阳江市36例HIV职业暴露者情况分析

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)职业暴露现状,探讨职业暴露后应急预防处理的影响因素。方法对阳江市2006?2008年报告的由于职业因素引起的HIV暴露案例进行调查分析。结果阳江市2006?2008年共报告36例HIV职业暴露者,其中医务人员20例,占55.6%,公安人员16例,占44.4%;36例HIV职业暴露者均确定为二级暴露;暴露源级别为轻度者33例,占91.7%,暴露源级别为重度者3例,占8.3%;36例均进行暴露后药物预防,其中1例不能完成全程用药,主要原因是药物胃肠道副反应大;36例HIV职业暴露者暴露1年后检测均为HIV抗体阴性。结论加强对医务人员和公安人员安全操作规程及HIV职业暴露后预防相关知识培训,提高其防范意识和防护技能;HIV职业暴露后预防性服药能有效预防HIV感染。     

2009—2013年云浮市HIV职业暴露情况分析

目的了解云浮市人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)职业暴露现状和职业暴露后应急处理情况,完善预防职业暴露感染HIV的防控措施。方法收集云浮市2009—2013年报告HIV职业暴露案例,分析其发生的原因、应急处理情况、预防用药的及时性及预防效果。结果云浮市2009—2013年共报告45例HIV职业暴露者,医务人员39例,占86.7%;公安人员6例,占13.3%。暴露方式以针刺和切割伤为主,占60%;暴露级别以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为主,分别占20.0%和75.6%。91.1%(41/45)的暴露者实施了应急局部处理,86.7%(39/45)的人进行预防性服药,13.3%(6/45)无需进行预防性服药。所有病例医学观察12个月后,均未发现HIV抗体阳转。结论医护人员和公安系统人员是HIV职业暴露的高危人群,应加强对他们艾滋病防治知识的培训,增强其个人防护意识,严格执行操作规程,及时进行暴露后的应急处理,减少因职业暴露发生的HIV感染。     

天津市2005-2008年11例HIV职业暴露结果及原因分析

目的了解天津市医务人员及公安司法人员HIV职业暴露及防护情况。方法收集2005—2008年天津市疾病预防控制中心评估处理的全部11例HIV职业暴露的相关情况并分析其发生的原因、防护情况、预防用药获得及时性及预防效果。结果全部11名暴露者经过6个月随访检测均排除HIV感染;针刺、外科手术和咬伤是暴露的主要方式;大部分暴露者未能在4h内服用预防用药;基层工作人员特别是公安干警对紧急消毒处理的意识薄弱。结论基层医务人员和公安干警是艾滋病职业暴露高发人群,应加强相关知识的培训和相关应急防护用具的配备。     

医务人员HIV职业暴露与防护

目的对医务人员HIV职业暴露的特点进行分析,探讨HIV职业暴露的防护策略。方法回顾性分析成都市传染病医院28例医务人员HIV职业暴露情况、预防措施及监测结果。结果 28例HIV职业暴露者中护士最多(19例,占67.86%),暴露发生地点病房最多(21例,占75%),暴露途径针刺伤及接触暴露各占50%,暴露级别2级暴露最多(14例,占50%),暴露源类型重度最多(18例,占64.29%),污染物来源血液最多(26例,占92.86%)。28例医务人员HIV职业暴露后局部紧急处理,其中22例预防性用药,医学监测1年,所有暴露者HIV抗体均为阴性。结论 28例医护人员HIV职业暴露者均未感染HIV,暴露人员中病房护士最多,一旦发生HIV职业暴露后局部紧急处理,危险性评估,联合预防性用药,是防止HIV职业暴露和暴露后感染HIV的关键措施。     

一起医务人员HIV职业性暴露的调查分析

目的完善预防HIV感染的防控措施，寻求的最佳途径促进有效的HIV职业防护。方法对为手术抢救一例患者发生HIV职业性暴露的医务人员进行暴露途径、暴露时间、暴露后处理方式调查和HIV跟踪检测。结果本次职业暴露者有36人，其中13人暴露时间长达2～8h，占总职业暴露人员的36．11％。发生职业暴露后，严格按规范要求实施急救处理的只有2．28％。结论医务人员面临极大的HIV职业暴露危险，必须加强和重视相关的职业防护。     

