高频超声和X线钼靶在乳腺癌诊断中的对照研究

目的：探讨二维与彩色多普勒超声检查以及X线钼靶检查联合应用对乳腺癌诊断的实用价值。方法：136例女性乳腺癌患者均行手术并经病理学证实，采用高频二维与彩色多普勒超声检查和X线钼靶检查对乳腺肿块进行诊断与鉴别诊断。结果：彩超对乳腺癌的敏感性为87.5%，X线钼靶对乳腺癌的敏感性为73.5%，超声与X线钼靶联合应用的敏感性为92.6％。结论：利用高频超声与X线钼靶检查的互补性可显著提高乳腺癌的诊断率。     

超声与钼靶X线检查对乳腺癌诊断价值的比较

目的比较超声与钼靶X线对乳腺癌的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法对比分析75例经手术病理证实的女性乳腺癌患者术前超声和钼靶X线检查资料。结果超声、钼靶X线及二者联合检查对乳腺癌的诊断准确率分别为：73．3％、77．3％和90．7％。结论超声和钼靶X线检查简便、价廉,诊断准确率较高,是诊断乳腺癌的主要主要检测手段,若两种检查联合应用可提高乳腺癌的检出率和诊断准确率。     

Breast cancer screening and problem solving using mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging

Although mammography is the mainstay of early breast cancer detection, it has known limitations, particularly in women with dense breasts. As a result, additional imaging modalities, including ultrasound and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, are also being used to supplement mammography in the early detection of occult breast cancer. This article reviews the indications and efficacy of mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging as both screening and diagnostic tools.     

The regulation of mammography

There has been a long history of public and professional concern about the safety and quality of mammography. Whereas concerns about radiation dose levels dominated the 1970s, the type of equipment used in mammography was the focus of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, there was a lack of confidence in the overall quality of mammography. These problems have stood in the way of the widespread utilization of mammography to reduce mortality from breast cancer. The Mammography Accreditation Program of the American College of Radiology, state regulations, and the Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992 came about to ensure a minimum level of quality that would encourage women to participate in breast cancer screening programs. Designing regulations that ensure quality mammography for women, without burdening mammography facilities with unnecessary costs and depletion of their resources, is one of the most difficult challenges facing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.     

全数字化乳腺点压摄影诊断致密型乳腺中乳腺癌

目的 探讨数字化乳腺点压摄影对致密型乳腺的乳腺癌的诊断价值。 方法 对68例致密型乳腺的乳腺癌患者经全数字化乳腺X线检查常规检查(首尾位及内外斜位)后,对触诊异常区域加摄无放大点压摄影,分别分析常规摄影和点压摄影的影像表现并进行对比。 结果 点压摄影在肿块显示、毛刺显示方面明显优于常规摄影。两种方法对钙化的显示率无显著差别,但在显示钙化数量、大小、形态及密度等具体特征方面,压点摄影优于常规摄影。4例常规摄影显示乳腺结构扭曲的患者,点压摄影可见小肿块;5例常规摄影显示乳腺局灶性不对称患者,点压摄影均可见肿块。点压摄影的诊断准确率(86.76%)高于常规摄影(63.24%),漏诊及误诊率(4.41%)低于常规摄影(14.70%)。 结论 常规乳腺摄影结合点压摄影能够明显提高致密型乳腺的乳腺癌的诊断准确率。     

钼靶结合MRI对微小乳腺癌的诊断价值分析

目的：探讨全数字化X线乳腺钼靶摄影、3.0 T MRI检查对微小乳腺癌的诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析31例经手术证实的微小乳腺癌患者的全数字化X线乳腺钼靶及3.0 T MRI检查资料,分析其影像学特征,并统计对比钼靶、MRI单独和联合应用的诊断准确率。结果 X线乳腺钼靶摄影准确率为64.5%(20/31),MRI 检查诊断准确率为90.3%(28/31),联合应用诊断准确率为96.7%(30/31),高于两者单独应用,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论微小乳腺癌X线乳腺钼靶摄影、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,两者联合应用有助于提高乳腺癌的诊断正确率。     

Screening mammography: increasing the effort toward breast cancer detection

Mammography is the only modality with the potential for detecting a breast cancer while it is non-palpable and at a stage of high curability. Early detection of breast cancer is important because survival is directly related to tumor size and lymph node status, and prognosis is best for small lesions without axillary node metastasis. Many studies have indicated that screening mammography is tremendously underused. This article focuses on the effectiveness of mammography and the importance of detecting a breast cancer at an early stage. Health care providers have a responsibility to inform their clients about the benefits of mammography. In addition, women need to be taught breast self-examination and undergo regular clinical breast examinations by a health care professional. The American Cancer Society guidelines for screening breast cancer are given.     

