旋毛虫对三硝基苯磺酸诱导的实验性小鼠肠炎模型的干预研究

目的 研究旋毛虫对三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）诱导的实验性小鼠肠炎模型的影响及其免疫作用机制。方法观察感染和未感染旋毛虫小鼠于TNBS诱导肠炎后3d及7d不同指标的变化，包括小鼠生存率、疾病活动指数（DAI）、结肠大体损伤和病理损伤评分、炎症指标髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性检测，结肠细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4 mRNA的表达量分析。结果 预先感染旋毛虫后诱导TNBS模型组小鼠在造模后3d及7d与单纯模型组相比小鼠生存率升高（P〈0．05），DAI、结肠大体损伤和病理损伤评分及MPO活性下降（P〈0．05），结肠中IFN-γmRNA的表达量下调（P〈0．05），而IL-4 mRNA的表达量增加（P〈0．05）。结论 旋毛虫对TNBS诱导的实验性小鼠肠炎具有良好的干预作用，其免疫作用机制可能是通过下调炎症性肠病过度的．TH1型免疫反应、上调TH2型免疫反应而实现的。     

Trichinella spiralis in a South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) from Patagonia,Argentina

Parasitology Research - Trichinella spp. from a sylvatic cycle has been found in several animal species such as pumas (Puma concolor), armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus), rats (Rattus...     

Six new leptospiral serovars isolated from wild animals in Peru.

Six new serovars of Leptospira interrogans were isolated from opossums (Didelphis marsupialis and Philander opossum) trapped in the Peruvian jungle. The proposed names, type strain designation, and serogroup of the serovars, respectively, were: huallaga, strain M-7, Djasiman serogroup; luis, strain M-6, Tarassovi serogroup; machiguenga, strain MMD-3, Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; rioja, strain MR-12, Bataviae serogroup; rupa rupa, strain M-3, Sejroe serogroup; and tingomaria, strain M-13, Cynopteri serogroup.     

Sarcosporidias of cloven-hoofed wild animals. Sarcosporidias in wild deer]

500 adult roes and 100 fawns were examined microscopically for the presence of Sarcocystis gracilis von Ratz, 1901. 95.80 per cent of the roes examined had Sarcosporidias. The parasites were noticed macroscopically in less than a third of them. The abdominal muscles were affected most frequently and most strongly. The leg muscles were affected least of all. Roe bucks were affected to a lesser extent than does. From the third month of life the fawns showed an incidence of parasites which increased with advancing age. During the period of research from May till November hardly any significant difference of parasitical attack occurred in adult roes.     

Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda: Capillariidae) in wild rodent populations from Argentina

Parasitology Research - Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda; Capillariidae) is a parasitic nematode of mammals with a cosmopolitan distribution. Adults of this nematode can infect the liver of many...     

High seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals from Portugal

We report an investigation of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 52 wild birds and 20 wild mammals from northern and central areas of Portugal by using the modified agglutination test. The birds comprised 26 common buzzards (Buteo buteo), five tawny owls (Strix aluco), four white storks (Ceconia ceconia), three Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo), three northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), two booted eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus), two common barn owls (Tyto alba), two Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), two short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), one black kite (Milvus migrans), one Griffin vulture (Gyps fulvus), and one peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). The mammals were eight wild boars (Sus scrofa), six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), two common genets (Genetta genetta), two European badgers (Meles meles), one European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and one Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). Fifty percent of the wild birds and 90% of the wild mammals were seropositive; the overall seroprevalence of infection was 61.1%. When comparing the prevalence of antibodies in birds and mammals from northern Portugal, a significant difference was found, but the same was not true for birds and mammals from central Portugal. Seroprevalence levels were 30.0% in juvenile and 62.5% in adult birds (p = 0.046), 0.0% in juvenile and 94.7% in adult mammals (p = 0.100), 80.0% in female and 66.7% in male birds (p = 1.000), and 81.8% in female and 100% in male mammals (p = 0.479). This is the first study performed on T. gondii in birds of prey, white storks, and wild carnivores in Portugal.     

