脑卒中昏迷患者气管插管后并发肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的:对脑卒中昏迷患者气管插管后并发肺部感染的危险因素进行探讨.方法:提取我院2015年6月～2017年1月接受气管插管的脑卒中昏迷患者20例,根据插管手术后是否发生肺部感染将其分为感染组与对照组,分别包含8例、12例患者.使用单因素及多因素回归法针对潜在危险因素展开统计学分析.结果:经统计分析,最后发现患者年龄、气管插管时间、NIHSS评分、脑卒中类型、合并COPD、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作与术后肺部感染之间呈正相关.结论:患者年龄、气管插管时间、NIHSS评分、脑卒中类型、合并COPD、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作是导致脑卒中昏迷患者气管插管后并发肺部感染的危险因素.     

昏迷患者气管切开后更换胃管方法改进的探讨

目的 探讨昏迷患者气管切开后更换胃管方法的改进,以减少患者在插管过程中的不适和痛苦,达到人性化护理的目的 .方法 将30例昏迷气管切开后留置胃管的患者随机分成观察组和对照组各15例,观察组采用改进后的插管方法--边插边拔法,而对照组采用常规的将气管套管上提的插管方法.结果 两组患者一次性插管成功率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率等方面有显著性差异（P＆lt;0.05）.结论 改进后的更换胃管方法一次性成功率明显高于常规的置胃管法,且不良反应少.     

昏迷病人气管切开后的护理

目的 探讨昏迷病人气管切开术后的护理方法.方法 对80例昏迷的气管切开患者加强病房管理、体位、吸痰、气管套管和气囊护理等.结果 80例患者均成功拔除气管插管,未发生肺部感染,褥疮、泌尿系统感染等护理并发症.结论 气管切开术后良好的术后护理可以有效地避免和降低并发症的发生,有效提高了危重患者的抢救成功率.     

气管插管抢救新生儿重度窒息的临床研究

目的：探讨气管插管抢救新生儿重度窒息的临床效果。方法：对118例重度窒息儿进行气管插管抢救。结果：经气管插管加面罩正压给氧及心脏按压后显效28例，有效88例，无效2例，总有效率为98．31％；抢救成功102例，抢救成功率为86．44％。结论：气管插管术能在直视下快速而准确地通畅呼吸道．及时有效地改善新生儿缺氧状态，提高抢救成功率．降低围产儿死亡率，减少并发症和后遗症的发生率。     

经皮穿刺气管切开术的临床应用及护理

经皮穿刺气管切开术(Percutaneous dilatational tra-cheostomoy,PDT)是在Seldinger技术基础上发展起来的。该方法大大降低了气管切开的并发症及危险性,可在床边进行,尤其适合ICU中危重病人的床边操作;我院重症监护病房(ICU)自2005年10月~2007年9月对20例ICU患者进行经皮穿刺气管切开,均为已施行气管插管病人,于插管后一周左右进行,具有时间短、出血少,患者缺氧时间短的优点,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料本组患者20例,男15例,女5例,年龄65岁~89岁,平均72.4±5.9岁。特重度颅脑损伤3例,颈椎骨折高位截瘫1例,严重肺部感染呼吸衰…     

危重病患者气管插管拔管失败转气管切开的影响因素分析

目的分析危重病患者气管插管拔管失败转气管切开情况及其影响因素。方法选取2016年1月-2018年12月我院收治的气管插管患者84例,其中成功拔管者63例(设为拔管成功组),气管插管拔管失败转气管切开者21例(设为气管切开组)。统计气管插管拔管失败转为气管切开情况,并对两组患者的性别、年龄、入院APACHEⅡ评分、营养状况(NRS2002营养风险)评分、意识状态、咳嗽功能、PaCO2、PaO2、BNP、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血糖、肝功能、肾功能、血清钠、血清钾等临床指标进行对比分析。结果心肺复苏术后、脑卒中、呼吸衰竭、重度中毒、多发伤患者的气管切开率高于其他病种。两组患者性别、年龄、血糖、肝肾功能、血清钠、血清钾比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);气管切开组患者APACHEⅡ评分、NRS 2002营养风险评分、PaCO2、BNP均明显高于拔管成功组(P0.05);气管切开组患者PaO2、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白均明显低于拔管成功组(P0.05);气管切开组患者意识不清和咳嗽功能差的病例数均明显多于拔管成功组(P0.05)。结论心肺复苏术后、脑卒中、呼吸衰竭、重症中毒及多发伤患者有较高的气管切开率,APACHEⅡ评分高、NRS 2002营养风险高、意识不清、咳嗽功能差、二氧化碳潴留、低氧、心功能差、贫血、低蛋白血症是危重病患者气管插管拔管失败转气管切开的主要原因,在拔管前识别这些影响因素,并加以纠正或改变对策,有利于降低危重患者的气管切开率。     

