不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者同型半胱氨酸及炎症因子的影响

目的观察低通量血液透析（LFHD）、高通量血液透析（HFHD）和血液透析滤过（HDF）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者同型半胱氨酸（Hey）及炎症因子的影响。方法选取维持性血液透析患者36例,随机分为LFHD组12例、HFHD组12例和HDF组12例,观察治疗前后Hcy、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α及白蛋白（ALB）的变化,20例健康体检者作为对照组。结果维持性血液透析患者透析前Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF一仪均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,ALB低于对照组（P〈0．01）。LFHD组单次和透析6个月后均不能降低Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α（P〉0．05）;HFHD组单次透析后Hcy下降（P〈0．05）,CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降不明显（P〉0．05）,透析6个月后,Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降（P〈0．05）,ALB上升（P〈0．05）;HDF组单次和透析6个月后Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α下降（P〈0．05）,透析6个月后ALB上升（P〈0．05）;透析6个月后,HDF组Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均低于HFHD组同期水平（P〈0．05）。结论维持性血液透析患者存在高Hcy血症和微炎症状态。HDF和HFHD可以降低维持性血液透析患者Hcy水平和改善微炎症状态。     

血液透析患者血压波动规律研究

目的了解维持性血液透析（MHD）患者的血压波动规律及透析前高血压、透析中高血压、透-斤中低血压的发病情况。方法共纳入规律血液透析6个月以上患者72例,其中男性39例（54．17％）,女性13例,年龄29-82（64．38＋13．28）岁,透析龄0．5～20．0（4．12＋4．28）年,均应用贝朗Dialog＋透析机、LOPS18聚砜莫透析器、碳酸盐透析液治疗。4周内共计942例次透析治疗。录入患者一般情况、每次超滤总量及透析前、垂析中第1、2、3小时及透析后血压。结果MHD患者超滤量为0．5-5．2（3．00±0．85）L,有615例次透析前收高压（SBP）≥140mmHg,约占总计942例次的65．29％。波动规律为：透析前SBP较高为（150．35＋23．73）mmHg,垂析中血压降低,透析后血压再次升高为（146．15±26．62）mmHg,但低于透析前（P〈0．01）。透析中高血压患旨发病规律为：透析前SBP低于非透析高血压患者（P〈0.01）,透析第1小时血压下降,自第2小时起血压逐昕升高（P〈0．01）,回血下机后血压显著升高（P〈0．01）。透析中低血压发作53例次,约占总例次的5．63％。吉论MHD患者高血压发病率高,控制率低。随着超滤量的增加,SBP逐渐下降,回血下机后,血压再次上．十,但仍低于透析前血压。超滤抵抗是透析中高血压的显著特点。     

老年维持性血透患者标准化蛋白分解率与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的 探讨老年维持性血液透析（MHD）患者标准化蛋白分解率（nPCR）与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的关系。方法检测48例老年MHD患者一般临床指标及血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平，同时应用高分辨彩色B超测量患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT），按患者标准化蛋白分解率（nPCR）水平分为nPCR≥1．0组及nPCR〈1．0组，分析两组患者临床指标及颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）。结果nPCR≥1．0组老年MHD患者血清白蛋白（AIb）、尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）显著高丁nPCR〈1．0组，CRP和IMT显著低于nPCR〈1．0组；nPCR与CRP、AIb、BUN、Scr、IMT显著相关（P〈0．01或0．05）。结论nPCR为反映老年MHD患者透析充分性和营养状况的有用指标，且与炎症状态、动脉粥样硬化及营养状况有关；炎症、营养不良、动脉硬化互为因果。     

老年病人维持性血液透析的特点

目的探讨老年病人维持性血液透析的临床特点。方法对64例维持性血液透析的尿毒症患者，其中老年血液透析患者（≥65岁）32例，中青年血液透析患者（〈65岁）32例，对此64例患者的原发病、透析效果、营养指标以及近5个月内并发症发生情况进行分析。结果继发性肾脏疾病成为老年人尿毒症的主要病因。老年组尿素氮清除效率（KT／v），尿素下降率（URR）与中青年组比无明显差异，蛋白分解代谢率（PCR）低于中青年组（P〈0．05），心胸比值大于中青年组（P〈0．05）。老年组患者血红蛋白（Hb），血浆白蛋白（Alb），血清肌酐（Cr）均低于中青年组（均P〈0．05），血清尿素氮（BUN）低于中青年组（P〈0．01），C反应蛋白（CRP）高于中青年组（P〈0．05），总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），钙（Ca），磷（P），甲状旁腺激素（PTH）与中青年组比无明显差异（P〉0．05）。老年组在透析中低血压、血管通路血流不畅发生率高于中青年组（P〈0．001），高血压、感染发生率高于中青年组（P〈0．05），恶心呕吐，肌肉痉挛发生率与中青年患者比无明显差异。结论减少透析并发症，保持血管通道长期通畅，改善营养状况是提高老年慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者的生活质量和生存率的关键。     