医护人员艾滋病病毒职业暴露的原因分析及防护措施

目的 探讨医护人员面临艾滋病职业暴露的高危因素,强调职业暴露重在预防;探讨医护人员对艾滋痛自身防护措施,提高对艾滋病病毒(HIV)职业暴露的防护意识,防止医护人员感染HIV的危险,确保医护人员职业安全.方法 对2008年、2009年和2011年所发生的15人次HIV职业暴露的原因和过程进行调查分析;采取问卷方式对150名医护人员进行有关职业暴露防护知识的调查.结果 医护人员防护意识不强、工作经验不足、缺乏严格的防护教育培训和必要的防护设施等.结论 加强医务人员艾滋病安全操作和职业防护知识培训,避免医护人员因锐器伤和自身皮肤破损等原因被HIV感染;准确及时的评估和有效合理用药是避免职业暴露发生HIV感染的重要措施.遵照标准预防原则,采取严格的防护措施,以减少甚至杜绝医护人员感染HIV.     

传染病医院HIV职业暴露及干预措施的案例研究

目的：对传染病医院医务人员HIV职业暴露情况及其危险因素进行分析，为预防和降低HIV职业暴露提供依据。方法统计分析杭州市西溪医院2008-2012年收治的艾滋病病例数和HIV职业暴露发生率的变化，对16例HIV职业暴露进行暴露人群职业、科室分布、暴露方式和暴露途径等调查分析，对职业暴露管理措施进行评估。结果5年共收治HIV/AIDS 1982例，呈每年递增趋势。其间发生HIV职业暴露16起，2008、2009和2010年均为3起，2011年5起，2012年2起。结论预防和降低HIV职业暴露，除防护培训、制度健全和督促执行等管理措施外，推广和使用安全型医疗器械是至关重要的干预措施之一。     

HIV感染剖宫产术中职业暴露原因分析

目的总结HIV感染剖宫产术中职业暴露的特点,探讨职业暴露原因及防范措施。方法回顾柳州市妇幼保健院2002年4月-2013年12月开展的282例HIV感染剖宫产术中发生医务人员职业暴露情况;观察、比较自2008—2013年开展职业防护培训前后HIV感染剖宫产职业暴露的发生率、类型差异等。结果282例HIV感染剖宫产术中有6例发生职业暴露,发生率2．13％。开展HIV感染剖宫产职业防护培训前（2008年以前）职业暴露发生率13．16％（5／38）,明显高于职业防护培训后（2008年1月-2013年12月）0．41％（1／244）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。发生职业暴露的原因：4例为针刺伤引起、2例为无保护接触引起。结论本研究HIV感染剖宫产发生职业暴露更易在未经职业防护培训的早期发生,且以针刺伤为主。经职业防护培训后,通过规范手术操作、减慢手术速度、严格执行普遍性防护措施等可减少HIV感染剖宫产术中职业暴露发生。     

云南省德宏州2010-2015年艾滋病病毒职业暴露状况分析

目的 了解云南省德宏州艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）职业暴露发生、暴露后预防以及预后随访现状,为开展和加强HIV职业暴露防护工作提供依据。方法 对德宏州2010-2015年上报的所有HIV职业暴露者的个案登记记录进行汇总和统计分析。结果 2010-2015年期间,德宏州共报告323例,均未发现HIV抗体阳转者。其中220人（68.11%）为女性,229人（70.90%）年龄小于35岁,209人（64.71%）为医务人员。暴露方式以针刺或锐器刺伤为主,占72.14%（233/323）;暴露发生地点以医疗单位为主,占82.66%（267/323）;发生职业暴露后,323人立即对皮肤或粘膜进行清洗或消毒处理,279人在职业暴露后采用了预防性用药,156人完成了28 d的暴露后预防（post-exposure prophylaxis,PEP）疗程,6年HIV职业暴露人数变化浮动较大。结论 坚持"普遍性防护原则"、暴露后立即采取应急措施、暴露评估后尽早接受PEP有益于避免和降低职业暴露者感染HIV的风险。     

HIV感染孕产妇的医院内消毒隔离与防护

目的:探讨HIV感染孕产妇的医院内消毒隔离与防护措施。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月~2005年1月我院收治的HIV感染孕产妇的产科处理资料及HIV职业暴露情况。结果:我院收治的4例HIV感染孕产妇均为无症状HIV感染者,3例没有进行产检,入院后检查发现,1例产检筛查发现;2例顺产、1例剖宫产、1例稽留流产行清宫术。在对HIV感染孕产妇的医疗操作中,先后有3名医务人员发生HIV职业暴露。结论:在妊娠、分娩、产褥期特殊生理阶段HIV院内传播危险性比非妊娠期大,必须严格执行标准预防、有针对性地采取院内消毒隔离及防护措施。     