气管插管抢救新生儿重度窒息的临床研究

目的探讨气管插管抢救新生儿重度窒息的临床效果.方法对118例重度窒息儿进行气管插管抢救.结果经气管插管加面罩正压给氧及心脏按压后显效28例,有效88例,无效2例,总有效率为98.31%;抢救成功102例,抢救成功率为86.44%.结论气管插管术能在直视下快速而准确地通畅呼吸道,及时有效地改善新生儿缺氧状态,提高抢救成功率,降低围产儿死亡率,减少并发症和后遗症的发生率.     

胸腺瘤病人经鼻气管插管术后的护理

目的胸腺瘤术后保证呼吸道通畅和辅助机械呼吸，选择气管插管路径改善护理方法达到减轻患者痛苦。方法采用经鼻气管插管护理。结果最长保留插管7天，最短保留3天，发生呼吸机依赖1例，改气管切开，无住院期间死亡。结论经鼻气管插管较经口气管插管易耐受，留置时间长，便于做口腔护理及心理护理，在清醒病人中具有不可替代的作用。     

脑外科术后气管插管吸出物的细菌检验方法

目的为使脑外科术后昏迷患者顺利度过肺部感染期，方法对其气管切开置管吸出的痰采用细菌分有报告模式，２０ｍｉｎ内报告痰涂片镜检诊断的病原菌种类，４－１２ｈ，报道直接用标本做的药敏结果，２ｄ后发出正式报告，结果患者肺部感染菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主占８１％，亚胺培南，阿米卡星联用有很好的疗效。结论细菌分经报告是迅速控制脑外科术后肺部感染行之有效的措施，使术后因肺部感染的死亡率大幅度降低。     

全麻下经鼻胃管插管失败的原因分析及处理

鼻胃管是指经任何一侧鼻孔置管终止于胃内（或十二指肠），通过导管供给不能由口进食的患者以营养丰富的流食，保证机体所需的营养物质。近年来全麻下插胃管的技术在临床已得到广泛应用，它可以使患者没有清醒时痛苦的感觉，能让全麻气管插管前的加压面罩给氧不会太过于漏气而影响诱导时的操作，同时能减轻手术中的胃肠胀气，有利于术后患者的胃肠营养。我们于2005年1—12月观察全麻下经鼻插胃管的患者300例，其中一性次置管失败32例，失败率达10．66％，现将鼻胃管置管失败的原因分析如下并提出相关处理对策。     

A randomized trial of endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes in critically ill patients

BACKGROUND: Early postpyloric feeding is considered the accepted method of nutrition support in critically ill patients. Endoscopic and fluoroscopic techniques are associated with the highest percentage of successful placement. The purpose of this study was to compare endoscopic vs fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes in critically ill patients. METHODS: This is a randomized prospective clinical trial. Forty-three patients were randomized to receive feeding tubes by endoscopic or fluoroscopic technique. All procedures were performed at the bedside in the critical care unit. A soft small-bore nonweighted feeding tube was used in all cases. Successful placement was confirmed by either an abdominal x-ray for endoscopic technique or a fluoroscopic radiograph for fluoroscopic technique. RESULTS: Postpyloric feeding tubes were successfully placed in 41 of 43 patients (95%). The success rate using endoscopic technique was 96% (25 of 26), whereas the rate using fluoroscopy was 94% (16 of 17). The average time of successful placement was 15.2 +/- 2.9 (mean +/- SEM) minutes for endoscopic placement and 16.2 +/- 3.2 minutes for fluoroscopic placement, which was not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes can safely and accurately be performed at the bedside in critically ill patients. Our results showed no significant difference in the success rate or time of placement between endoscopic vs fluoroscopic placement of postpyloric feeding tubes.     