Comparison of breast mammography,sonography and physical examination for screening women at high risk of breast cancer in taiwan

Recommended surveillance for screening breast cancer, which includes regular mammography and clinical breast examination, has long been established in Western countries. This strategy may be too costly and unnecessary for countries with low incidences of breast cancer. The purpose of the present study is to compare breast mammography, sonography and physical examination in screening female relatives of breast cancer index cases from the hospital, and their relative efficiency. A total of 935 women over 35 years old, who were relatives of breast cancer patients, were invited to an annual screening by means of a combination of mammography, sonography and physical examination on a single day. A biopsy was performed when any of the three investigations indicated a possibility of malignancy. A total of 21 breast cancers, including sixteen invasive cancers and 5 noninvasive cancers, were detected among the 935 high-risk women. Of the cancers, 18, including 16 invasive cancers and 3 noninvasive cancers, were detected by sonography. In contrast, only 11 invasive cancers were detected by mammography, and 7 by physical examination. There were only 14 cancers detected by a combination of mammography and physical examination. The 7 (33.3%) additional cancers were detected when sonography was added. The sensitivity of sonography was 90.4%, which was higher than mammography (52.4%) and physical examination (33.3%), or even a combination of these two modalities (66.7%). This indicates that sonography is a more accurate screening tool for breast cancer in the high-risk group. Although breast sonography has not yet been recommended as a routine screening tool for breast cancer in Western countries, it may be superior to mammography and physical examination for the screening of Taiwanese high-risk female relatives of breast cancer index cases. If it should also be considered as a routine adjunct screening modality for Taiwanese women with lower rates of breast cancer will need further study.     

提高乳腺X线摄影对致密型腺体乳腺癌检出率的方法探讨

乳腺X线检查在乳腺癌的筛查及早期诊断中具有重要价值。但对于致密型乳腺,乳腺X线检查假阴性率高,早期检出病灶困难,易延误患者的最佳诊疗时机,影响患者预后。本文旨在从提高乳腺X线摄片的质量、BI-RADS分类的应用、辅助手段检查的应用等方面,对提高乳腺X线摄影对致密型腺体乳腺癌检出率的方法进行综述。     

Reliability and validity of the breast cancer screening belief scale among Turkish women

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkish women, and the use of breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography remains low in Turkey. Therefore, we need to identify the beliefs, influencing BSE and mammography, and a valid and reliable tool to measure constructs. The Champion's health belief model scale (CHBMS) is a valid and reliable tool to measure beliefs about breast cancer, BSE, and mammography in an English culture. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric characteristics of a Turkish version of the CHBMS related to breast cancer, BSE, and mammography. A convenience sample of 656 women was recruited from 3 health centers and 2 maternal and child health centers in Istanbul. The CHBMS was translated to Turkish, validated by professional judges, back translated, and tested. Factor analysis yielded 7 factors for BSE: confidence, seriousness, barriers-BSE, health motivation 1 and 2, susceptibility, and benefits-BSE. For mammography scale, 6 factors were identified: seriousness, benefits-mammography, barriers-mammography, health motivation 1 and 2, and susceptibility. All items on each factor were from the same construct. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients ranged from.75 to.87 for the subscales. The Turkish version of the CHBMS showed adequate reliability and validity for use in Turkish women. It could easily be used to evaluate the health beliefs about breast cancer, BSE, and mammography. Further refinement is required to study Turkish women's health beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors in various settings.     

超声和钼靶X线对乳腺癌诊断价值的对照分析

目的比较超声与钼靶对乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年6月经手术和病理证实的乳腺癌病人的术前超声和钼靶资料,比较两者对乳腺癌的检出率和诊断准确性。结果超声和钼靶对乳腺癌的诊断正确率分别为91.84%、85.71%,对肿瘤的检出率分别为100%、93.88%,两者结合,对乳腺癌的诊断正确率为97.96%。结论两种检查方法相结合,能提高乳腺癌的检出率和诊断正确率。     

MR imaging in screening women at increased risk for breast cancer

Hereditary breast cancer accounts for 5% to 10% of the total breast cancer burden. Screening of this group of women has been done by palpation and conventional mammography until recently, but because of the age group, mammography has a limited value. MR mammography has been demonstrated to be a reliable imaging modality in this group of patients.     

Trends in breast cancer screening and diagnosis

Screening mammography is the single most effective method of early breast cancer detection and is recommended on an annual basis beginning at age 40 for women at average risk of breast cancer. In addition to traditional film-screen mammograms, digital mammograms now offer digital enhancement to aid interpretation, which is especially helpful in women with dense breast tissue. Useful emerging adjuncts to mammography include ultrasonography, which is particularly helpful for further assessment of known areas of interest, and magnetic resonance imaging, which shows promise for use in high-risk populations. Image-guided biopsy--directed by ultrasonograpy or stereotactic mammography views--plays a critical role in histologic confirmation of suspected breast cancer.     