维持性血液透析患者血浆内脏脂肪素表达及临床意义

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血浆内脏脂肪素表达及临床意义。方法用ELISA法检测30例MHD患者（MHD组）和20例健康者（对照组）的血浆内脏脂肪素,并检测其血浆白蛋白、钙、磷、尿素氮、肌酐、血脂等生化指标,以及C反应蛋白（CRP）;分析内脏脂肪素与其他检测指标的相关性。结果MHD组血浆内脏脂肪素明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;内脏脂肪素水平与CRP、TG、动脉粥样硬化指数呈正相关（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,与白蛋白呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论MHD患者血浆内脏脂肪素明显升高,可能参与其营养不良、微炎症过程。     

维持性腹膜透析患者肺部感染发生的特点及其对预后的影响

目的探讨维持性腹膜透析患者肺部感染发生的特点及其对预后的影响。方法回顾128例维持性腹膜透析患者的临床和随访资料，分析患者肺部感染发生的特点，比较感染组与无感染组患者心血管事件（CVD）发生和生存率的差异。结果感染组患者糖尿病和高龄者占比例较高（P〈0．05）；在透析后12个月内发生肺部感染的患者其平均生存时间显著短于12个月以后发生感染的患者（P〈0．01）。感染组患者新发CVD显著高于无感染组患者（P〈0．01）。感染组患者生存时间显著低于无感染组患者（P〈0．01）。结论高龄、糖尿病腹膜透析患者较其他患者容易发生肺部感染，早期肺部感染的发生预示着患者较短的生存时间。发生肺部感染的患者新发CVD的发生率较高，生存时间较短。     

老年血液透析患者的临床特征分析

目的探讨老年维持性血液透析患者的临床特征。方法选择1993年3月～2010年5月间在杭州市中医院肾内科进行维持性血液透析治疗的167例老年血液透析患者（≥60岁）和同期140例非老年维持性血液透析患者,对比分析两组的病因、营养指标、透析效果、临床转归等。结果继发性肾脏疾病在老年组发病率增加。两组患者间总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、钙（Ca）、甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、铁蛋白（Fer）及每月促红素用量无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。老年组透析前血浆白蛋白（Alb）、尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐（Cr）、磷（P）、舒张压、透析间期增重均低于非老年组,hsCRP水平高于非老年组P〈0．01）。两组间尿素氮清除效率（Kt／v）比无统计学差异。随访1年,老年组死亡16例,其中脑血管意外8例（50％）,感染5例（31．2％）,肿瘤1例（6．3％）,心肌梗死1例（6．3％）,高钾血症1例（6．3％）;非老年组死亡6例,其中脑出血2例（33％）,感染1例（16．6％）,肾癌1例（16．6％）,心肌梗死1例（16．6％）,高钾血症1例（16．6％）。非老年组另有5例改行肾移植,1例改行腹透。结论随着透析技术不断进步,老年透析患者透析质量改善,生存期延长,脑血管并发症和感染是主要死亡原因。     

丙型肝炎感染途径与肝损害程度的相关性

目的探讨丙型肝炎（丙肝）感染途径及其对肝脏病变程度的影响。方法应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）技术、酶联免疫吸附方法（ELISA）和自动生化速率法分别检测90例输血后丙肝患者（PTHC组）和33例献血查体发现的丙肝患者（DHC组）血清丙型肝炎病毒HCV-RNA、抗·HCV及ALT水平。结果PTHC组HCV-RNA阳性率和ALT异常率均显著高于DHC组（P均〈0．01）;HCV-RNA阳性患者中,PTHC组HCV-RNA水平均显著高于DHC组（P〈0．01）;ALT异常患者中,PTHC组ALT水平均显著高于DHC组（P〈0．01）。HCV-RNA水平与ALT水平呈正相关（r=0．797,P〈0．01）。结论丙肝患者肝损害程度与感染途径有关,输血后丙肝患者肝损害程度重于其他途径感染的丙肝患者,原因为输衄后丙肝感染HCV量大。     