Transnasal endoscopic placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes: outcomes and limitations in non-critically ill patients.

Transnasal endoscopic placement of nasoenteric tubes (NETs) has been demonstrated to be useful in the critical care setting, with limited data on its role in non-critically ill patients. The authors collected data on consecutive patients from a non-critical care setting undergoing transnasal endoscopic NET placement. All NETs were endoscopically placed using a standard over-the-guidewire technique, and positions were confirmed with fluoroscopy. Patients were monitored until the removal of NETs or death. Twenty-two patients (median age = 62.5 years, 36.4% female) were referred for postpyloric feeding, with main indications of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula (n = 6), gastroparesis or gastric outlet obstruction (n = 5), duodenal stenosis (n = 6), acute pancreatitis (n = 4), and gastroesophageal reflux after surgery (n = 1). Postpyloric placement of NET was achieved in 19 of 22 (86.3%) patients, with 36.8% tube positions in the jejunum, 47.4% in the distal duodenum, and 15.8% in the second part of the duodenum. NET placement was least successful in cases with duodenal stenosis. NETs remained in situ for a median of 24 days (range, 2-94), with tube dislodgement (n = 3) and clogging (n = 5) as the main complications. NET feeding resulted in complete healing of gastrocutaneous fistulae in 5 of 6 patients and provision of total enteral nutrition in 3 of 4 cases of acute pancreatitis and 9 of 11 cases of gastroparesis or proximal duodenal obstruction. Transnasal endoscopy has a role in the placement of NET in non-critically ill patients requiring postpyloric feeding. However, there are some limitations, particularly in cases with altered duodenal anatomy.     

Transnasal endoscopic placement of feeding tubes in the intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing demand for enteral feeding in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, gastroparesis is common, and jejunal placement with gastric decompression leads to delays in feeding. In an attempt to minimize delays, we describe our technique and results with transnasal endoscopic placement of double-lumen gastric aspiration, jejunal feeding tubes (DLFT). METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive ICU patients referred for nutrition support were studied; 29% had respiratory failure, 28% acute head injury, and 33% acute pancreatitis. A 5.8-mm ultraslim video endoscope was used to place a guidewire through the nose terminating beyond the Ligament of Treitz. After withdrawal of the endoscope, a DLFT was passed over the wire. Final position of the tube was checked and adjusted under direct vision by reendoscopy though the opposite nasal passage. RESULTS: Initial placement of the guidewire and DLFT was successful in 46 of 51 patients. Massive gastric dilatation and acute pancreatitis complicated by duodenal compression impeded full duodenoscopy in 5 patients, necessitating fluoroscopy for correct guidewire deployment. In confirming correct tube placement, there was near perfect concordance between reendoscopy and x-ray (45/46). Previously unrecognized upper gastrointestinal tract pathology was detected in most patients, with acute gastritis in 47, superficial gastric ulceration in 24, and erosive esophagitis in 5. CONCLUSIONS: Transnasal endoscopic placement of feeding tubes in the ICU is quick, effective, and minimally disruptive of intensive therapy. In addition, it can reveal unrecognized pathology, which potentially could lead to improvements in overall medical care.     