广东省艾滋病病毒职业性暴露应急系统响应情况分析

目的建立艾滋病病毒(HIV)职业性暴露应急系统,分析应急响应情况。方法回顾性收集和分析2002~2004年报告的广东省各地HIV职业性暴露个案。结果2002~2004年共报告152例HIV职业性暴露个案,其中医务人员占74.34%,干警占13.82%。29.61%是皮肤黏膜接触性暴露,70.39%是创伤性暴露。暴露级别中,一级暴露占57.24%,二级暴露占35.53%,三级暴露占7.24%。94.74%的暴露者进行了暴露后应急局部处理。发生暴露后,只有38.16%的暴露者采用了合理的处理方案。104例(68.42%)进行了预防性服药,但其中仅有27.88%(29/104)的人采用合理的服药方案。48例(31.58%)未进行预防性服药,但其中仅有60.42%(29/48)的人是真正无需预防性服药者。92例暴露者经12个月的随访未发现有感染HIV者。结论广东省HIV职业性暴露应急系统能有效地响应全省HIV职业性暴露事件,但仍需加强对职业性暴露后应急处理技术的知识培训。     

云南省5年HIV职业暴露因素分析

[目的]分析艾滋病病毒（HIV）职业暴露现状,探讨职业暴露后应急预防处理方法。[方法]对云南省2005年～2010年报告的由于职业因素引起的HIV暴露案例进行分析。[结果]2005年～2010年共发生职业暴露1138人,包括医护人员和公安司法人员;暴露类型主要包括针刺伤647例（56．9％）、血液接触皮肤粘膜305例（26．8％）和抓伤96例（8．4％）。974（85．6％）人实施暴露后预防（PEP）,采用基本用药程序或强化用药程序进行干预治疗,所有病例随访未发现HIV抗体阳转者。[结论]HIV职业暴露后感染的危险度较低,但是应严格遵守安全防护措施,暴露后及时使用预防用药,可有效阻断发生艾滋病职业暴露后感染。     

Human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis for occupational exposure in a medical school hospital in Thailand

This is a retrospective review of occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and subsequent postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH), Bangkok, Thailand. From January 2002 to December 2004, data were collected from incident reports, the hospital's infectious diseases unit and the emergency department. There were 315 reported episodes of occupational exposure among 306 HCWs. Nurses (34.0%) were the HCWs most frequently exposed and percutaneous injury (91.4%) was the most common type of exposure. One-third of the source patients tested were infected with HIV. PEP was initiated following 200 (63.5%) of the 315 exposures and was started within 24h in >95% of cases. The most commonly prescribed PEP regimen was zidovudine, lamivudine and nelfinavir. Fifty-six percent of HCWs given PEP completed a four-week course but the remainder discontinued PEP prematurely due to side-effects, or after negative results from the source, or following informed risk reassessment or from their own accord. No exposed HCW acquired HIV during the study period. Appropriate counselling and careful risk assessment are important in achieving effective HIV PEP among HCWs.     

护理人员HIV职业暴露及感染HIV原因分析

目的分析护理人员HIV职业暴露后感染情况及部分感染HIV护理人员情况,为预防护理人员发生HIV感染提供依据。方法对某院2004年1月—2015年6月发生的HIV职业暴露的护理人员,及2001年1月—2015年12月在该院住院、门诊咨询或院外会诊的抗HIV阳性的护理人员及其配偶的HIV感染情况进行分析。结果 76例护理人员HIV职业暴露进行规范化处理及随访后均未发生HIV感染。13例感染HIV的护理人员中既往可能职业暴露感染3例,二十世纪九十年代输血感染5例,性传播感染4例(其中男护士同性性行为感染2例),感染途径不明1例;发生二次传播2例;目前存活9例。感染者多得到有效治疗并改为从事后勤工作。结论护理人员常发生HIV职业暴露,可能职业暴露感染均发生在未实施规范化管理的情况下,实施规范化管理可避免HIV职业暴露感染的发生。性传播(包括男男同性性行为)已成为护理人员感染HIV的重要途径。     

Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

OBJECTIVE: To assess adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), with a particular focus on the treatment combination of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir (ZDV-3TC-TDF). METHODS: Retrospective chart review for individuals who received HIV PEP for occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for noncompletion of PEP and adverse events associated with PEP. SETTING: University of Rochester Health Service Occupational Health Program and University of Rochester AIDS Center. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare workers who received HIV PEP for occupational exposure from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2004, and individuals who received HIV PEP for nonoccupational exposure from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004.Results. We found increased rates of nausea among subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF and subjects who received treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir (ZDV-3TC-IDV). Analyses showed that female sex was a risk factor for nausea. Compared with subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF, subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-IDV were less likely to not complete the HIV PEP for occupational exposure. CONCLUSION: Preventive treatment of adverse events may be necessary to ensure completion of HIV PEP.     