维持性血液透析患者血清铁蛋白与动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血清铁蛋白（SF）与动脉粥样硬化（AS）的关系。方法选择透析龄〉12月的MHD患者62例和健康对照者60例,应用高分辨二维超声测量受试者颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及粥样硬化斑块,并同时行SF、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血脂及其他生化指标检测。结果MHD组IMT、IMT增厚阳性率、斑块阳性检出率、SF及LDLC水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;MHD伴AS组与无AS组比较,SF水平明显升高（P〈0．01）,年龄、LDLC及年注射静脉铁剂量显著高于非AS组（P〈0．05）。多元线性回归分析显示,影响颈动脉IMT增厚的风险因素有高龄、高SF、年注射静脉铁剂量和高LDLC水平（P〈0．05）;直线相关分析发现SF与IMT、LDLC水平呈正相关（r=0．294,P〈0．01;r=0．311,P〈0．05）。结论MHD患者血清SF、LD—LC均明显高于对照组;高龄、血清SF水平增高、年注射静脉铁剂剂量增加是加重MHD患者AS发生、发展的高危因素。     

维持性血液透析患者颈动脉硬化与左心室肥厚的相关分析

目的：研究维持性血液透析（MHD）患者颈动脉硬化程度与左心室肥厚的关系。方法：收集48例MHD患者性别，年龄，体重，身高，BMI及病程等一般临床资料；静脉血查血红蛋白（Hb），尿素氮，肌酐，白蛋白，前白蛋白，总胆固醇，三酰甘油（TG），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C），C反应蛋白（CRP），彩色B型超声仪观测双侧颈总动脉、颈动脉分叉处及颈内动脉的解剖及血流动力学，包括斑块，血管内皮厚度（即内膜-中膜厚度，IMT）等，并用超声心动图测定患者心脏的左心室内径、左心房内径、左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、室间隔厚度、左心室射血分数等。结果：48例患者中有28例（58％）颈动脉斑块阳性，颈动脉斑块阳性组患者年龄大于颈动脉斑块阴性组（P〈0．01），TC（P〈0．01）、LDL-C（P〈0．05）、CRP（P=0．01）、颈动脉内．中膜厚度（CCA-IMT）（P〈0．01）及左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）（P〈0．001）明显高于颈动脉斑块阴性组。性别分布、透析时间、收缩压、舒张压、脉压、TG、及Hb两组间无明显差异。48例患者中有37例（77％）有左室肥厚，左室肥厚组患者收缩压、舒张压及脉压明显高于无左室肥厚组（P〈0．01）；左室肥厚组高血压的发生率及LVMI明显高于无左室肥厚组（P〈0．001），CCA-IMT明显高于无左室肥厚组（P〈0．05），颈动脉斑块发生率明显高于无左室肥厚组（P〈0．01），而Hb则明显低于无左室肥厚组（P〈0．01）。两组之间在性别年龄分布、透析时间、CRP则无明显差别。相关性分析显示，LVMI与收缩压和脉压高度相关（P〈0．001），与舒张压和CCA-IMT中度相关（P〈0．01），与Hb呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：MHD患者颈动脉硬化与左室肥厚关系密切，动脉硬化的治疗有可能预防和逆转MHD患者的左室肥厚。     

Management of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis(MHD) is relatively higher than those without MHD. Chronic HCV infection detrimentally affects the life quality and expectancy, leads to renal transplant rejection, and increases the mortality of MHD patients. With the application of erythropoietin to improve uremic anemia and avoid blood transfusion, the new HCV infections during MHD in recent years are mainly caused by the lack of stringent universal precautions. Strict implementation of universal precautions for HCV transmission has led to markedly decreased HCV infections in many hemodialysis units, but physicians still should be alert for the antiHCV negative HCV infection and occult HCV infection in MHD patients. Standard interferon alpha and pegylated interferon alpha monotherapies at a reduced dose arecurrently the main treatment strategies for MHD patients with active HCV replication, but how to increase the sustained virological response and decrease the side effects is the key problem. IFNα-free treatments with two or three direct-acting antivirals without ribavirin in MHD patients are waiting for future investigations.     