Enteral access for nutrition in the intensive care unit

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Enteral nutrition is the preferred route for nutrition support in the intensive care unit setting. This is usually delivered through nasoenteric feeding tubes in patients with an otherwise functional gastrointestinal tract. Placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes, however, may be difficult in this setting. Nasoenteric feeding tubes may be placed by multiple methods, each with their particular advantages and disadvantages. This review summarizes the recent literature on different methods of nasoenteric feeding tube placement with emphasis on critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Bedside assisted methods using electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and magnetic fields to provide immediate positional feedback to help guide tube advancement appear promising. Bedside methods using specific protocols, modified feeding tubes, prokinetics or magnetic assistance were also successfully reported. None of these methods has been prospectively compared with more commonly practiced methods in large studies. Endoscopic nasoenteric tube placement methods including transnasal approaches using ultra-thin endoscopes have been recently described and appear to be equivalent to fluoroscopic placement. All these recently reported techniques, however, may require more specialized equipment or training than is currently widely available. SUMMARY: Feeding tubes can be placed using bedside, fluoroscopic, and endoscopic means. Novel bedside methods have been recently described using immediate positional feedback or new assistive methods. Endoscopic techniques have similar success rates to fluoroscopic techniques and provide data on upper gastrointestinal abnormalities. There is no clear universal standard method. When feeding tube placement is required the technique used depends on local institutional resources and expertise.     

Nasoenteric feeding tubes in critically ill patients (fluoroscopy versus blind)

Numerous complications have been encountered with small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes, some potentially life threatening. Patients particularly at risk are those with anatomic abnormalities, debilitation, or neurologic impairment. Fluoroscopy has been reported to be a safe, efficacious modality for the placement of these tubes. Thirty critically ill patients were studied to assess caloric delivery, costs, and complications associated with both fluoroscopically and blindly placed feeding tubes. All patients had either a tracheostomy or an endotracheal tube. They were randomized to group A (fluoroscopy) or group B (blind). Caloric delivery was greater in group A patients on days 1 through 5, with statistically significant differences on days 1 through 4. The mean daily calories per patient over the study period was 1135 +/- 96 and 662 +/- 110 (mean +/- SEM) in groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.01). Costs were similar in both groups. The most frequent problems encountered were difficult insertion, tubes requiring replacement, and failure to intubate the duodenum. We conclude that critically ill patients intubated either endotracheally or with tracheostomy should have nasoenteric feeding tubes placed with the guidance of fluoroscopy.     

Feasibility of self-propelling nasojejunal feeding tube in patients with acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To assess the success rate of a self-propelling nasojejunal feeding tube in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: All patients admitted for acute pancreatitis were included. A self-propelling nasojejunal feeding tube was introduced into the stomach, and gastrointestinal motility was stimulated using metoclopramide. If the tube failed to advance to the ligament of Treitz, a nasojejunal tube was placed endoscopically. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients, 94 with necrotizing pancreatitis (Balthazar D/E) and 14 with nonnecrotizing pancreatitis (Balthazar B/C), were referred for artificial nutrition. In 11 cases, ileus persisted and parenteral nutrition was initiated. Among the remaining 97 patients, 5 refused tube placement. The self-propelling feeding tube was inserted in 92 patients with successful migration to the ligament of Treitz in 61% (n = 56) and failure in 39% (n = 36). Of the 36 patients with an initial failed placement, endoscopic placement of a nasojejunal tube was successful 80% of the time (29 patients). The success rate of a nasojejunal self-propelling feeding tube placement correlated directly with the severity of the acute pancreatitis (92% in B/C vs 61% in D vs 48% in E; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a self-propelling nasojejunal tube is a simple technique that can be successfully performed in the majority of patients with acute pancreatitis. The utility of this procedure in the most severe cases of acute pancreatitis continues to pose a challenge.     

Placement of a Magnetic Small Bowel Feeding Tube at the Bedside

Background: Current methods of achieving postpyloric enteral access for feeding are fraught with difficulties, which can markedly delay enteral feeding and cause complications. Bedside tube placement has a low success rate, often requires several radiographs to confirm position, and delays feeding by many hours. Although postpyloric enteral tubes can reliably be placed in interventional radiology (IR), this involves greater resource utilization, delays, cost, and inconvenience. We assessed the utility of bedside enteral tube placement using a magnetic feeding tube (Syncro‐BlueTube; Syncro Medical Innovations, Macon, GA, USA) as a means to facilitate initial tube placement. Methods: We recorded the time to insertion, location of tube, success rate, and need for radiographs in a series of patients given magnetic feeding tubes (n = 46) inserted by our hospitalist service over an 8‐month interval. Results: Of the 46 attempted magnetic tube placements, 76% were successfully placed in the postpyloric position, 13% were in the stomach, and 11% could not be placed. In 83% of the magnetic tubes, only 1 radiograph was needed for confirmation. The median time to placement was 12 minutes (range, 4–120 minutes). Conclusion: The use of a magnetic feeding tube can increase the success rate of bedside postpyloric placement, decrease the time to successful placement, and decrease the need for supplemental radiographs and IR.     