乳腺疾病的钼靶摄影诊断价值(附40例分析)

目的提高乳腺钼靶摄影对早期乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法40例全部为女性病员,年龄27—70岁,平均45、4岁,均行乳腺钼靶X线摄影并经手术病理证实。结果术前乳腺钼靶摄影诊断乳腺癌15例,手术病理证实乳腺癌14例和乳腺良性肿瘤1例。术前乳腺钼靶摄影诊断良性肿瘤8例,术后病理报告纤维腺瘤6例、硬化性乳腺病1例及乳腺癌1例。术前乳腺钼靶摄影诊断乳腺小叶增生15例及阴性2例,术后病理证实小叶增生15例、潴留囊肿1例及乳腺癌1例。结论乳腺钼靶X线摄影数字成像是早期发现乳腺癌的首选检查方法,也可作为体检和普查使用,     

超声联合X线钼靶对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声联合X线钼靶检查对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的74例早期乳腺癌的超声与X线钼靶影像学检查资料.结果 超声与X线钼靶对早期乳腺癌的检出率分别为85.1%(63/74)、89.2%(66/74),差异无统计学意义;二者联合使用对早期乳腺癌的检出率为98.6%(73/74),与单用一种检查方法 的检出率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 超声联合X线钼靶检查能明显提高对早期乳腺癌的诊断准确率.     

Underutilization of mammography in older breast cancer survivors

BACKGROUND: Annual mammography is recommended for all breast cancer survivors. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate mammography use among older survivors of breast cancer and to explore determinants of such use. RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked to Medicare claims. SUBJECTS: A cohort of 3885 breast cancer survivors aged > or =65 years diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in the United States in 1991. MEASURES: Medicare mammogram claims during the 2-year period following initial breast cancer treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 62% of the cohort underwent annual mammography, 23% underwent mammography in 1 of 2 years, and 15% had no mammography claim in the 2 years evaluated. Twenty-two percent of the women who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) without radiotherapy had no mammogram in the 2-year period evaluated, compared with 17% of those who underwent mastectomy and 4% of those who underwent BCS with radiotherapy. In multivariate analyses controlling for age, cancer stage, and other patient factors, the use of annual mammography was significantly lower among women treated with mastectomy or BCS without radiotherapy than among women treated with BCS with radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Mammography is underused in the follow-up care of older breast cancer survivors. Underuse is of particular concern in women treated with BCS without radiotherapy because of the high risk of local disease recurrence. It is unknown whether poorer follow-up care contributes to the previously described lower rate of long-term survival among women who received this therapy.     

99mTc-奥曲肽显像和X线钼靶诊断乳腺癌

目的 比较99mTc-奥曲肽显像和X线钼靶诊断乳腺癌的临床应用价值. 方法 32例临床怀疑乳腺癌的女性患者,均进行99mTc-奥曲肽显像和X线钼靶摄影,以手术病理结果为标准,比较二者对乳腺癌的诊断效能. 结果 99mTc-奥曲肽显像和X线钼靶摄影诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度分别为91.67%、66.67%(χ2=4.54,P<0.05),特异性分别为100%、37.50%(χ2=4.65,P<0.05),准确性分别为93.75%、59.38%(χ2=10.54,P<0.05),阳性预测值分别为100%、76.19%(χ2=5.93,P<0.05),阴性预测值分别为80.00%、27.27%(χ2=3.92,P<0.05).联合两种方法诊断的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为95.83%、100%、96.88%、82.14%和47.06%. 结论 99mTc-奥曲肽显像对乳腺癌的诊断效能高于X线钼靶摄影,两者联合可进一步提高诊断效能.     

Diagnosis of early stage of breast cancer by mammography

The incidence of small breast carcinoma especially of non-palpable lesion is increasing after introduction of mammography screening. The tumor of which diameter is less than 2 cm, non invasive carcinoma, and Paget's disease are included in early stage of breast cancer. This article introduces the rate of early stage breast cancer in the mammography screening and the feature of these mammographic findings. Furthermore, we are going to reevaluate mammographical findings, occurrence of invasion, and evaluation the size of the lesion by mammography which are thought to be important for the diagnosis of early stage of breast cancer.     

An assessment of the quality of mammography care at facilities treating medically vulnerable populations

BACKGROUND: Women in medically vulnerable populations, including racial and ethnic minorities, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and residents of rural areas, experience higher breast cancer mortality than do others. Whether mammography facilities that treat vulnerable women demonstrate lower quality of care than other facilities is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of mammography women receive at facilities characterized as serving a high proportion of medically vulnerable populations. RESEARCH DESIGN: We prospectively collected self-reported breast cancer risk factor information, mammography interpretations, and cancer outcomes on 1,579,929 screening mammography examinations from 750,857 women, aged 40-80 years, attending any of 151 facilities in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium between 1998 and 2004. To classify facilities as serving medically vulnerable populations, we used 4 criteria: educational attainment, racial/ethnic minority, household income, and rural/urban residence. RESULTS: After adjustment for patient-level factors known to affect mammography accuracy, facilities serving vulnerable populations had significantly higher mammography specificity than did other facilities: ie, those serving a higher proportion of women who were minorities [odds ratio (OR): 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.73], living in rural areas (1.45; 1.15-1.73), and with lower household income (1.33; 1.05-1.68). We observed no statistically significant differences between facilities in mammography sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Facilities serving high proportions of vulnerable populations provide screening mammography with equal or better quality (as reflected in higher specificity with no corresponding decrease in sensitivity) than other facilities. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these findings.