Maintenance hemodialysis decreases serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major complication among hemodialysis patients the world over. To determine the natural course of HCV viremic levels in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, we prospectively quantified the HCV RNA levels in serial blood samples from hemodialysis patients and compared them with those in nonuremic subjects. METHODS: The population studied included 98 hemodialysis patients and 228 nonuremic subjects with chronic HCV infection. HCV RNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the levels were determined by branched DNA probe assay. HCV RNA genotypes were determined by PCR using type-specific primers. RESULTS: HCV RNA levels were significantly lower in hemodialysis patients (median, 0.4x10(6) genome equivalent [Meq]/ml) than in nonuremic subjects (median, 3.0 Meq/ml) (p<0.05). HCV of genotype 1b was prevalent in the hemodialysis patients (81.6%) and nonuremic subjects (88.6%). HCV RNA levels in 20 hemodialysis patients with genotype 1b were significantly reduced after each hemodialysis procedure (p<0.05). The 3-yr prospective observation from 1995 to 1998 showed a significant decrease of HCV RNA levels in 47 hemodialysis patients with genotype 1b (median, 1.9-0.9 Meq/ml, p<0.05), whereas levels in 155 nonuremic subjects with genotype 1b did not decrease (median, 2.6-3.0 Meq/ml). There were no patients or nonuremic subjects with undetectable HCV RNA by a PCR assay during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that maintenance hemodialysis decreases the HCV RNA levels in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection, but does not produce clearance of the viremia.     

血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒感染的研究

为调查血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染情况，并探讨相对危险因素，对１９９４年１２月～１９９５年６月在北京协和医院血透中心进行血液透析的８０例患者及１９９５年新入学的３０例研究生（健康对照）进行研究。采用第二代ＥＬＩＳＡ检测人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）和ＨＣＶ抗体，逆转录巢式双聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）法检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。追查８０例血液透析患者，２４例ＨＣＶ抗体阳性，５６例ＨＣＶ抗体阴性患者中，２例ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性，即８０例血液透析患者ＨＣＶ感染率３２．５％（２６／８０）。Ｍａｎｔｅｌ－Ｈａｅｎｓｚｅｌ法分析显示，血透患者ＨＣＶ感染与输血、透析时间、肾移植及手术史有关。９例ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性病人的透析液中，３例检出ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。表明血液透析患者ＨＣＶ感染率明显高于普通人群，主要危险因素是输血和免疫功能低下，透析设备和环境污染是不容忽视的危险因素。     

Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in HBsAg negative hemodialysis patients.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was estimated in a 14-month study using anti-C100-3 antibody assay in 31 HBsAg negative patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) for > or = 3 months. One and three patients respectively had ALT elevation and anti-HCV positivity at entry. During MHD (mean period of follow up 9.9 mo), 11 (35.5%) patients had, on fortnightly estimation, ALT elevation which lasted for < or = 6 months in seven patients and for > 6 months in four. Fourteen (45.2%) patients had anti-HCV (including the three positive at entry). There was no significant difference in frequency of anti-HCV positivity in patients with normal and elevated ALT (57.1% and 42.9% respectively). The number of blood transfusions and duration of MHD were similar in anti-HCV positive and anti-HCV negative patients. We conclude that our MHD patients have a high frequency of hepatitis and anti-HCV positivity, and these may not be related to blood transfusions.     

Occult HBV infection and YMDD variants in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: End-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis are at risk for both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although the prevalence is unknown in hemodialysis patients, occult HBV infection is frequent in subjects with chronic HCV infection. We aimed to investigate (1) the prevalence and clinical impact of occult HBV infection in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection, and (2) the frequency of YMDD variants (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate amino acid motif of HBV polymerase) in this setting. METHODS: Thirty-three anti-HCV and HCV-RNA-positive, HBsAg-negative hemodialysis patients (mean age 36.9+/-10.4 years, 22 male) were admitted to this study. HBV-DNA (Innogenetics kit) and HCV-RNA (Cobas Amplicor HCV kit) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). YMDD mutation was studied in all HBV-DNA-positive patients by the BOOM method. RESULTS: HBV-DNA was detected in 12 of 33 patients (36.4%) by PCR. Their mean age was 33.0+/-9.0 years. Age, dialysis period (years) and biochemical parameters were not significantly different in patients with and without occult HBV infection. YMDD variants were identified in six of 12 (50%) patients with occult HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Occult HBV infection is frequent in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection. YMDD variants are common in this setting.     