超声辅助四步法鼻空肠管置入在ICU中的应用

目的:探讨超声辅助四步法鼻空肠管置入在ICU重症病人中的应用价值。方法:33例拟行肠内营养支持的ICU重症病人采用超声引导四步法进行鼻空肠管置入,即通过超声判断鼻空肠管置入食道内、鼻空肠管置入胃内、鼻空肠管置入幽门后、最后确认鼻空肠管位置。结果:成功置入28例,失败3例,失败原因为通过幽门之假象及病人胃蠕动消失,鼻空肠管末端贴于胃大弯处,无法弯曲进入胃窦、幽门。结论:超声辅助四步法床旁鼻空肠管置入技术是一种新的鼻空肠管置入技术,操作简单,有效、无创,可重复性且成功率较高,可预防或减少并发症的发生。     

Establishing Early Enteral Nutrition With the Use of Self‐Advancing Postpyloric Feeding Tube in Critically Ill Children

Introduction: Early nutrition support is an integral part of the care of critically ill children. Early enteral nutrition (EN) improves nitrogen balance and prevents bacterial translocation and gut mucosal atrophy. Adequate EN is often not achieved as gastric feeds are not tolerated and placing postpyloric feeding tubes can be difficult. Spontaneous transpyloric passage of standard feeding tubes without endoscopic intervention or use of anesthesia can range from 30%?80%. The authors report on their experience with a 14Fr polyurethane self‐advancing jejunal feeding tube in a pediatric population. These tubes have been used in the adult population with success, but to the authors’ knowledge, there have been no reports of its use in the pediatric age group. Case Series: The authors present 7 critically ill patients 8–19 years old, admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, in whom prolonged recovery, inability to tolerate gastric feeds, and dependence on ventilator were predicted at the outset. The jejunal feeding tube was successfully placed on first attempt at the bedside in all 7 patients within the first 24 hours without the use of a promotility agent or endoscopic intervention. Nutrition goal achieved within 48 hours of feeding tube placement was reported for each patient. This case series demonstrates that children fed via the small bowel reached their nutrition goal earlier and did not require parenteral nutrition. Conclusion: The self‐advancing jejunal feeding tube can be used effectively to establish early EN in critically ill children.     

Magnetic Resonance–Guided Nasogastric Feeding Tube Placement for Neonates: A Preclinical Study

Background: Establishing postnatal nutrition delivery is challenging in neonates with immature sucking and swallowing ability. Enteral feeding is the gold standard for such patients, but their small size and fragility present challenges in nasogastric (NG) feeding tube placement. Feeding tubes are typically placed with x‐ray guidance, which provides minimal soft tissue contrast and exposes the baby to ionizing radiation. This research investigates magnetic resonance (MR) guidance of NG feeding tube placement in neonates to provide improved soft tissue visualization without ionizing radiation. Materials and Methods: A novel feeding tube incorporating 3 solenoid coils for real‐time tracking and guidance in the MR environment was developed. The feeding tube was placed 5 times in a rabbit with conventional x‐ray guidance to assess mechanical stability and function. After x‐ray procedures, the rabbit was transferred to a neonatal MR system, and the tube was placed 5 more times. Results: In procedures guided by x‐ray and MR, the feeding tube provided sufficient mechanical strength and functionality to access the esophagus and stomach of the rabbit. MR imaging provided significantly improved soft tissue contrast versus x‐ray, which aided in proper tube guidance. Moreover, MR guidance allowed for real‐time placement of the tube without the use of ionizing radiation. Conclusions: The feasibility and benefits offered by an MR‐guided approach to NG feeding tube placement were demonstrated. The ability to acquire high‐quality MR images of soft tissue without ionizing radiation and a contrast agent, coupled with accurate 3‐dimensional device tracking, promises to have a powerful impact on future neonatal feeding tube placements.