp. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the operation duration, ischemia time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complication rate. Conclusion  Both methods of the hepatic vein occlusion have the same effect on controlling hepatic vein bleeding, but occlusion with Satinsky clamp is safer, easier, and consumes less time in dissecting. Li Ai-Jun And Pan Ze-Ya contributed equally to this work.     

Evaluation of Effect of Hemihepatic Vascular Occlusion and the Pringle Maneuver during Hepatic Resection for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Impaired Liver Function

Reducing blood loss during resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with impaired liver function is important. This study evaluated the effect and safety of inflow occlusion (hemihepatic vascular occlusion and the Pringle maneuver) in reducing blood loss during hepatectomy. A total of 120 HCC patients with impaired liver function (with a preoperative indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes > 10%) who underwent hepatectomy were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into three groups, no-occlusion (n = 30), hemihepatic vascular occlusion (n = 49), and Pringle maneuver (n = 41). There was one hospital death in each group. Of all three groups, 50 patients (41.7%) had blood loss less than 1000 ml. The three groups were similar in terms of clinocopathological features. All patients underwent minor resection. Blood loss was significantly greater in the no-occlusion group; there was no difference between the hemihepatic group and the Pringle group. Multivariate analysis revealed that risk factors related to blood loss included no inflow occlusion [odds ratios (ORs), 2.93; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.13–7.59], tumor centrally located (ORs, 3.85; 95% CIs, 1.50–9.90), serum albumin level < 3.5 gm/dl (ORs, 5.15; 95% CIs, 1.20–22.07), and serum alanine aminotransferase >120 U/l (ORs, 3.58; 95% CIs, 1.19–10.80). For patients with occlusion time ≥ 45 minutes, postoperative serum total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the Pringle group were significantly higher than those in the hemihepatic and no-occlusion groups (P < 0.05). In HCC patients with impaired liver function undergoing hepatectomy, both hemihepatic vascular occlusion and the Pringle maneuver are safe and effective in reducing blood loss. Patients subjected to hemihepatic vascular occlusion responded better than those subjected to the Pringle maneuver in terms of earlier recovery of postoperative liver function, especially when occlusion time was ≥ 45 minutes.     

Increased sinusoidal pressure is associated with early liver weight gain in ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused rat liver

BACKGROUND: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is accompanied by liver weight gain and ascites formation. This could be caused by an increase in sinusoidal pressure, a determinant of hepatic transvascular fluid movement. We determined the role of sinusoidal pressure, assessed by triple vascular occlusion pressure (P(to)), in the I/R injury in isolated rat livers perfused with leukocyte-free diluted blood bivascularly via the portal vein and hepatic artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ischemia was induced at room temperature by occlusion of either the inflow lines of the hepatic artery and portal vein (the open outflow group, n = 10) or both the inflow and the outflow (hepatic venous) lines (the closed outflow group, n = 10) for 1 h, followed by 1-h reperfusion in a recirculating manner. RESULTS: Liver weight in both groups increased biphasically after reperfusion; the initial peak occurred at 3 min and the second peak at 60 min. Immediately after reperfusion, P(to) peaked, followed by a gradual decline. The initial weight increase in groups combined was significantly and positively correlated with an increase in P(to) (r = 0.716, P = 0.0002), but the second peak was independent of P(to). Liver injury, assessed by perfusate levels of hepatic enzymes and reduced bile flow rate, was observed at 60 min after reperfusion in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that increased sinusoidal pressure contributes to only the early liver weight gain after reperfusion in isolated perfused rat livers. The late weight gain may be presumably due to liver injury.     

预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术的体会

目的　比较预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术与阻断肝门切肝术的优缺点。方法　 32例病人包括两组 :甲组 2 0例 ,肝切除时阻断肝门。乙组 12例 ,肝切除时预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管。对两组病人的术中失血量 ,术后平均出血量和引流量 ,术后肝功能恢复时间和术后并发症等进行比较分析。结果　甲乙两组术中平均出血量分别是 85 0ml和 4 5 0ml (P <0 0 1)。术后平均出血和引流量分别是 30 0ml和 15 0ml(P <0 0 1)。术后ALT恢复正常时间分别为 6～ 35d和 3～ 7d ,AST恢复正常时间分别是 5～ 30d和 4～ 8d ,总胆红素恢复正常时间分别为 7～ 6 0d和 5～ 14d ,两组相比差异显著 (P <0 0 1)。术后并发症发生率分别为 30 %和 0 % (P <0 0 1)。结论　预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术优于阻断肝门切肝术