维持血液透析的尿毒症病人乙型丙型肝炎病毒感染情况研究

目的　了解北京地区 (东城、宣武、朝阳区 )接受规律性血液透析患者 ,乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)的感染情况及其相关因素。方法　 1998年 3～ 12月在北京协和医院、朝阳医院等 4家医院血液净化中心 ,长期维持血液透析的尿毒症患者 2 2 5例 ,血透中心工作人员及健康献血者 5 0例为对照组。分别用PCR法和高敏PCR法检测HBVDNA、HCVRNA ,ELISA法检测乙肝两对半及丙肝抗体 ,并分析其与透析时间、输血、肝功能损害的关系。结果　 2 2 5例血液透析病人中 ,HCVRNA阳性 37例 (16 4 %) ;HBVDNA阳性 3例(1 33%)。多元回归分析表明 :输血和透析时间是丙型肝炎感染的危险因素。共有 3 0 %(3/ 99)的病人同时感染乙肝和丙肝 ,均有肝功能的损害和临床症状 ,8 1%(8/ 99)HBcAb阳性患者同时合并HCV感染。结论　血液透析病人乙肝和丙肝感染远高于对照组 ,透析时间和输血次数是丙肝感染的危险因素 ,HBV和HCV同时感染问题值得重视。     

Risk Factors of HCV Seroconversion in Hemodialysis Patients in Tabriz,Iran

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant health concern in patients with end-stage renal disease under dialysis. Epidemiological studies have reported a prevalence rate of 5.5-55.9% for this condition in Iran.

Objectives:

We evaluated the risk factors for HCV infection and seroconversion in hemodialysis patients.

Patients and Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed on 455 hemodialysis patients from each of the five dialysis units in Tabriz, northwest Iran. Possible risk factors for HCV infection and seroconversion were evaluated.

Results:

A total of 37 patients were HCV positive (8.1% of the study population) and seroconversion occurred in 18 of them during the dialysis treatment (3.95% of the study population). History of renal transplantation (44.4%, P < 0.0001), surgical intervention (except for renal transplantation and AV fistula placement) (94.4%, P = 0.03), and mean duration of dialysis (106.06 ± 55.519, P < 0.0001) had strong statistically significant associations with the seroconversion.

Conclusions:

The current study indicates increased risk for HCV infection in patients under dialysis and its relation with the mean duration of hemodialysis, history of renal transplantation and surgical intervention. Considering the immune deficiency in these patients, intense education to both patients and medical staff will be beneficial.     

Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Maracaibo, Venezuela

Over a two year period, the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was evaluated in 29 hemodialysis patients, aged between 15 and 75 years (mean ± SD: 45 ± 39.5 years), from the University Hospital Hemodyalisis Unit, Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anti-HCV antibodies were determined using a fourth generation ELISA (Innotest HCV Ab IV) kit and positive blood samples were tested using a recombinant assay kit (Inno-LIA HCV Ab III), both kits from Innogenetics N.V., Belgium. The findings indicate a lack of HCV seroconversion in the hemodialysis patients over the study period, confirmed by the recombinant assay. Risk factors for HCV infection were 0.3270 (95% confidence interval: 0.01323-8.080) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The findings suggest a lack of significant sources for HCV infection due to the preventive measures to avoid its transmission in the hemodialysis unit.     

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Infection Rate among Seronegative Hemodialysis Patients Screened by Two Methods; HCV Core Antigen and Polymerase Chain Reaction

Background

End-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis are among high risk groups for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for whom routine HCV screening is recommended. Anti-HCV antibody (ab) testing may not be reliable to detect all infected cases because of the blunted ab response due to depressed immune state in these patients. Using a more reliable, cost-effective and non-complex HCV screening test may be necessary in this group of patients for case finding and management, and also for prevention of infection spread.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of HCV infection in HCV ab negative hemodialysis patients by Real time PCR and total HCV core antigen (ag) test and comparing the results of the two tests.

Patients and Methods

From a single hemodialysis center, 181 anti- HCV ab negative patients were screened by total HCV core ag using an ELISA kit. Real time PCR was used for determination of the virus and viral load quantity.

Results

Among the 181 anti-HCV ab negative patients, 13 (7.2%) were positive for HCV core ag and 11 (6%) had detectable HCV RNA with a range of 40-336543 IU/ml by PCR. The two tests had a high measurement agreement (Kappa=0.82, P<0.001). Of the 13 patients with positive HCV core ag test results, 3 were negative for HCV RNA. Considering real time PCR for HCV RNA as the gold standard for HCV infection determination in this patient population, HCV core ag assay yielded a sensitivity of 90.9%, specificity of 98.2%, positive predictive value of 76.9% and negative predictive value of 99.4%.

Discussion

The rate of HCV infection among HCV ab negative hemodialysis patients was high. HCV core ag testing could be used as a sensitive method for HCV infection screening in this group of patients.