Occupational Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Providers: A Retrospective Analysis

Objectives:

To determine the population at risk, risk factors, and outcome of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in health care providers.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective review of two and half year data of ongoing surveillance of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in a tertiary care hospital.

Results:

103 Health Care Providers (HCP) reported an occupational exposure to blood and body fluids during the period under review. These comprised 72 (69.9%) doctors, 20 (19.4%) nursing personnel, and 11 (10.6%) cleaning staff. Of the doctors, 65% were interns. 53.4% HCP had work experience of less than one year. Circumstances of exposure included clinical procedures (48%), sweeping/handling used sharps (29%), recapping (16%), and surgery (6.9%). 74.3% of the exposures were due to non-compliance with universal precautions and were thus preventable. The device most frequently implicated in causing injury was hollow bore needle (n=85, 82.5%). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status of the source was positive in 6.8% cases, negative in 53.4% cases, and unknown in remaining 39.8% cases. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was indicated in 100 (97.08%) cases and was initiated within 2 h of exposure in 26.8% HCP. In 23.2% HCP, PEP initiation was delayed beyond 72 h of exposure due to late reporting. Thirteen HCP received expanded and the remaining received basic regime. Of the 82 HCP followed up, 15 completed the full course, while 55 stopped PEP after the first dose due to negative source status. Twelve HCP with exposure to blood of unknown HIV status discontinued PEP despite counseling. Complete follow-up for seroconversion was very poor among the HCP. HIV status at 6 month of exposure is not known for any HCP.

Conclusions:

Failure to follow universal precautions including improper disposal of waste was responsible for majority of occupational exposures. HCP need to be sensitized regarding hospital waste management, management of occupational exposure, need for PEP, and continued follow-up.     

江苏省31例艾滋病病毒职业暴露情况分析

目的:了解艾滋病病毒职业暴露的现状,探讨职业暴露的预防和暴露后的处置及相关影响因素。方法:对江苏省2010年报告的艾滋病病毒职业暴露个案进行调查并统计分析。结果:2010年共报告31例职业暴露个案,其中针刺21例,抓咬伤7例,皮肤伤口暴露1例,黏膜暴露的有2例;21例发生在医疗保健机构,1例发生在疾病预防控制中心,9例发生在公安司法系统;暴露后18例立即进行规范的紧急局部处理,9例仅进行了简单的局部冲洗,4例未进行任何紧急局部处理,30例采用了基本用药程序,1例采用了强化用药程序。31例随访检测结果均为阴性。结论:目前HIV职业暴露后感染的危险度较低,但要加强防范,以防HIV感染。     

Effect of zidovudine postexposure prophylaxis on the development of HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-exposed healthcare workers.

We evaluated the effects of zidovudine postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) on the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in 20 healthcare workers with occupational exposures to HIV. Seven healthcare workers were treated with zidovudine PEP. Only 1 of 7 treated, versus 6 of 13 not treated, developed an HIV envelope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. These data suggest that zidovudine abrogated HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses may be useful as a surrogate marker of HIV replication in the evaluation of new regimens for PEP of occupational HIV exposures.     

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection in Healthcare Workers: Recommendations for the European Setting

The European Commission funded a project for the standardisation of the management of occupational exposures to HIV/blood-borne infections and antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Europe. Within this project, the following recommendations and rationale were formulated by experts representative of participating countries. Based on assessment of the exposure, material, and source characteristics, PEP should be started as soon as possible with any triple combination of antiretrovirals approved for the treatment of HIV-infected patients; initiation is discouraged after 72 hours Rapid HIV testing of the source could reduce inappropriate PEP. HIV testing should be performed at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks, with additional clinical and laboratory monitoring of adverse reactions and potential toxicity at week 1 and 2. HIV resistance tests in the source and direct virus assays in the exposed HCW are not recommended routinely. These easy-to-use recommendations seek to maximise PEP effect while minimising its toxicity and inappropriate use.