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from wild animals

Seventy-two fecal samples obtained from wild animals in Portugal were sampled on Levine agar plates (non-supplemented with antibiotics), and Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from 56 of them (78%), obtaining a total of 112 E. coli isolates (two per sample). Susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was studied in these isolates, and the following percentages of resistance were obtained: tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (range 19-35%); nalidixic acid (14%); ciprofloxacin (9%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, tobramycin, and chloramphenicol (range 4.5-7%); cefotaxime, and aztreonam (1.8%); ceftazidime (0.9%); and amikacin, cefoxitin, and imipenem (0%). A bla(TEM) gene was found in 22 of the 25 ampicillin-resistant isolates, and the gene encoding CTX-M-14 beta-lactamase was identified in the two cefotaxime-resistant isolates (recovered from a common kestrel and a sparrowhawk), associated with bla(TEM-52) gene in one of them. Other resistance genes detected were as follows: aac(3)-II or aac(3)-IV genes in all gentamicin-resistant isolates; aadA1 or aadA2 in 22 of 25 streptomycin-resistant isolates; tet(A) and/or tet(B) in all 39 tetracycline-resistant isolates; and sul1 and/or sul2 and/or sul3 genes in all 21 SXT-resistant isolates. Two amino acid changes in GyrA protein (Ser83Leu + Asp87Asn) and one change in ParC protein (Ser80Ile) were identified in all 10 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of our series. The intestinal tract of wild animals is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, especially for ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and SXT, and it is also remarkable that multiresistant E. coli isolates are detected in some of the tested animals.     

Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Mechanism of the resistance in animals genetically selected for high and low antibody production.

Mice genetically selected according to their capacity to produce antibody were orally infected with fifty muscle larvae. After 1 month, the number of larvae found in low responder mice was twice the number found in high responder mice. Following a second infection, low responder mice were completely protected while high responder mice showed only partial protection. It is suggested that the better resistance of high responder mice after a primary infection is due to their high and rapid antibody production. However, at the time of a secondary infection both lines of mice possess enough antibody to act on the effector cells (macrophages, eosinophils, etc.) and resistance is then dependent on the metabolic activity of these cells, which is more intense in the low responder mice.     

Trichinella spiralis: changes in leucocytes during infection

Rats infected with Trichinella spiralis were examined during the course of infection for various changes in the leucocytic population. In each experiment rats were divided into three groups: Group A, inoculated with Escherichia coli B-5-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered four days before each experiment; Group B, infected with Trichinella spiralis; and Group C, untreated controls.     

Circulation of virus and interspecies contamination in wild animals

Paradoxically, just when we have succeeded in eradicating and/or bringing under control the major viral infections (smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles) numerous viral infections are emerging in man and in animals. Changes in our social environment, technological and ecological equilibrium have facilitated this phenomenon. Furthermore, certain of these viruses have demonstrated an almost unlimited capacity to adapt genetically to environmental change. HIV has already infected 40 million individuals, but monkeypox, Ebola, simian herpes can cause epidemics with serious if not fatal outcomes. Haemorrhagic fever epidemics have resulted from human contact with Flavivirus infected rodents and insects. Paramyxoviruses and morbiliviruses can cause fatal outcomes in man and animals. And the three influenza epidemics having occurred in the 20th century all came from the type A avian reservoir. The often complex combinations of predisposing factors having facilitated the emergence of several epidemics merit further consideration.     

No evidence of endemic Borna disease virus infection in Australian horses in contrast with endemic infection in other continents

Summary. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a unique RNA virus that is a cause of neurological disease in horses, sheep and cats. The finding that BDV also infects humans has raised concern related to the impact of infection with this virus. The extent to which BDV may be endemic in geographical regions outside Europe is of interest in management of international movement of animals including horses. Sera from Australian horses (N = 553) sampled in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), were analysed for BDV antigen, circulating immune complexes (CICs), and antibodies by monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs. One-tenth of the samples were investigated by further antibody tests, namely immunofluorescence (IFA) and a peptide ELISA, as well as for BDV RNA. The study revealed a very low frequency of serological markers that may be associated with exposure to BDV in Australian horses from NSW with a few sera (0.7%) displaying low range positive results in the CIC assay, and no detectable BDV RNA. This pattern is inconsistent with endemic BDV infection and strongly contrasts with the pattern of endemic infection, particularly in Europe.